While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfa...While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.展开更多
Solar-driven interfacial desalination(SID)offers a sustainable route for freshwater production,yet its long-term performance is compromised by salt crystallization and microbial fouling under complex marine conditions...Solar-driven interfacial desalination(SID)offers a sustainable route for freshwater production,yet its long-term performance is compromised by salt crystallization and microbial fouling under complex marine conditions.Zwitterionic polymers offer promising nonfouling capabilities,but current zwitterionic hydrogel-based solar evaporators(HSEs)suffer from inadequate hydration and salt vulnerability.Inspired by the natural marine environmental adaptive characteristics of saltwater fish,we report a superhydrated zwitterionic poly(trimethylamine N-oxide,PTMAO)/polyacrylamide(PAAm)/polypyrrole(PPy)hydrogel(PTAP)with dedicated water channels for efficient,durable,and nonfouling SID.The directly linked N⁺and O⁻groups in PTMAO establish a robust hydration shell that facilitates rapid water transport while resisting salt and microbial adhesion.Integrated PAAm and PPy networks enhance mechanical strength and photothermal conversion.PTAP achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.35 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)under 1 kW m^(–2)in 10 wt%NaCl solution,maintaining stable operation over 100 h without salt accumulation.Furthermore,PTAP effectively resists various foulants including proteins,bacterial,and algal adhesion.Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the exceptional hydration capacity supports its nonfouling properties.This work advances the development of nonfouling HSEs for sustainable solar desalination in real-world marine environments.展开更多
The deficiency of potable water resources and energy supply is emerging as a significant and concerning obstacle to sustainable development.Solar and waste heat-powered humidification dehumidification(HDH)desalination...The deficiency of potable water resources and energy supply is emerging as a significant and concerning obstacle to sustainable development.Solar and waste heat-powered humidification dehumidification(HDH)desalination systems become essential due to the severe impacts of global warming and water shortages.This problem highlights the need to apply boosted water desalination solutions.Desalination is a capital-intensive process that demands considerable energy,predominantly sourced fromfossil fuels worldwide,posing a significant carbon footprint risk.HDH is a very efficient desalination method suitable for remote areas with moderate freshwater requirements for domestic and agricultural usage.Several operational and maintenance concerns are to blame.The flow and thermal balances of humidifiers and dehumidifiers under the right conditions are crucial for system efficiency.These systems comprise a humidifier and dehumidifier,energy foundations for space or process heating and electricity generation,fluid transfer or efficiency enhancement accessories,and measurement-control devices.All technologies that enhance the performance of HDH systems are elucidated in this work.These are utilizing efficient components,renewable energy,heat recovery via multi-effect and multi-stage processes,waste heat-powered,and accelerating humidification and dehumidification processes through pressure variation or employing heat pumps,in addition to exergy and economical analyses.According to the present work,the seawater HDH system is feasible for freshwater generation.Regarding economics and gain output ratio,humidification–dehumidification is a viable approach for decentralized small-scale freshwater production applications,but it needs significant refinement.Systemproductivity of fresh water is much higher with integrated solar water heating than with solar air heating.The HDH offers the lowest water yield cost per liter and ideal system productivity when paired with a heat pump.The suggested changes aim to enhance system and process efficiency,reducing electrical energy consumption and cost-effective,continuous,decentralized freshwater production.This thorough analysis establishes a foundation for future research on energy and exergy cycles based on humidification and dehumidification.展开更多
Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system perf...Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system performance hinges critically on material selection,particularly for photothermal absorbers and their substrates.While extensive research addresses photothermal nanomaterials,substrate materials vital for structural integrity,thermal management,and interfacial stability remain underexplored.This review comprehensively examines current advances in solar evaporator components,evaluating photothermal materials and substrates against key selection criteria:thermal conductivity,stability under harsh conditions,scalability,and compatibility.We analyze diverse substrate materials(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers,bio-based,and aero-gels)and their synergistic roles in enhancing evaporation efficiency and durability.Critical gaps in large-scale feasibility,long-term stability under variable solar flux,and cost-performance trade-offs are identified.The review also highlights emerg-ing trends such as 3D-printed substrates and bio-inspired designs to overcome salt accumulation and fouling.By addressing these challenges and outlining pathways for scalable implementation,this work aims to advance robust,economically viable solar thermal desalination technologies for global freshwater security.展开更多
Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recen...Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.展开更多
The mechanism of hydrate-based desalination is that water molecules would transfer to the hydrate phase during gas hydrate formation process,while the salt ions would be conversely concentrated in the unreacted saltwa...The mechanism of hydrate-based desalination is that water molecules would transfer to the hydrate phase during gas hydrate formation process,while the salt ions would be conversely concentrated in the unreacted saltwater.However,the salt concentration of hydrate decomposed water and the desalination degree of hydrate phase are still unclear.The biggest challenge is how to effectively separate the hydrate phase and the remaining unreacted salt water,and then decompose the hydrate phase to measure the salt concentration of hydrate melt water.This work developed an apparatus and pressure-driven filtration method to efficiently separate the hydrate phase and the remaining unreacted saltwater.On this basis,the single hydrate phase was obtained,then it was dissociated and the salt concentration of hydrate melt water was measured.The experimental results demonstrate that when the initial salt mass concentration is 0.3% to 8.0%,the salt removal efficiency for NaCl solution is 15.9% to 29.8%by forming CO_(2) hydrate,while for CaCl_(2) solution is 28.9%to 45.5%.The solute CaCl_(2) is easier to be removed than solute NaCl.In addition,the salt removal efficiency for forming CO_(2) hydrate is higher than that for forming methane hydrate.The multi-stage desalination can continuously decrease the salt concentration of hydrate dissociated water,and the salt removal efficiency per stage is around 20%.展开更多
Although solar steam generation strategy is efficient in desalinating seawater,it is still challenging to achieve continuous solar-thermal desalination of seawater and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.Herei...Although solar steam generation strategy is efficient in desalinating seawater,it is still challenging to achieve continuous solar-thermal desalination of seawater and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.Herein,dynamic regulations of hydrogen bonding networks and solvation structures are realized by designing an asymmetric bilayer membrane consisting of a bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube/Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)nanorod top layer and a bacterial cellulose/Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)nanorod(BCH)bottom layer.Crucially,the hydrogen bonding networks inside the membrane can be tuned by the rich surface–OH groups of the bacterial cellulose and Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)as well as the ions and radicals in situ generated during the catalysis process.Moreover,both SO_(4)^(2−)and HSO_(5)−can regulate the solvation structure of Na^(+)and be adsorbed more preferentially on the evaporation surface than Cl^(−),thus hindering the de-solvation of the solvated Na^(+)and subsequent nucleation/growth of NaCl.Furthermore,the heat generated by the solar-thermal energy conversion can accelerate the reaction kinetics and enhance the catalytic degradation efficiency.This work provides a flow-bed water purification system with an asymmetric solar-thermal and catalytic membrane for synergistic solar thermal desalination of seawater/brine and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.展开更多
Natural fibers,as a typical renewable and biodegradable material,have shown great potential for many applications(e.g.,catalysis,hydrogel,biomedicine)in recent years.Recently,the growing importance of natural fibers i...Natural fibers,as a typical renewable and biodegradable material,have shown great potential for many applications(e.g.,catalysis,hydrogel,biomedicine)in recent years.Recently,the growing importance of natural fibers in these photo-driven applications is reflected by the increasing number of publications.The utilization of renewable materials in photo-driven applications not only contributes to mitigating the energy crisis but also facilitates the transition of society toward a low-carbon economy,thus enabling harmonious coexistence between humans and the environment within the context of sustainable development.This paper provides an overview of the recent advances of natural fibers which acted as substrates or precursors to construct an efficient system of light utilization.The different chemical properties and pretreatment methods of cellulose affect its performance in final photo-driven applications,including solar-driven water purification,photocatalysis,and photothermal biomedical applications.Nevertheless,current research rarely conducts a comprehensive comparisonof themfromabroadperspective.As a whole,this review first reveals the different structural advantages as well as thematching degree between natural fibers(bacterial cellulose,plant cellulose,and animal fiber)and three typical photo-driven applications.Besides,new strategies for optimizing the utilization of natural fibers are an important subject under the background of low-carbon and circular economy.Finally,some suggestions and prospects are put forward for the limitations and research prospects of natural fibers in photo-driven applications,which provides a new idea for the synthesis of renewable functional materials.展开更多
