This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation ...This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.展开更多
Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers fo...Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.展开更多
Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effect...Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effects and flexible extensibility for visualization in HEP experiments.In this study,we present a VR-based method for detector and event displays in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)experiment.This method shares the same detector geometry descriptions and event data model as those in the offline software and provides the necessary data conversion interfaces.The VR methodology facilitates an immersive exploration of the virtual environment in JUNO,enabling users to investigate the detector geometry,visualize event data,and tune the detector simulation and event reconstruction algorithms.Additionally,this approach supports applications in data monitoring,physics data analysis,and public outreach initiatives.展开更多
The accessibility of urban public transit directly influences residents’quality of life,travel behavior,and social equity.Its correlation with housing prices has garnered significant attention across disciplines such...The accessibility of urban public transit directly influences residents’quality of life,travel behavior,and social equity.Its correlation with housing prices has garnered significant attention across disciplines such as geography,economics,and urban planning.Although much existing research focuses on the impact of individual transportation facilities on housing prices,there is a notable gap in comprehensive analyses that assess the influence of overall urban transit accessibility on housing market dynamics.This study selected the main urban area of Hefei,China,as a case to investigate the spatial distribution of housing prices and evaluate public transit accessibility in 2022.Employing techniques such as the optimized parameter geographical detector and local spatial regression models,the study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of urban transit accessibility on housing prices.The findings revealed that:1)housing prices in Hefei exhibited a clustered spatial pattern,with high prices concentrated in the city center and lower prices in peripheral areas,forming three distinct high-price hotspots with a‘belt-like’distribution;2)public transit accessibility showed a‘coreperiphery’structure,with accessibility declining in a‘circumferential’pattern around the city center.Based on the‘housing price-accessibility’dimension,four categories were identified:high price-high accessibility(37.25%),high price-low accessibility(19.07%),low price-high accessibility(21.95%),and low price-low accessibility(21.73%);3)the impact of transit accessibility on housing prices was spatially heterogeneous,with bus travel showing the strongest explanatory power(0.692),followed by automobile,subway,and bicycle travel.The interaction of these transportation modes generated a synergistic effect on housing price differentiation,with most influencing factors contributing more than 25%.These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing the spatial distribution of public transit infrastructure and improving both urban housing quality and residents’living standards.展开更多
We present the preparation and measurement of the radioactive isotope^(37)Ar,which was produced using thermal neutrons from a reactor,as a calibration source for liquid xenon time projection chambers.^(37)Ar is a low-...We present the preparation and measurement of the radioactive isotope^(37)Ar,which was produced using thermal neutrons from a reactor,as a calibration source for liquid xenon time projection chambers.^(37)Ar is a low-energy calibration source with a half-life of 35.01 days,making it suitable for calibration in the low-energy region of liquid xenon dark-matter experiments.Radioactive isotope^(37)Ar was produced by irradiating ^(36)Ar with thermal neutrons.It was subsequently measured in a gaseous xenon time projection chamber(GXe TPC)to validate its radioactivity.Our results demonstrate that^(37)Ar is an effective and viable calibration source that offers precise calibration capabilities in the low-energy domain of xenon-based detectors.展开更多
Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection appl...Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection application.However,the presence of larger FA^(+)cation induces to an expansion of the Pb-I octahedral framework,which unfortunately affects both the stability and charge carrier mobility of the corresponding devices.To address this challenge,we develop a novel low-dimensional(HtrzT)PbI_(3) perovskite featuring a conjugated organic cation(1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol,HtrzT^(+))which matches well with theα-FAPbI_(3) lattices in two-dimensional plane.Benefiting from the matched lattice between(HtrzT)PbI_(3) andα-FAPbI_(3),the anchored lattice enhances the Pb-I bond strength and effectively mitigates the inherent tensile strain of theα-FAPbI_(3) crystal lattice.The X-ray detector based on(HtrzT)PbI_(3)(1.0)/FAPbI_(3) device achieves a remarkable sensitivity up to 1.83×10^(5)μC Gy_(air)^(−1) cm^(−2),along with a low detection limit of 27.6 nGy_(air) s^(−1),attributed to the release of residual stress,and the enhancement in carrier mobility-lifetime product.Furthermore,the detector exhibits outstanding stability under X-ray irradiation with tolerating doses equivalent to nearly 1.17×10^(6) chest imaging doses.展开更多
Numerous sectors,such as education,the IT sector,and corporate organizations,transitioned to virtual meetings after the COVID-19 crisis.Organizations now seek to assess participants’fatigue levels in online meetings ...Numerous sectors,such as education,the IT sector,and corporate organizations,transitioned to virtual meetings after the COVID-19 crisis.Organizations now seek to assess participants’fatigue levels in online meetings to remain competitive.Instructors cannot effectively monitor every individual in a virtual environment,which raises significant concerns about participant fatigue.Our proposed system monitors fatigue,identifying attentive and drowsy individuals throughout the online session.We leverage Dlib’s pre-trained facial landmark detector and focus on the eye landmarks only,offering a more detailed analysis for predicting eye opening and closing of the eyes,rather than focusing on the entire face.We introduce an Eye Polygon Area(EPA)formula,which computes eye activity from Dlib eye landmarks by measuring the polygonal area of the eye opening.Unlike the Eye Aspect Ratio(EAR),which relies on a single distance ratio,EPA adapts to different eye shapes(round,narrow,or wide),providing a more reliable measure for fatigue detection.The VMFD system issues a warning if a participant remains in a fatigued condition for 36 consecutive frames.The proposed technology is tested under multiple scenarios,including low-to high-lighting conditions(50-1400 lux)and both with and without glasses.This study builds an OpenCV application in Python,evaluated using the iBUG 300-W dataset,achieving 97.5%accuracy in detecting active participants.We compare VMFD with conventional methods relying on the EAR and show that the EPA technique performs significantly better.展开更多
Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stabi...Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stability,and nontoxicity.However,its fast crystallization and requirement for high-temperature annealing(>250℃)often lead to inferior film quality,limiting its application in flexible devices.This study introduces an alloying strategy that significantly improves the quality of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)thin films annealed at a reduced temperature of 150℃.Devices based on the alloyed thin films exhibit an ultra-low dark current of 0.32 nA·cm^(-2)and a quantum efficiency of 725%.Furthermore,the first successful integration of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)with a thinfilm transistor backplane demonstrates its superior imaging performance,indicating that Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)is a promising material for next-generation soft X-ray sensors.展开更多
In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors b...In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors based on LXe will be in the 50,000 kg(50 t)range requiring more than 1 k W of cooling power. Most of the prior cooling methods become impractical at this level.For cooling a 50 t scale LXe detector, a method is proposed in which liquid nitrogen(LN2) in a small local reservoir cools the xenon gas via a cold finger. The cold finger incorporates a heating unit to provide temperature regulation. The proposed cooling method is simple, reliable, and suitable for the required long-term operation for a rare event search. The device can be easily integrated into present cooling systems, for example the ‘‘Cooling Bus’ ’employed for the Panda X I and II experiments. It is still possible to cool indirectly with no part of the cooling or temperature control system getting in direct contact with the clean xenon in the detector. Also, the cooling device can be mounted at a large distance, i.e., the detector is cooled remotely from a distance of 5–10 m. The method was tested in a laboratory setup at Columbia University to carry out different measurements with a small LXe detector and behaved exactly as predicted.展开更多
The PICOSEC Micromegas(MM)is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled with a semi-transparent photocathode and an MM amplifying structure.It features a two-stage amplification process th...The PICOSEC Micromegas(MM)is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled with a semi-transparent photocathode and an MM amplifying structure.It features a two-stage amplification process that leads to a significant deterioration of non-uniformity when scaling up to larger areas.Since the performance of gaseous detectors is highly dependent on the choice of working gas,optimizing the gas mixture offers a promising solution to improve the uniformity performance.This paper addresses these challenges through a combined approach of simulation based on Garfield++and experimental studies.The simulation investigates the properties of different mixing fractions of gas mixtures and their impact on detector performance,including gain uniformity and time resolution.To verify the simulation results,experimental tests were conducted using a multi-channel PICOSEC MM prototype with different gas mixtures.The experimental results are consistent with the findings of the simulation,indicating that a higher concentration of neon significantly improves the detector’s gain uniformity.Furthermore,the influence of gas mixtures on time resolution was explored as a critical performance indicator.The study presented in this paper offers valuable insights for improving uniformity in large-area PICOSEC MM detectors and optimizing overall performance.展开更多
The measurement of low-level radioactivity using high-purity germanium(HPGe)detectors is important in applications such as environmental background radiation,material screening,and rare decays.The dead layers,dead zon...The measurement of low-level radioactivity using high-purity germanium(HPGe)detectors is important in applications such as environmental background radiation,material screening,and rare decays.The dead layers,dead zones,aluminum shell thickness,and diameter of Ge crystals are the most influential factors affecting the performance of HPGe detectors;hence,precise modeling of the physical conditions of the detectors is highly desirable.In this study,the GEANT4 simulation framework with an optimized detector geometry adequately replicated the experimentally recorded spectrum.These detector simulations explored the idea of realizing a dead zone(an inactive volume)at the backend of an n-type coaxial Gecrystal.Using multigamma sources,the effect of true coincidence summing(TCS)on the full energy peak(FEP)efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector was investigated as a function of sample-to-detector distance.Good agreements between the simulated and experimental efficiencies as well as the simulated and analytically calculated summing coincidence correction coefficients were achieved.At a short distance between the source and detector,calculating the correction factors for a strong source posed challenges owing to significant deadtime and pile-up effects of the detection system.The described methodology can efficiently determine summing peak probabilities at short sample-to-detector distances.展开更多
A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nu...A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nuclei.The digital data acquisition system enables precise synchronization and processing of complex signals from various detectors,such as plastic scintillators,silicon detectors,and germaniumγdetectors.The system's performance was evaluated using theβdecay of^(32)Ar and its neighboring nuclei,produced via projectile fragmentation at the first Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou(RIBLL1).Key measurements,including the half-life,charged-particle spectrum,andγ-ray spectrum,were obtained and compared with previous results for validation.Using the implantation–decay method,the isotopes of interest were implanted into two doublesided silicon strip detectors,where their subsequent decays were measured and correlated with preceding implantations using both position and time information.This detection system has potential for further applications,including the study ofβ-delayed charged-particle decay and direct proton emissions from even more exotic proton-rich nuclei.展开更多
