Middle Triassic volcaniclastic depositsin the External Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the rifting of the Tethyan Ocean. Three localities in the External Dinarides： Donje Pazariste, Bos...Middle Triassic volcaniclastic depositsin the External Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the rifting of the Tethyan Ocean. Three localities in the External Dinarides： Donje Pazariste, Bosansko Grahovo and Zelovo were biostratigraphically analysed in this study. The Middle Triassic carbonate deposits with volcaniclastic interlayers in Donje Pazariste were defined by means of conodonts. Rare ammonoid specimens were collected.Recovered conodont and ammonoid taxa suggest these sections are of Early Illyrian to Early Fassanian Age. The section studied in Bosansko Grahovo is dominantly composed of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Limestone peperites were collected for conodont analysis. Two conodont zones were defined, suggesting volcanic activity in the same, from Lower Illyrian to Fassanian, time interval. The Zelovo Section was biostratigraphically investigated by several authors. The pietra verde deposits from Zelovo are referred as late Fassanian to Early Longobardian Age. Biostratigraphic correlation from mentioned three localities imply that the magmatic activity in the External Dinarides, and formation of different volcaniclastic facies lasted from Illyrian to Longobardian, similar as in the surrounding western Tethyan territories.展开更多
In the central part of the External Dinarides in Plavno, Croatia, near Knin, a remarkably thick （927.5 m） Early Triassic depositional sequence was investigated. The Plavno sequence starts in the EarlyGriesbachian an...In the central part of the External Dinarides in Plavno, Croatia, near Knin, a remarkably thick （927.5 m） Early Triassic depositional sequence was investigated. The Plavno sequence starts in the EarlyGriesbachian and ends with a continuous transition into the Anisian strata. A complete 13C isotope curve has been achieved and combined with conodonts, bivalves and ammonoids to establish and correlate stage and substage boundaries. The 613C curve is consistent with former studies. It displays a general increase from the Griesbachian to a prominent maximum beyond the ＋8%0 amplitude around the Dienerian-Smithian boundary （DSB）, followed by a steep and continuous decline to low, negative values in the Smithian. Around the Smithian-Spathian boundary （SSB） a steep rise to a second maximum occurred. It is followed by a saw-tooth shaped decline in the Spathian and a similar increase to a peak at the Spathian-Anisian boundary （SAB）. Sedimentologically, the Plavno sequence is interpreted as having been deposited on an extensive epeiric ramp under long-term transgressive conditions, sharing depositional characteristics of both the epeiric platform and the carbonate ramp. The entire Plavno sequence was deposited above the storm-wave base and was storm influenced. Three informal members are differentiated： 1） the dolostone member （Early Griesbachian）; 2） the silicielastic member （red-coloured shale, siltstone, sandstone with oolitic/bioclastie grainstone intercalations）, which can be further divided into lower, middle and upper intervals （Late Griesbachian, Dienerian and Smithian）; and 3） the mudstone member （grey lime mudstones, marls and calcisiltites with common ammonoids and gastropods- Spathian）. The Plavno sequence is compared with other western Tethyan sections. Observed differences stem from local controls on deposition in the overall shallow marine environment.展开更多
Filling of dolines with aeolian sediments,one of the less frequently described ways in which they are filled,is analysed in the present study on an example of a doline in the high-mountain karst of the Dinarides.There...Filling of dolines with aeolian sediments,one of the less frequently described ways in which they are filled,is analysed in the present study on an example of a doline in the high-mountain karst of the Dinarides.There is a series of deep dolines on a broad ridge(about 2450 m a.s.l.)on Mt.Durmitor(Montenegro)in the southeastern part of the Dinarides.The accumulation of very fine-grained sand that almost completely fills one of the dolines was analysed.More than 99% of the accumulation was found to be composed of well-sorted quartz grains with an average size of 89μm and no vertical differences in granulometric or textural characteristics.With respect to mineral composition,the accumulation differs significantly from that prevalent in this part of the Dinarides,in which different kinds of carbonate rocks are dominant.The conducted analyses indicated an aeolian origin of the sediments.Significant aridification that began in the Middle Holocene made the area of North Africa a source of sediments that were transported by the aeolian process to neighbouring regions.Geomorphological-sedimentological research on Mt.Durmitor and earlier investigations of the wider Mediterranean region indicate that dolines in highmountain karst can be filled with aeolian sediments.The sediments originated from territory of the northern Sahara,and the filling occurred in the Late Holocene,at the close of the African humid period.The present study shows that apart from the influence of local factors,regional geomorphological processes such as aeolian transport can also exert significant influence on the filling of dolines.It also indicates a high intensity and strongly expressed dynamics of aeolian sediment transport from the territory of Africa to this part of Southern Europe.展开更多