Hydrophobic nanofiber composite membranes comprising polyimide and metal-organic frameworks are developed for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD).Our study demonstrates the synthesis of hydroph...Hydrophobic nanofiber composite membranes comprising polyimide and metal-organic frameworks are developed for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD).Our study demonstrates the synthesis of hydrophobic polyimides with trifluoromethyl groups,along with superhydrophobic UiO-66(hMOF)prepared by phenylsilane modification on the metal-oxo nodes.These components are then combined to create nanofiber membranes with improved hydro ph obi city,ensuring long-term stability while preserving a high water flux.Integration of hMOF into the polymer matrix further increases membrane hydrophobic properties and provides additional pathways for vapor transport during MD.The resulting nanofiber composite membranes containing 20 wt%of hMOFs(PI-1-hMOF-20)were able to desalinate hypersaline feed solution of up to 17 wt%NaCl solution,conditions that are beyond the capability of reverse osmosis systems.These membranes demonstrated a water flux of 68.1 kg m^(-2)h^(-1) with a rejection rate of 99.98%for a simulated seawater solution of 3.5 wt%NaCl at 70℃,while maintaining consistent desalination performance for 250 h.展开更多
The emerging two-dimensional(2D)membranes offer a promising way to improve the water desalination performance of traditional membranes.MXene/graphene oxide(GO) composite membrane are known for their high separation pe...The emerging two-dimensional(2D)membranes offer a promising way to improve the water desalination performance of traditional membranes.MXene/graphene oxide(GO) composite membrane are known for their high separation performance and structural stability.In this study,molecular simulations are performed to investigate the desalination performance of the 2D MXene/GO membrane.The results reveal that the surface of the MXene nanosheet could induce the formation of ordered water structures,thereby accelerating the water transport in the 2D membrane.The higher rejection rate would be found in MXene/GO membrane with a larger GO oxidation degree owing to the sterichindrance effect induced by the functional groups on the GO surface.Overall,the MXene/GO(20) membrane with the interlayer spacing of 0.9 nm shows the highest water permeability(37.22×10^(-7)L·m^(-1)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1),1 bar=0.1 MPa)and a salt rejection of 100%.The results could provide theoretical insights for developing 2D membranes for water desalination.展开更多
Membrane desalination is an economical and energy-efficient method to meet the current worldwide water scarcity.However,state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes are gradually being replaced by novel membrane materia...Membrane desalination is an economical and energy-efficient method to meet the current worldwide water scarcity.However,state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes are gradually being replaced by novel membrane materials as a result of ongoing technological advancements.These novel materials possess intrinsic pore structures or can be assembled to form lamellar membrane channels for selective transport of water or solutes(e.g.,NaCl).Still,in real applications,the results fall below the theoretical predictions,and a few properties,including large-scale fabrication,mechanical strength,and chemical stability,also have an impact on the overall effectiveness of those materials.In view of this,we develop a new evaluation framework in the form of radar charts with five dimensions(i.e.,water permeance,water/NaCl selectivity,membrane cost,scale of development,and stability)to assess the advantages,disadvantages,and potential of state-of-the-art and newly developed desalination membranes.In this framework,the reported thin film nanocomposite membranes and membranes developed from novel materials were compared with the state-of-the-art thin film composite membranes.This review will demonstrate the current advancements in novel membrane materials and bridge the gap between different desalination membranes.In this review,we also point out the prospects and challenges of next-generation membranes for desalination applications.We believe that this comprehensive framework may be used as a future reference for designing next-generation desalination membranes and will encourage further research and development in the field of membrane technology,leading to new insights and advancements.展开更多
A hydrophobic composite coating was obtained on the carbon steel surface through electrochemical deposition of a copper coating in a sulfate solution and chemical vapor deposition of a carbon fiber film.It alleviated ...A hydrophobic composite coating was obtained on the carbon steel surface through electrochemical deposition of a copper coating in a sulfate solution and chemical vapor deposition of a carbon fiber film.It alleviated the serious corrosion problem of carbon steel on the evaporator of hot film coupled seawater desalination system in harsh marine environment.The morphologies and compositions of the coatings were analyzed,revealing the influence of electrodeposition time on their performance.The micro-nano copper structure formed by electrodeposition significantly improved the deposition effect of carbon layer.Additionally,experiments with seawater solution contact angle tests indicated that electrodeposition transformed the surface properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic,effectively inhibiting the diffusion of corrosive medium into the interior of the substrate.Through polarization curves,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and other analyses,it was demonstrated that the hydrophobic coating significantly improves the corrosion resistance of carbon steel substrates in seawater environments,surpassing the performance of traditional duplex steel.展开更多