Position-sensitive neutron detectors play an important role in neutron scattering studies. Detectors based on ~6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillator and wave-shifting fiber have the advantages of high neutron detection efficiency...Position-sensitive neutron detectors play an important role in neutron scattering studies. Detectors based on ~6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillator and wave-shifting fiber have the advantages of high neutron detection efficiency, high position resolution,and large-area splicing, and can well meet the requirement of large area neutron detection for neutron diffractometers. An engineering detector prototype based on a ~6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillation screen and SiPM array readout was fabricated for the General Purpose Powder Diffractometer of China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS). The detector has an active area of 196 mm × 444 mm, with a pixel size of 4 mm × 4 mm. The key performances of the detector prototype were tested at the BL20 neutron beam line of CSNS. The test results show that the neutron detection efficiency of the detector was 32% and 42% at wavelengths of 1.4 ? and 2.8 ?, respectively. An interpolated neutron detection efficiency of 40.2% at a wavelength of 2 ? was obtained. The tested neutron efficiency non-uniformity of the detector was 10.2%, which is less than one-half that of the current general purpose powder diffractometer scintillator neutron detectors at CSNS. This work achieves, for the first time, an efficiency uniformity of < 11% in large-area mosaic neutron detectors, alongside significant advancements in electromagnetic interference immunity and cost-effectiveness.展开更多
The prompt fission neutron spectrum(PFNS)is a key nuclear data quantity that is of particular interest and plays a crucial role in understanding and modeling fission processes.An array comprising 48 liquid scintillati...The prompt fission neutron spectrum(PFNS)is a key nuclear data quantity that is of particular interest and plays a crucial role in understanding and modeling fission processes.An array comprising 48 liquid scintillation detectors and a parallelplate avalanche counter(PPAC)was developed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE)to measure the PFNS of actinide nuclei.Efficiency and energy calibrations were performed for all the liquid scintillators,and their efficiencies were consistently found to be better than 5%.The time resolutions of the PPAC and liquid scintillators were measured to be 1.08 ns and 1.16 ns using~(252)Cf and~(207)Bi sources,respectively.The pulse shape discrimination of the liquid scintillator was utilized to identify neutron andγsignals on an event-by-event basis,and the figure of merit was deduced as 1.12 at a 200 ke Vee threshold.The contribution to the PFNS from multiple scattered neutrons was evaluated via Geant4 simulations,and those originating from the environment were found to be comparable to the crosstalk between the detectors.The neutron efficiency of the entire detection array was calibrated using a~(252)Cf spontaneous fission source and was demonstrated to be consistent with the Geant4 simulation results,which verified the reliability of the detection array.展开更多
Cadmium telluride(CdTe),which has a high average atomic number and a unique band structure,is a leading material for room-temperature X/γ-ray detectors.Resistivity and mobility are the two most important properties o...Cadmium telluride(CdTe),which has a high average atomic number and a unique band structure,is a leading material for room-temperature X/γ-ray detectors.Resistivity and mobility are the two most important properties of detector-grade CdTe single crystals.However,despite decades of research,the fabrication of high-resistivity and high-mobility CdTe single crystals faces persistent challenges,primarily because the stoichiometric composition cannot be well controlled owing to the high volatility of Cd under high-temperature conditions.This volatility introduces Te inclusions and cadmium vacancies(V_(Cd))into the as-grown CdTe ingot,which significantly degrades the device performance.In this study,we successfully obtained detector-grade CdTe single crystals by simultaneously employing a Cd reservoir and chlorine(Cl)dopants via a vertical gradient freeze(VGF)method.By installing a Cd reservoir,we can maintain the Cd pressure under the crystal growth conditions,thereby preventing the accumulation of Te in the CdTe ingot.Additionally,the existence of the Cl dopant helps improve the CdTe resistivity by minimizing V_(Cd)density through the formation of an acceptor complex(Cl_(Te)-V_(Cd))^(-1).The crystalline quality of the obtained CdTe(Cl)was evidenced by a reduction in large Te inclusions,high optical transmission(60%),and a sharp absorption edge(1.456 eV).The presence of substitutional Cl dopants,known as Cl_(Te)^(+),simultaneously supports the record high resistivity of 1.5×10^(10)Ω·cm and remarkable electron mobility of 1075±88 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1)simultaneously,has been confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy.Moreover,using our crystals,we fabricated a planar detector withμτ_(e)of(1.11±0.04)×10^(-4)cm^(2)∕V,which performed with a decent radiation-detection feature.This study demonstrates that the vapor-pressure-controlled VGF method is a viable technical route for fabricating detector-grade CdTe crystals.展开更多