Relationships between environmental and social factors have long been studied by geographers.Nowadays,GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships.In order to detect the impact of t...Relationships between environmental and social factors have long been studied by geographers.Nowadays,GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships.In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors,we selected the country of Montenegro as a case example due to its high topographic variability.We compared the spatial pattern of population,settlements and ethnic minorities to physical geographic factors,especially to topography,but lithology and land cover data were also taken into consideration.We found that certain factors are closely correlated,e.g.the settlement density linearly decreases with elevation,while the characteristic settlement area shows an exponential increase upwards.The population density is not related to absolute elevation,but it is in close correlation with height(i.e.elevation relative to the local minimum).Population change and illiteracy are also topography-related social factors.On the contrary,the variable ethnic pattern of Montenegro is influenced by historical,political and economic effects rather than by environmental factors or topographic features.As a conclusion we state that in the scale of a country or a region,the environment can strongly impact some social factors.展开更多
The high alpine and subalpine vegetation of Dinaric Alps is very diverse. These are conditional on genuine patterns of development of the geological substrate, climate, soil and terrain on the mountain world, which ar...The high alpine and subalpine vegetation of Dinaric Alps is very diverse. These are conditional on genuine patterns of development of the geological substrate, climate, soil and terrain on the mountain world, which are interconnected and spatially, and ecologically away. Also, today high mountain vegetation is extremely important indicator of global changes. In this area are many refugia of glacial biodiversity. Very illustrative example for understanding the specific forms of ecological diversity is high alpine vegetation in the area of the Balkan Peninsula. Vegetation of alpine belt of Western Balkans and Bosnia and Herzegovina is differed by extremely high level of biological and ecological diversity. Climatogenous vegetation are alpine and sub-alpine pastures above of timberline, then extra zonal forms of vegetation - glaciers, rock creeps, breaches of rocks, alpine springs, marsh, and tall greenery. This vegetation is dominant determinant of alpine ecosystems that creates their unique physiognomy and also enables prime production of biomass. It is different with extraordinary floral richness, especially in a number of endemic species and glacier relicts that are included in a large number of phytocoenoses, many of which are of endemic. In syntaxonomic sense, alpine vegetation is differentiated into lo classes： Elyno- Seslerietea, Juncetea trifidi, Salicetea herbaceae,Thalspietea rotundifolii, Asplenietea trichomanis, and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, Montio- Cardaminetea, Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, Mulgedio- Aconitetea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. These classes are differentiated into ao vegetation orders, 38 alliances and 19o associations and sub-associations. In total, that is 6o % of communities of total vegetation diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 12.5% of classes of highest syntaxonomic categories in vegetation diversity of Europe.展开更多
This Geological Society Special Publication,dedicated to one of the most respected experts on Alpine Geology,Professor Stefan Schmid,on the occasion of his 65th birthday comprises a collection of data and results from...This Geological Society Special Publication,dedicated to one of the most respected experts on Alpine Geology,Professor Stefan Schmid,on the occasion of his 65th birthday comprises a collection of data and results from studies on the structural,tectonic,metamorphic and sedimentary evolution of distinct parts of the Alpine-Dinaride-Carpathian System.It represents the continuation of a series of Geological Society Special Publications on the evolution of the Alps and related orogenic belts,starting with the famous issue on“Alpine Tectonics”edited by Coward,M.P.,Dietrich,D.,and Park,R.G.in(Geological Society Special Publi-cation,vol.45).The current volume contains chapters concerning the pre-Alpine heritage and reactivation of pre-Alpine structures during Alpine orogeny,the Mesozoic paleogeography and Alpine subduction and collision processes,the processes of orogen-parallel,lateral extrusion and the linkage from the Eastern Alps towards the Carpathians and the Pannonian Basin,orogen-parallel and orogen-perpendicular extension.展开更多
基金financed by the Croatian Ministry of Science and EducationUniversity of Zagreb financial support founds