Desalination of sea water projects are critical for addressing water scarcity in regions like Egypt,but they face numerous risks that can hinder their success.This study identiies and analyzes 53 risk factors affectin...Desalination of sea water projects are critical for addressing water scarcity in regions like Egypt,but they face numerous risks that can hinder their success.This study identiies and analyzes 53 risk factors affecting renewable energy desalination projects through expert interviews,literature review,and a questionnaire survey completed by 47 experts.Statistical methods,including descriptive statistics(mean,mode,standard error,and standard deviation),Pearson correlation,and Cronbach’s alpha,were employed to validate the reliability and signiicance of these factors.The overall questionnaire showed excellent reliability(α=0.815 for probability of occurrence;α=0.921 for degree of impact).The results indicate a strong consensus among industry experts.Inlation and priceluctuations was ranked as the highest‑probability risk(mean=4.32/5),while faulty design of plant components(intake,outfall,mechanical systems)was ranked as the highest‑impact risk(mean=4.51/5).Conversely,environmental disasters(earthquakes,loods)showed the lowest probability of occurrence(mean=1.91/5),and social pressures from entities not directly invested in the project’s success showed the lowest degree of impact(mean=2.70/5).These statistically validatedindings provide project stakeholders with critical insights into the most signiicant threats to desalination initiatives in Egypt’s unique operational context.Theseindings provide a robust basis for understanding and managing risks in desalination projects,contributing to grow the knowledge on desalination project sustainability and offers actionable insights for stakeholders in Egypt and similar arid regions.展开更多
As a new electrochemical technology,capacitive deionization(CDI)has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination.In this study,functional groups modified porous hollow carbon(HC...As a new electrochemical technology,capacitive deionization(CDI)has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination.In this study,functional groups modified porous hollow carbon(HC)were synthesized as CDI electrode material for removing Na^(+)and Cl^(−)in salty water.Results showed that the average diameter of HC was approximately 180 nm,and the infrared spectrum showed that its surface was successfully modified with sulfonic and amino groups,respectively.The sulfonic acid functionalized HC(HC-S)showed better electrochemical and desalting performance than the amino-functionalized HC(HC–N),with a maximum Faradic capacity of 287.4 F/g and an adsorptive capacity of 112.97 mg/g for NaCl.Additionally,92.63%capacity retention after 100 adsorption/desorption cycles demonstrates the excellent stability of HC-S.The main findings prove that HC-S is viable as an electrodematerial for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.展开更多
GO membranes with well-defined sub-nanometer channels are optimal for desalination and wastewater purification.However,the inherent instability of the interlayer structure and the severe trade-off between selectivity ...GO membranes with well-defined sub-nanometer channels are optimal for desalination and wastewater purification.However,the inherent instability of the interlayer structure and the severe trade-off between selectivity and permeability pose a significant challenge for GO membranes to be effectively applied to nanofiltration.Herein,we synthesized a series of PSSNa-GO-EDA/Al_(2)O_(3) membranes by embedding poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSSNa)into ethylenediamine-crosslinked GO interlayers.The resultant membranes exhibited greater interlayer structures,in which new hydrophilic confined nanostructures were constructed.Effective nanofiltration performance was achieved through electrostatic-induced ion-confined partitioning.The PSSNa-GO-EDA-1/Al_(2)O_(3)(PGE-1)membrane showed high rejection rates of 86.0%for Na_(2)SO_(4) and 53.8%for NaCl while maintaining competitive pure water permeance of 10.85 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1)(1 bar=0.1 MPa),which is 12.1 times higher than that of the pristine GO membrane.More importantly,after immersion in pure water for 680 h,this membrane retained commendable separation performance.Overall,our work provides an effective strategy to finely fabricate confined nanostructures in lamellar GO-based nanofiltration membranes featuring excellent separation performance.展开更多