X-ray detectors show potential applications in medical imaging,materials science,and nuclear energy.To achieve high detection efficiency and spatial resolution,many conventional semiconductor materials,such as amorpho...X-ray detectors show potential applications in medical imaging,materials science,and nuclear energy.To achieve high detection efficiency and spatial resolution,many conventional semiconductor materials,such as amorphous selenium,cadmium telluride zinc,and perovskites,have been utilized in direct conversion X-ray detectors.However,these semiconductor materials are susceptible to temperature-induced performance degradation,crystallization,delamination,uneven lattice growth,radiation damage,and high dark current.This study explores a new approach by coupling an FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid with a specialized high-resolution and high-readout-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)pixel array,specifically the Topmetal II−chip,to fabricate a direct conversion X-ray detector.The fluorinated liquid FC40(molecular formula:C_(21)F_(48)N_(2))is an electronic medium that is minimally affected by temperature and displays no issues with uniform conductivity.It exhibits a low dark current and minimal radiation damage and enables customizable thickness in X-ray absorption.This addresses the limitations inherent in conventional semiconductor-based detectors.In this study,simple X-ray detector imaging tests were conducted,demonstrating the excellent coupling capability between FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS chips by the X-ray detector.A spatial resolution of 4.0 lp/mm was measured using a striped line par card,and a relatively clear image of a cockroach was displayed in the digital radiography imaging results.Preliminary test results indicated the feasibility of fabricating an X-ray detector by combining FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS chips.Owing to the absence of issues related to chip-material coupling,a high spatial resolution could be achieved by reducing the chip pixel size.This method presents a new avenue for studies on novel liquid-based direct conversion X-ray detectors.展开更多
Despite rapid advancements in lidar technology,extremely long-range observation remains a signifi⁃cant challenge.Recently,2μm lasers have demonstrated a potential to be applied in CDWL(Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar)sys...Despite rapid advancements in lidar technology,extremely long-range observation remains a signifi⁃cant challenge.Recently,2μm lasers have demonstrated a potential to be applied in CDWL(Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar)system,for its high atmospheric penetration capability through the atmosphere and high potential la⁃ser power.In this study,we present a 2μm balanced detector that consists of a pair of commercial positive-intrin⁃sic-negative(PIN)diodes with a low-noise transimpedance circuit.To meet the high bandwidth requirements,the highspeed transimpedance circuit and bias voltage tuning method were utilized to overcome the large capaci⁃tance of PIN diodes.The circuit transfer function,stability analysis and noise calculation have been studied.The detector was co-packaged with a data acquisition module for convenient data transmission and bias voltage con⁃trol.The characteristics of the detector,including bandwidth,noise and bias voltage influence,are evaluated in laboratory.Results show that the RMS value of the balanced detector background noise is 539μV and the band⁃widths of the two diodes are 110.8 MHz and 110.3 MHz,respectively.The evaluation results show that the bal⁃anced detector meets the wind measurement requirements and allows for a 1.45×increase in bandwidth through bi⁃as voltage tuning.Our work offers insights into lidar detector design and bandwidth enhancement,providing a valuable reference for researchers and professionals in the field.More importantly,it lays a critical foundation for fu⁃ture ultra-long-range and space-borne 2μm coherent wind lidar systems by addressing key device-level challenges.展开更多
The study of the charge conjugation and parity(CP)violation of hyperon is the precision frontier for probing possible new CP violation sources beyond the standard model(SM).With the large number of quantum entangled h...The study of the charge conjugation and parity(CP)violation of hyperon is the precision frontier for probing possible new CP violation sources beyond the standard model(SM).With the large number of quantum entangled hyperonantihyperon pairs to be produced at Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF),the CP asymmetry of hyperon is expected to be tested with a statistical sensitivity of 10^(−4) or even better.To cope with the statistical precision,the systematic effects from various aspects are critical and need to be studied in detail.In this paper,the sensitivity effects on the CP violation parameters associated with the detector resolution,including those of the position and momentum,are studied and discussed in detail.The results provide valuable guidance for the design of STCF detector.展开更多
To detect space gravitational waves in the extremely low-frequency band,the telescope and optic-al platform require high stability and reliability.However,the cantilevered design presents challenges,espe-cially in the...To detect space gravitational waves in the extremely low-frequency band,the telescope and optic-al platform require high stability and reliability.However,the cantilevered design presents challenges,espe-cially in the glass-metal hetero-bonding process.This study focuses on the analysis and experimental re-search of the bonding layer in the integrated structure.By optimizing the structural configuration and select-ing suitable bonding processes,the reliability of the telescope system is enhanced.The research indicates that using J-133 adhesive achieves the best performance,with a bonding layer thickness of 0.30 mm and a metal substrate surface roughness of Ra 0.8.These findings significantly enhance the reliability of the optical sys-tem while minimizing potential risks.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12305349,12235006,12027812)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JSGGKQTD20210831174329010)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021TQ06Y108).
文摘This study aims to investigate the responses of a perovskite-based direct-conversion dual-layer flat-panel detector(DL-FPD)numerically.To this end,the X-ray sensitivity,spatial resolution quantified by the modulation transfer function(MTF),and detective quantum efficiency(DQE)of the DL-FPD are evaluated numerically using a linear cascade model.In addition,both the single-crystal(SC)and polycrystalline(PC)structures of MAPbI_(3)are investigated,along with various other key parameters such as the material thickness,electric field strength,X-ray beam spectrum,and electronic readout noise.The results demonstrate that SC perovskite consistently exhibits better performance than PC perovskite owing to fewer material defects.Increasing the layer thickness may decrease the MTF,but can also enhance the sensitivity and DQE.Moreover,appropriately increasing the external electric field within the material can improve the sensitivity,MTF,and DQE.Finally,reducing the electronic readout noise can significantly enhance the DQE for low-dose imaging.This study demonstrates the potential of high-quality dual-energy X-ray imaging using direct-conversion perovskite DL-FPDs.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2023SFGC0101)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(No.2023HWYQ-047)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.U2106202).