文摘Middle Triassic volcaniclastic depositsin the External Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the rifting of the Tethyan Ocean. Three localities in the External Dinarides： Donje Pazariste, Bosansko Grahovo and Zelovo were biostratigraphically analysed in this study. The Middle Triassic carbonate deposits with volcaniclastic interlayers in Donje Pazariste were defined by means of conodonts. Rare ammonoid specimens were collected.Recovered conodont and ammonoid taxa suggest these sections are of Early Illyrian to Early Fassanian Age. The section studied in Bosansko Grahovo is dominantly composed of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Limestone peperites were collected for conodont analysis. Two conodont zones were defined, suggesting volcanic activity in the same, from Lower Illyrian to Fassanian, time interval. The Zelovo Section was biostratigraphically investigated by several authors. The pietra verde deposits from Zelovo are referred as late Fassanian to Early Longobardian Age. Biostratigraphic correlation from mentioned three localities imply that the magmatic activity in the External Dinarides, and formation of different volcaniclastic facies lasted from Illyrian to Longobardian, similar as in the surrounding western Tethyan territories.
基金part of the Austrian-Croatian Bilateral Project (No. 2014-15) supported by OeADthe Austrian Agency for International Mobility and Cooperation in Education+1 种基金the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sportpartly supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (No. P1-0011)
文摘In the central part of the External Dinarides in Plavno, Croatia, near Knin, a remarkably thick （927.5 m） Early Triassic depositional sequence was investigated. The Plavno sequence starts in the EarlyGriesbachian and ends with a continuous transition into the Anisian strata. A complete 13C isotope curve has been achieved and combined with conodonts, bivalves and ammonoids to establish and correlate stage and substage boundaries. The 613C curve is consistent with former studies. It displays a general increase from the Griesbachian to a prominent maximum beyond the ＋8%0 amplitude around the Dienerian-Smithian boundary （DSB）, followed by a steep and continuous decline to low, negative values in the Smithian. Around the Smithian-Spathian boundary （SSB） a steep rise to a second maximum occurred. It is followed by a saw-tooth shaped decline in the Spathian and a similar increase to a peak at the Spathian-Anisian boundary （SAB）. Sedimentologically, the Plavno sequence is interpreted as having been deposited on an extensive epeiric ramp under long-term transgressive conditions, sharing depositional characteristics of both the epeiric platform and the carbonate ramp. The entire Plavno sequence was deposited above the storm-wave base and was storm influenced. Three informal members are differentiated： 1） the dolostone member （Early Griesbachian）; 2） the silicielastic member （red-coloured shale, siltstone, sandstone with oolitic/bioclastie grainstone intercalations）, which can be further divided into lower, middle and upper intervals （Late Griesbachian, Dienerian and Smithian）; and 3） the mudstone member （grey lime mudstones, marls and calcisiltites with common ammonoids and gastropods- Spathian）. The Plavno sequence is compared with other western Tethyan sections. Observed differences stem from local controls on deposition in the overall shallow marine environment.
文摘Filling of dolines with aeolian sediments,one of the less frequently described ways in which they are filled,is analysed in the present study on an example of a doline in the high-mountain karst of the Dinarides.There is a series of deep dolines on a broad ridge(about 2450 m a.s.l.)on Mt.Durmitor(Montenegro)in the southeastern part of the Dinarides.The accumulation of very fine-grained sand that almost completely fills one of the dolines was analysed.More than 99% of the accumulation was found to be composed of well-sorted quartz grains with an average size of 89μm and no vertical differences in granulometric or textural characteristics.With respect to mineral composition,the accumulation differs significantly from that prevalent in this part of the Dinarides,in which different kinds of carbonate rocks are dominant.The conducted analyses indicated an aeolian origin of the sediments.Significant aridification that began in the Middle Holocene made the area of North Africa a source of sediments that were transported by the aeolian process to neighbouring regions.Geomorphological-sedimentological research on Mt.Durmitor and earlier investigations of the wider Mediterranean region indicate that dolines in highmountain karst can be filled with aeolian sediments.The sediments originated from territory of the northern Sahara,and the filling occurred in the Late Holocene,at the close of the African humid period.The present study shows that apart from the influence of local factors,regional geomorphological processes such as aeolian transport can also exert significant influence on the filling of dolines.It also indicates a high intensity and strongly expressed dynamics of aeolian sediment transport from the territory of Africa to this part of Southern Europe.