Electrochemical ozone(O_(3))production(EOP)faces a critical challenge due to the competitive oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which severely limits ozone yields.Inspired by the oxygen-binding mechanism of heme,we design...Electrochemical ozone(O_(3))production(EOP)faces a critical challenge due to the competitive oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which severely limits ozone yields.Inspired by the oxygen-binding mechanism of heme,we designed a biomimetic catalyst,FePP@SnO_(2)@CA,by electrodepositing iron porphyrin(FePP)onto SnO_(2)@CA nanosheets,endowing it with an“oxygen-locking property”to suppress competing OER.This catalyst demonstrates exceptional EOP performance,achieving an ozone production rate of 8.9 mmol cm^(−2)h^(−1)and a Faraday efficiency(FE)of 20.46%±1.6%.DFT calculations confirm that Fe–O_(2)interactions stabilize O_(2)*intermediates,redirecting the reaction pathway from OER to ozone generation and reducing the O–O coupling energy barrier,thereby enabling thermodynamic selectivity control.In addition,when FePP@SnO_(2)@CA is used as a dual-functional material for sea sand desalination,the chlorine removal efficiency can reach 52.7%.This work provides a novel bioinspired strategy for EOP catalyst design and broadens the application potential of FePP@SnO_(2)@CA in sustainable technologies.展开更多
Water scarcity,driven by climate change and population growth,necessitates innovative desalination technologies.Conventional methods for brackish water desalination are limited by high-energy demands,especially in the...Water scarcity,driven by climate change and population growth,necessitates innovative desalination technologies.Conventional methods for brackish water desalination are limited by high-energy demands,especially in the low salinity range,prompting the exploration of electrochemical approaches like faradaic deionization.Sodium-manganese oxides,traditionally used in sodium-ion batteries,show promise as faradaic deionization electrode materials due to their abundance,low toxicity,and cost-effectiveness.However,capacity fading during cycling,often caused by structural changes,volume expansion,or chemical transformations,remains a critical challenge.This study investigates the impact of morphology and crystal structure on the electrochemical performance of commercial and synthesized sodium-manganese oxides for faradaic deionization applications.Structural and electrochemical characterization in three-electrode cells with low-concentration electrolytes provided insights into the charge storage mechanisms.Rocking-chair full flow cell experiments demonstrated that the mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide exhibited superior desalination performance,achieving a high salt removal capacity of 54.5 mg g^(−1)and a mean value in the salt removal rate of 1.49 mg g^(−1)min^(-1).Notably,mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide maintained 98%capacity retention over 870 cycles,one of the longest reported cycling experiments in this field,effectively mitigating the Jahn-Teller effect.These findings highlight the crucial role of sodium-manganese oxide structure and morphology in electrochemical performance,positioning mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide as a strong candidate for sustainable water treatment technologies.展开更多
Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor...Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor dispersion.Here,we report a strategy for the photosynergetic electrochemical functionalization of graphene(EFG).By using chloride ion(Cl^(-))as the intercalation anions and co-reactants,the electrogenerated radicals confined in the expanded graphite layers enable efficient radical addition reaction,thus grasping crystallineperfect EFG.We found that the ultraviolet irradiation and applied voltage have increased the surface/interface concentration of Cl,thus boosting the functionalization of graphene.Theoretical calculation and experimental results verified the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)on EFG has been improved by regulating the doping of chlorine atoms.In addition,the reduced interlayer distance and enhanced electrostatic repulsion near the basal plane endow the fabricated EFG-based membrane with high salt retention.This work highlights a method for the in situ functionalization of graphene and the subsequent applications in OER and water desalination.展开更多
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI ...Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.展开更多
A multi-effect distillation technology for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy is presented.In the system,tidal energy is utilized to supply power instead of coventional electric pumps du...A multi-effect distillation technology for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy is presented.In the system,tidal energy is utilized to supply power instead of coventional electric pumps during the operation,resulting in the decrease of dependence on steady electric power supply and a reduction in the running costs.According to the technological principle,a testing unit is designed and built.The effects of the feed seawater temperature and the heat source temperature on the unit performance are tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that the fresh water output is 27 kg/h when the heating water temperature is 65 ℃ and the absolute pressure is 25 kPa.The experimental and theoretical analysis results indicate that the appropriate heating water temperature is a key factor in ensuring the steady operation of the system.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3804902,2022YFB3804900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203226,52161145406,42376045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232024Y-01,2232025D-02).