文摘Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175321,W2443004,11975021,11675275,U1932101)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA10010900)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1606000 and 2020YFA0406400)National College Students Science and Technology Innovation ProjectUndergraduate Base Scientific Research Project of Sun Yat-sen University。
文摘Detector and event visualization are crucial components of high-energy physics(HEP)experimental software.Virtual reality(VR)technologies and multimedia development platforms,such as Unity,offer enhanced display effects and flexible extensibility for visualization in HEP experiments.In this study,we present a VR-based method for detector and event displays in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)experiment.This method shares the same detector geometry descriptions and event data model as those in the offline software and provides the necessary data conversion interfaces.The VR methodology facilitates an immersive exploration of the virtual environment in JUNO,enabling users to investigate the detector geometry,visualize event data,and tune the detector simulation and event reconstruction algorithms.Additionally,this approach supports applications in data monitoring,physics data analysis,and public outreach initiatives.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271224,41901193)Ministry of Edu cation Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund Project of China(No.24YJAZH190)+1 种基金Anhui Province Excellent Youth Research Project in Universities(No.2022AH030019)Anhui Social Sciences Innovation Development Research Project(No.2024CXQ503)。
文摘The accessibility of urban public transit directly influences residents’quality of life,travel behavior,and social equity.Its correlation with housing prices has garnered significant attention across disciplines such as geography,economics,and urban planning.Although much existing research focuses on the impact of individual transportation facilities on housing prices,there is a notable gap in comprehensive analyses that assess the influence of overall urban transit accessibility on housing market dynamics.This study selected the main urban area of Hefei,China,as a case to investigate the spatial distribution of housing prices and evaluate public transit accessibility in 2022.Employing techniques such as the optimized parameter geographical detector and local spatial regression models,the study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of urban transit accessibility on housing prices.The findings revealed that:1)housing prices in Hefei exhibited a clustered spatial pattern,with high prices concentrated in the city center and lower prices in peripheral areas,forming three distinct high-price hotspots with a‘belt-like’distribution;2)public transit accessibility showed a‘coreperiphery’structure,with accessibility declining in a‘circumferential’pattern around the city center.Based on the‘housing price-accessibility’dimension,four categories were identified:high price-high accessibility(37.25%),high price-low accessibility(19.07%),low price-high accessibility(21.95%),and low price-low accessibility(21.73%);3)the impact of transit accessibility on housing prices was spatially heterogeneous,with bus travel showing the strongest explanatory power(0.692),followed by automobile,subway,and bicycle travel.The interaction of these transportation modes generated a synergistic effect on housing price differentiation,with most influencing factors contributing more than 25%.These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing the spatial distribution of public transit infrastructure and improving both urban housing quality and residents’living standards.
基金supported by National Key R&D grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2021YFA1601600,2023YFA1606200)National Science Foundation of China(Nos.12090062,12105008)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China.
文摘We present the preparation and measurement of the radioactive isotope^(37)Ar,which was produced using thermal neutrons from a reactor,as a calibration source for liquid xenon time projection chambers.^(37)Ar is a low-energy calibration source with a half-life of 35.01 days,making it suitable for calibration in the low-energy region of liquid xenon dark-matter experiments.Radioactive isotope^(37)Ar was produced by irradiating ^(36)Ar with thermal neutrons.It was subsequently measured in a gaseous xenon time projection chamber(GXe TPC)to validate its radioactivity.Our results demonstrate that^(37)Ar is an effective and viable calibration source that offers precise calibration capabilities in the low-energy domain of xenon-based detectors.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22375220,U2001214,22471302)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024B1515020101)Open Project Fund from State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(OEMT-2024-KF-08).
文摘Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))perovskite exhibits an impressive X-ray absorption coefficient and a large carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτ),making it as a highly promising candidate for X-ray detection application.However,the presence of larger FA^(+)cation induces to an expansion of the Pb-I octahedral framework,which unfortunately affects both the stability and charge carrier mobility of the corresponding devices.To address this challenge,we develop a novel low-dimensional(HtrzT)PbI_(3) perovskite featuring a conjugated organic cation(1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-thiol,HtrzT^(+))which matches well with theα-FAPbI_(3) lattices in two-dimensional plane.Benefiting from the matched lattice between(HtrzT)PbI_(3) andα-FAPbI_(3),the anchored lattice enhances the Pb-I bond strength and effectively mitigates the inherent tensile strain of theα-FAPbI_(3) crystal lattice.The X-ray detector based on(HtrzT)PbI_(3)(1.0)/FAPbI_(3) device achieves a remarkable sensitivity up to 1.83×10^(5)μC Gy_(air)^(−1) cm^(−2),along with a low detection limit of 27.6 nGy_(air) s^(−1),attributed to the release of residual stress,and the enhancement in carrier mobility-lifetime product.Furthermore,the detector exhibits outstanding stability under X-ray irradiation with tolerating doses equivalent to nearly 1.17×10^(6) chest imaging doses.