基金supported by the Hungarian National Science Foundation,OTKA 104811 projectsupported by the János Bolyai Scolarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
文摘Relationships between environmental and social factors have long been studied by geographers.Nowadays,GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships.In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors,we selected the country of Montenegro as a case example due to its high topographic variability.We compared the spatial pattern of population,settlements and ethnic minorities to physical geographic factors,especially to topography,but lithology and land cover data were also taken into consideration.We found that certain factors are closely correlated,e.g.the settlement density linearly decreases with elevation,while the characteristic settlement area shows an exponential increase upwards.The population density is not related to absolute elevation,but it is in close correlation with height(i.e.elevation relative to the local minimum).Population change and illiteracy are also topography-related social factors.On the contrary,the variable ethnic pattern of Montenegro is influenced by historical,political and economic effects rather than by environmental factors or topographic features.As a conclusion we state that in the scale of a country or a region,the environment can strongly impact some social factors.
基金the part of Project Obrasci ekoloko-sintaksonomskog diverziteta u procjeni stanja i nosivog kapaciteta ekosistema zivotne sredine.(The patterns of ecological-syntaxo-nomical diversity in assessment of state and carrying capacity of environment - Kanton Sarajevo,Federacija BiH,Bosna i Hercegovina,2007-09)
文摘The high alpine and subalpine vegetation of Dinaric Alps is very diverse. These are conditional on genuine patterns of development of the geological substrate, climate, soil and terrain on the mountain world, which are interconnected and spatially, and ecologically away. Also, today high mountain vegetation is extremely important indicator of global changes. In this area are many refugia of glacial biodiversity. Very illustrative example for understanding the specific forms of ecological diversity is high alpine vegetation in the area of the Balkan Peninsula. Vegetation of alpine belt of Western Balkans and Bosnia and Herzegovina is differed by extremely high level of biological and ecological diversity. Climatogenous vegetation are alpine and sub-alpine pastures above of timberline, then extra zonal forms of vegetation - glaciers, rock creeps, breaches of rocks, alpine springs, marsh, and tall greenery. This vegetation is dominant determinant of alpine ecosystems that creates their unique physiognomy and also enables prime production of biomass. It is different with extraordinary floral richness, especially in a number of endemic species and glacier relicts that are included in a large number of phytocoenoses, many of which are of endemic. In syntaxonomic sense, alpine vegetation is differentiated into lo classes： Elyno- Seslerietea, Juncetea trifidi, Salicetea herbaceae,Thalspietea rotundifolii, Asplenietea trichomanis, and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, Montio- Cardaminetea, Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea, Mulgedio- Aconitetea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. These classes are differentiated into ao vegetation orders, 38 alliances and 19o associations and sub-associations. In total, that is 6o % of communities of total vegetation diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 12.5% of classes of highest syntaxonomic categories in vegetation diversity of Europe.
文摘This Geological Society Special Publication,dedicated to one of the most respected experts on Alpine Geology,Professor Stefan Schmid,on the occasion of his 65th birthday comprises a collection of data and results from studies on the structural,tectonic,metamorphic and sedimentary evolution of distinct parts of the Alpine-Dinaride-Carpathian System.It represents the continuation of a series of Geological Society Special Publications on the evolution of the Alps and related orogenic belts,starting with the famous issue on“Alpine Tectonics”edited by Coward,M.P.,Dietrich,D.,and Park,R.G.in(Geological Society Special Publi-cation,vol.45).The current volume contains chapters concerning the pre-Alpine heritage and reactivation of pre-Alpine structures during Alpine orogeny,the Mesozoic paleogeography and Alpine subduction and collision processes,the processes of orogen-parallel,lateral extrusion and the linkage from the Eastern Alps towards the Carpathians and the Pannonian Basin,orogen-parallel and orogen-perpendicular extension.