文摘While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22209036,U23A20119)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation,Excellent Youth Project(E2023202069)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFF0506000,2024YFB4609100)Fundamental Research Foundation from Hebei University of Technology(424132016,282021485).
文摘Solar-driven interfacial desalination(SID)offers a sustainable route for freshwater production,yet its long-term performance is compromised by salt crystallization and microbial fouling under complex marine conditions.Zwitterionic polymers offer promising nonfouling capabilities,but current zwitterionic hydrogel-based solar evaporators(HSEs)suffer from inadequate hydration and salt vulnerability.Inspired by the natural marine environmental adaptive characteristics of saltwater fish,we report a superhydrated zwitterionic poly(trimethylamine N-oxide,PTMAO)/polyacrylamide(PAAm)/polypyrrole(PPy)hydrogel(PTAP)with dedicated water channels for efficient,durable,and nonfouling SID.The directly linked N⁺and O⁻groups in PTMAO establish a robust hydration shell that facilitates rapid water transport while resisting salt and microbial adhesion.Integrated PAAm and PPy networks enhance mechanical strength and photothermal conversion.PTAP achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.35 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)under 1 kW m^(–2)in 10 wt%NaCl solution,maintaining stable operation over 100 h without salt accumulation.Furthermore,PTAP effectively resists various foulants including proteins,bacterial,and algal adhesion.Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the exceptional hydration capacity supports its nonfouling properties.This work advances the development of nonfouling HSEs for sustainable solar desalination in real-world marine environments.
文摘The deficiency of potable water resources and energy supply is emerging as a significant and concerning obstacle to sustainable development.Solar and waste heat-powered humidification dehumidification(HDH)desalination systems become essential due to the severe impacts of global warming and water shortages.This problem highlights the need to apply boosted water desalination solutions.Desalination is a capital-intensive process that demands considerable energy,predominantly sourced fromfossil fuels worldwide,posing a significant carbon footprint risk.HDH is a very efficient desalination method suitable for remote areas with moderate freshwater requirements for domestic and agricultural usage.Several operational and maintenance concerns are to blame.The flow and thermal balances of humidifiers and dehumidifiers under the right conditions are crucial for system efficiency.These systems comprise a humidifier and dehumidifier,energy foundations for space or process heating and electricity generation,fluid transfer or efficiency enhancement accessories,and measurement-control devices.All technologies that enhance the performance of HDH systems are elucidated in this work.These are utilizing efficient components,renewable energy,heat recovery via multi-effect and multi-stage processes,waste heat-powered,and accelerating humidification and dehumidification processes through pressure variation or employing heat pumps,in addition to exergy and economical analyses.According to the present work,the seawater HDH system is feasible for freshwater generation.Regarding economics and gain output ratio,humidification–dehumidification is a viable approach for decentralized small-scale freshwater production applications,but it needs significant refinement.Systemproductivity of fresh water is much higher with integrated solar water heating than with solar air heating.The HDH offers the lowest water yield cost per liter and ideal system productivity when paired with a heat pump.The suggested changes aim to enhance system and process efficiency,reducing electrical energy consumption and cost-effective,continuous,decentralized freshwater production.This thorough analysis establishes a foundation for future research on energy and exergy cycles based on humidification and dehumidification.