文摘Numerous sectors,such as education,the IT sector,and corporate organizations,transitioned to virtual meetings after the COVID-19 crisis.Organizations now seek to assess participants’fatigue levels in online meetings to remain competitive.Instructors cannot effectively monitor every individual in a virtual environment,which raises significant concerns about participant fatigue.Our proposed system monitors fatigue,identifying attentive and drowsy individuals throughout the online session.We leverage Dlib’s pre-trained facial landmark detector and focus on the eye landmarks only,offering a more detailed analysis for predicting eye opening and closing of the eyes,rather than focusing on the entire face.We introduce an Eye Polygon Area(EPA)formula,which computes eye activity from Dlib eye landmarks by measuring the polygonal area of the eye opening.Unlike the Eye Aspect Ratio(EAR),which relies on a single distance ratio,EPA adapts to different eye shapes(round,narrow,or wide),providing a more reliable measure for fatigue detection.The VMFD system issues a warning if a participant remains in a fatigued condition for 36 consecutive frames.The proposed technology is tested under multiple scenarios,including low-to high-lighting conditions(50-1400 lux)and both with and without glasses.This study builds an OpenCV application in Python,evaluated using the iBUG 300-W dataset,achieving 97.5%accuracy in detecting active participants.We compare VMFD with conventional methods relying on the EAR and show that the EPA technique performs significantly better.
基金supported by the NSFC under Grant No.62474169the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2024YFB3212200the funding from USTC under Grant Nos.WK2100000025,KY2190000003,and KY2190000006。
文摘Soft X-ray detectors play a vital role in materials science,high-energy physics and medical imaging.Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6),a lead-free double perovskite,has gained attention for its excellent optoelectronic properties,stability,and nontoxicity.However,its fast crystallization and requirement for high-temperature annealing(>250℃)often lead to inferior film quality,limiting its application in flexible devices.This study introduces an alloying strategy that significantly improves the quality of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)thin films annealed at a reduced temperature of 150℃.Devices based on the alloyed thin films exhibit an ultra-low dark current of 0.32 nA·cm^(-2)and a quantum efficiency of 725%.Furthermore,the first successful integration of Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)with a thinfilm transistor backplane demonstrates its superior imaging performance,indicating that Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)is a promising material for next-generation soft X-ray sensors.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFA0400301)the grants for the XENON Dark Matter Project。
文摘In recent years, cooling technology for liquid xenon(LXe) detectors has advanced driven by the development of dark matter(DM) detectors with target mass in the 100–1000 kg range. The next generation of DM detectors based on LXe will be in the 50,000 kg(50 t)range requiring more than 1 k W of cooling power. Most of the prior cooling methods become impractical at this level.For cooling a 50 t scale LXe detector, a method is proposed in which liquid nitrogen(LN2) in a small local reservoir cools the xenon gas via a cold finger. The cold finger incorporates a heating unit to provide temperature regulation. The proposed cooling method is simple, reliable, and suitable for the required long-term operation for a rare event search. The device can be easily integrated into present cooling systems, for example the ‘‘Cooling Bus’ ’employed for the Panda X I and II experiments. It is still possible to cool indirectly with no part of the cooling or temperature control system getting in direct contact with the clean xenon in the detector. Also, the cooling device can be mounted at a large distance, i.e., the detector is cooled remotely from a distance of 5–10 m. The method was tested in a laboratory setup at Columbia University to carry out different measurements with a small LXe detector and behaved exactly as predicted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12125505).
文摘The PICOSEC Micromegas(MM)is a precise timing gaseous detector based on a Cherenkov radiator coupled with a semi-transparent photocathode and an MM amplifying structure.It features a two-stage amplification process that leads to a significant deterioration of non-uniformity when scaling up to larger areas.Since the performance of gaseous detectors is highly dependent on the choice of working gas,optimizing the gas mixture offers a promising solution to improve the uniformity performance.This paper addresses these challenges through a combined approach of simulation based on Garfield++and experimental studies.The simulation investigates the properties of different mixing fractions of gas mixtures and their impact on detector performance,including gain uniformity and time resolution.To verify the simulation results,experimental tests were conducted using a multi-channel PICOSEC MM prototype with different gas mixtures.The experimental results are consistent with the findings of the simulation,indicating that a higher concentration of neon significantly improves the detector’s gain uniformity.Furthermore,the influence of gas mixtures on time resolution was explored as a critical performance indicator.The study presented in this paper offers valuable insights for improving uniformity in large-area PICOSEC MM detectors and optimizing overall performance.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(No.22JR5RA118)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12121005 and U1932138)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34010000)。
文摘The measurement of low-level radioactivity using high-purity germanium(HPGe)detectors is important in applications such as environmental background radiation,material screening,and rare decays.The dead layers,dead zones,aluminum shell thickness,and diameter of Ge crystals are the most influential factors affecting the performance of HPGe detectors;hence,precise modeling of the physical conditions of the detectors is highly desirable.In this study,the GEANT4 simulation framework with an optimized detector geometry adequately replicated the experimentally recorded spectrum.These detector simulations explored the idea of realizing a dead zone(an inactive volume)at the backend of an n-type coaxial Gecrystal.Using multigamma sources,the effect of true coincidence summing(TCS)on the full energy peak(FEP)efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector was investigated as a function of sample-to-detector distance.Good agreements between the simulated and experimental efficiencies as well as the simulated and analytically calculated summing coincidence correction coefficients were achieved.At a short distance between the source and detector,calculating the correction factors for a strong source posed challenges owing to significant deadtime and pile-up effects of the detection system.The described methodology can efficiently determine summing peak probabilities at short sample-to-detector distances.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project,China(No.2023YFA1606404)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34010300)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12022501,12105329,12475127)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2021B0301030006)the Research Program of Heavy Ion Science and Technology Key Laboratory,Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.HIST2024KS04,HIST2024CO04)Longyuan Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project of Gansu Province(No.2024GZT04)State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,Peking University(No.NPT2023KFY01)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Gansu Province(No.24GD13GA005)。