文摘Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system performance hinges critically on material selection,particularly for photothermal absorbers and their substrates.While extensive research addresses photothermal nanomaterials,substrate materials vital for structural integrity,thermal management,and interfacial stability remain underexplored.This review comprehensively examines current advances in solar evaporator components,evaluating photothermal materials and substrates against key selection criteria:thermal conductivity,stability under harsh conditions,scalability,and compatibility.We analyze diverse substrate materials(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers,bio-based,and aero-gels)and their synergistic roles in enhancing evaporation efficiency and durability.Critical gaps in large-scale feasibility,long-term stability under variable solar flux,and cost-performance trade-offs are identified.The review also highlights emerg-ing trends such as 3D-printed substrates and bio-inspired designs to overcome salt accumulation and fouling.By addressing these challenges and outlining pathways for scalable implementation,this work aims to advance robust,economically viable solar thermal desalination technologies for global freshwater security.
文摘Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.
基金The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22127812,22278433,22178379)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2800902)are gratefully acknowledged。
文摘The mechanism of hydrate-based desalination is that water molecules would transfer to the hydrate phase during gas hydrate formation process,while the salt ions would be conversely concentrated in the unreacted saltwater.However,the salt concentration of hydrate decomposed water and the desalination degree of hydrate phase are still unclear.The biggest challenge is how to effectively separate the hydrate phase and the remaining unreacted salt water,and then decompose the hydrate phase to measure the salt concentration of hydrate melt water.This work developed an apparatus and pressure-driven filtration method to efficiently separate the hydrate phase and the remaining unreacted saltwater.On this basis,the single hydrate phase was obtained,then it was dissociated and the salt concentration of hydrate melt water was measured.The experimental results demonstrate that when the initial salt mass concentration is 0.3% to 8.0%,the salt removal efficiency for NaCl solution is 15.9% to 29.8%by forming CO_(2) hydrate,while for CaCl_(2) solution is 28.9%to 45.5%.The solute CaCl_(2) is easier to be removed than solute NaCl.In addition,the salt removal efficiency for forming CO_(2) hydrate is higher than that for forming methane hydrate.The multi-stage desalination can continuously decrease the salt concentration of hydrate dissociated water,and the salt removal efficiency per stage is around 20%.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51972016)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JD2417)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Although solar steam generation strategy is efficient in desalinating seawater,it is still challenging to achieve continuous solar-thermal desalination of seawater and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.Herein,dynamic regulations of hydrogen bonding networks and solvation structures are realized by designing an asymmetric bilayer membrane consisting of a bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube/Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)nanorod top layer and a bacterial cellulose/Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)nanorod(BCH)bottom layer.Crucially,the hydrogen bonding networks inside the membrane can be tuned by the rich surface–OH groups of the bacterial cellulose and Co_(2)(OH)_(2)CO_(3)as well as the ions and radicals in situ generated during the catalysis process.Moreover,both SO_(4)^(2−)and HSO_(5)−can regulate the solvation structure of Na^(+)and be adsorbed more preferentially on the evaporation surface than Cl^(−),thus hindering the de-solvation of the solvated Na^(+)and subsequent nucleation/growth of NaCl.Furthermore,the heat generated by the solar-thermal energy conversion can accelerate the reaction kinetics and enhance the catalytic degradation efficiency.This work provides a flow-bed water purification system with an asymmetric solar-thermal and catalytic membrane for synergistic solar thermal desalination of seawater/brine and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering(No.KF2204).