文摘A state-of-the-art detector array with a digital data acquisition system has been developed for charged-particle decay studies,includingβ-delayed protons,αdecay,and direct proton emissions from exotic proton-rich nuclei.The digital data acquisition system enables precise synchronization and processing of complex signals from various detectors,such as plastic scintillators,silicon detectors,and germaniumγdetectors.The system's performance was evaluated using theβdecay of^(32)Ar and its neighboring nuclei,produced via projectile fragmentation at the first Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou(RIBLL1).Key measurements,including the half-life,charged-particle spectrum,andγ-ray spectrum,were obtained and compared with previous results for validation.Using the implantation–decay method,the isotopes of interest were implanted into two doublesided silicon strip detectors,where their subsequent decays were measured and correlated with preceding implantations using both position and time information.This detection system has potential for further applications,including the study ofβ-delayed charged-particle decay and direct proton emissions from even more exotic proton-rich nuclei.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12275181)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2022B1515120071)+1 种基金Promotion Project of Scientific Research Capability of Key Construction Disciplines in Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2022ZDJS118)Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent SZTU (Grant No. GDRC202205)。
文摘Position-sensitive neutron detectors play an important role in neutron scattering studies. Detectors based on ~6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillator and wave-shifting fiber have the advantages of high neutron detection efficiency, high position resolution,and large-area splicing, and can well meet the requirement of large area neutron detection for neutron diffractometers. An engineering detector prototype based on a ~6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillation screen and SiPM array readout was fabricated for the General Purpose Powder Diffractometer of China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS). The detector has an active area of 196 mm × 444 mm, with a pixel size of 4 mm × 4 mm. The key performances of the detector prototype were tested at the BL20 neutron beam line of CSNS. The test results show that the neutron detection efficiency of the detector was 32% and 42% at wavelengths of 1.4 ? and 2.8 ?, respectively. An interpolated neutron detection efficiency of 40.2% at a wavelength of 2 ? was obtained. The tested neutron efficiency non-uniformity of the detector was 10.2%, which is less than one-half that of the current general purpose powder diffractometer scintillator neutron detectors at CSNS. This work achieves, for the first time, an efficiency uniformity of < 11% in large-area mosaic neutron detectors, alongside significant advancements in electromagnetic interference immunity and cost-effectiveness.
基金supported by Continuous-Support Basic Scientific Research Project(No.BJ010261223282)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2167201,11975318)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and TechnologyPeking University(No.NPT2023KFY01)the Research and Development Project of China National Nuclear Corporation。
文摘The prompt fission neutron spectrum(PFNS)is a key nuclear data quantity that is of particular interest and plays a crucial role in understanding and modeling fission processes.An array comprising 48 liquid scintillation detectors and a parallelplate avalanche counter(PPAC)was developed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE)to measure the PFNS of actinide nuclei.Efficiency and energy calibrations were performed for all the liquid scintillators,and their efficiencies were consistently found to be better than 5%.The time resolutions of the PPAC and liquid scintillators were measured to be 1.08 ns and 1.16 ns using~(252)Cf and~(207)Bi sources,respectively.The pulse shape discrimination of the liquid scintillator was utilized to identify neutron andγsignals on an event-by-event basis,and the figure of merit was deduced as 1.12 at a 200 ke Vee threshold.The contribution to the PFNS from multiple scattered neutrons was evaluated via Geant4 simulations,and those originating from the environment were found to be comparable to the crosstalk between the detectors.The neutron efficiency of the entire detection array was calibrated using a~(252)Cf spontaneous fission source and was demonstrated to be consistent with the Geant4 simulation results,which verified the reliability of the detection array.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program(Nos.2023YFE0108500 and 2023YFF0719500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072300 and 52302199)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515110538)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2023-GHZD-48)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Cadmium telluride(CdTe),which has a high average atomic number and a unique band structure,is a leading material for room-temperature X/γ-ray detectors.Resistivity and mobility are the two most important properties of detector-grade CdTe single crystals.However,despite decades of research,the fabrication of high-resistivity and high-mobility CdTe single crystals faces persistent challenges,primarily because the stoichiometric composition cannot be well controlled owing to the high volatility of Cd under high-temperature conditions.This volatility introduces Te inclusions and cadmium vacancies(V_(Cd))into the as-grown CdTe ingot,which significantly degrades the device performance.In this study,we successfully obtained detector-grade CdTe single crystals by simultaneously employing a Cd reservoir and chlorine(Cl)dopants via a vertical gradient freeze(VGF)method.By installing a Cd reservoir,we can maintain the Cd pressure under the crystal growth conditions,thereby preventing the accumulation of Te in the CdTe ingot.Additionally,the existence of the Cl dopant helps improve the CdTe resistivity by minimizing V_(Cd)density through the formation of an acceptor complex(Cl_(Te)-V_(Cd))^(-1).The crystalline quality of the obtained CdTe(Cl)was evidenced by a reduction in large Te inclusions,high optical transmission(60%),and a sharp absorption edge(1.456 eV).The presence of substitutional Cl dopants,known as Cl_(Te)^(+),simultaneously supports the record high resistivity of 1.5×10^(10)Ω·cm and remarkable electron mobility of 1075±88 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1)simultaneously,has been confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy.Moreover,using our crystals,we fabricated a planar detector withμτ_(e)of(1.11±0.04)×10^(-4)cm^(2)∕V,which performed with a decent radiation-detection feature.This study demonstrates that the vapor-pressure-controlled VGF method is a viable technical route for fabricating detector-grade CdTe crystals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12235006)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFE0202002.
文摘X-ray detectors show potential applications in medical imaging,materials science,and nuclear energy.To achieve high detection efficiency and spatial resolution,many conventional semiconductor materials,such as amorphous selenium,cadmium telluride zinc,and perovskites,have been utilized in direct conversion X-ray detectors.However,these semiconductor materials are susceptible to temperature-induced performance degradation,crystallization,delamination,uneven lattice growth,radiation damage,and high dark current.This study explores a new approach by coupling an FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid with a specialized high-resolution and high-readout-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)pixel array,specifically the Topmetal II−chip,to fabricate a direct conversion X-ray detector.The fluorinated liquid FC40(molecular formula:C_(21)F_(48)N_(2))is an electronic medium that is minimally affected by temperature and displays no issues with uniform conductivity.It exhibits a low dark current and minimal radiation damage and enables customizable thickness in X-ray absorption.This addresses the limitations inherent in conventional semiconductor-based detectors.In this study,simple X-ray detector imaging tests were conducted,demonstrating the excellent coupling capability between FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS chips by the X-ray detector.A spatial resolution of 4.0 lp/mm was measured using a striped line par card,and a relatively clear image of a cockroach was displayed in the digital radiography imaging results.Preliminary test results indicated the feasibility of fabricating an X-ray detector by combining FC40 electronic fluorinated liquid and CMOS chips.Owing to the absence of issues related to chip-material coupling,a high spatial resolution could be achieved by reducing the chip pixel size.This method presents a new avenue for studies on novel liquid-based direct conversion X-ray detectors.
基金Supported by the National key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3903103,2023YFC3081100)。
文摘Despite rapid advancements in lidar technology,extremely long-range observation remains a signifi⁃cant challenge.Recently,2μm lasers have demonstrated a potential to be applied in CDWL(Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar)system,for its high atmospheric penetration capability through the atmosphere and high potential la⁃ser power.In this study,we present a 2μm balanced detector that consists of a pair of commercial positive-intrin⁃sic-negative(PIN)diodes with a low-noise transimpedance circuit.To meet the high bandwidth requirements,the highspeed transimpedance circuit and bias voltage tuning method were utilized to overcome the large capaci⁃tance of PIN diodes.The circuit transfer function,stability analysis and noise calculation have been studied.The detector was co-packaged with a data acquisition module for convenient data transmission and bias voltage con⁃trol.The characteristics of the detector,including bandwidth,noise and bias voltage influence,are evaluated in laboratory.Results show that the RMS value of the balanced detector background noise is 539μV and the band⁃widths of the two diodes are 110.8 MHz and 110.3 MHz,respectively.The evaluation results show that the bal⁃anced detector meets the wind measurement requirements and allows for a 1.45×increase in bandwidth through bi⁃as voltage tuning.Our work offers insights into lidar detector design and bandwidth enhancement,providing a valuable reference for researchers and professionals in the field.More importantly,it lays a critical foundation for fu⁃ture ultra-long-range and space-borne 2μm coherent wind lidar systems by addressing key device-level challenges.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1602200)the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(211134KYSB20200057).
文摘The study of the charge conjugation and parity(CP)violation of hyperon is the precision frontier for probing possible new CP violation sources beyond the standard model(SM).With the large number of quantum entangled hyperonantihyperon pairs to be produced at Super Tau-Charm Facility(STCF),the CP asymmetry of hyperon is expected to be tested with a statistical sensitivity of 10^(−4) or even better.To cope with the statistical precision,the systematic effects from various aspects are critical and need to be studied in detail.In this paper,the sensitivity effects on the CP violation parameters associated with the detector resolution,including those of the position and momentum,are studied and discussed in detail.The results provide valuable guidance for the design of STCF detector.
文摘To detect space gravitational waves in the extremely low-frequency band,the telescope and optic-al platform require high stability and reliability.However,the cantilevered design presents challenges,espe-cially in the glass-metal hetero-bonding process.This study focuses on the analysis and experimental re-search of the bonding layer in the integrated structure.By optimizing the structural configuration and select-ing suitable bonding processes,the reliability of the telescope system is enhanced.The research indicates that using J-133 adhesive achieves the best performance,with a bonding layer thickness of 0.30 mm and a metal substrate surface roughness of Ra 0.8.These findings significantly enhance the reliability of the optical sys-tem while minimizing potential risks.