文摘Natural fibers,as a typical renewable and biodegradable material,have shown great potential for many applications(e.g.,catalysis,hydrogel,biomedicine)in recent years.Recently,the growing importance of natural fibers in these photo-driven applications is reflected by the increasing number of publications.The utilization of renewable materials in photo-driven applications not only contributes to mitigating the energy crisis but also facilitates the transition of society toward a low-carbon economy,thus enabling harmonious coexistence between humans and the environment within the context of sustainable development.This paper provides an overview of the recent advances of natural fibers which acted as substrates or precursors to construct an efficient system of light utilization.The different chemical properties and pretreatment methods of cellulose affect its performance in final photo-driven applications,including solar-driven water purification,photocatalysis,and photothermal biomedical applications.Nevertheless,current research rarely conducts a comprehensive comparisonof themfromabroadperspective.As a whole,this review first reveals the different structural advantages as well as thematching degree between natural fibers(bacterial cellulose,plant cellulose,and animal fiber)and three typical photo-driven applications.Besides,new strategies for optimizing the utilization of natural fibers are an important subject under the background of low-carbon and circular economy.Finally,some suggestions and prospects are put forward for the limitations and research prospects of natural fibers in photo-driven applications,which provides a new idea for the synthesis of renewable functional materials.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award Scheme(DE220100135 and DE220100435)。
文摘Hydrophobic nanofiber composite membranes comprising polyimide and metal-organic frameworks are developed for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD).Our study demonstrates the synthesis of hydrophobic polyimides with trifluoromethyl groups,along with superhydrophobic UiO-66(hMOF)prepared by phenylsilane modification on the metal-oxo nodes.These components are then combined to create nanofiber membranes with improved hydro ph obi city,ensuring long-term stability while preserving a high water flux.Integration of hMOF into the polymer matrix further increases membrane hydrophobic properties and provides additional pathways for vapor transport during MD.The resulting nanofiber composite membranes containing 20 wt%of hMOFs(PI-1-hMOF-20)were able to desalinate hypersaline feed solution of up to 17 wt%NaCl solution,conditions that are beyond the capability of reverse osmosis systems.These membranes demonstrated a water flux of 68.1 kg m^(-2)h^(-1) with a rejection rate of 99.98%for a simulated seawater solution of 3.5 wt%NaCl at 70℃,while maintaining consistent desalination performance for 250 h.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078251,21706197)the Open Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology(NRG202407)+1 种基金the Ministry-of-Education,Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules(KLSAOFM2511)the Graduate Innovative Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology(CX2023024)。
文摘The emerging two-dimensional(2D)membranes offer a promising way to improve the water desalination performance of traditional membranes.MXene/graphene oxide(GO) composite membrane are known for their high separation performance and structural stability.In this study,molecular simulations are performed to investigate the desalination performance of the 2D MXene/GO membrane.The results reveal that the surface of the MXene nanosheet could induce the formation of ordered water structures,thereby accelerating the water transport in the 2D membrane.The higher rejection rate would be found in MXene/GO membrane with a larger GO oxidation degree owing to the sterichindrance effect induced by the functional groups on the GO surface.Overall,the MXene/GO(20) membrane with the interlayer spacing of 0.9 nm shows the highest water permeability(37.22×10^(-7)L·m^(-1)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1),1 bar=0.1 MPa)and a salt rejection of 100%.The results could provide theoretical insights for developing 2D membranes for water desalination.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region,China(SRFS2021-7S04)Partial support was also received from the Seed Funding for Strategic Interdisciplinary Research Scheme(102010174)+1 种基金Seed Fund for Basic Research(202111159075)of The University of Hong KongIn addition,part of this work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement INTELWAT(No 958454).
文摘Membrane desalination is an economical and energy-efficient method to meet the current worldwide water scarcity.However,state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes are gradually being replaced by novel membrane materials as a result of ongoing technological advancements.These novel materials possess intrinsic pore structures or can be assembled to form lamellar membrane channels for selective transport of water or solutes(e.g.,NaCl).Still,in real applications,the results fall below the theoretical predictions,and a few properties,including large-scale fabrication,mechanical strength,and chemical stability,also have an impact on the overall effectiveness of those materials.In view of this,we develop a new evaluation framework in the form of radar charts with five dimensions(i.e.,water permeance,water/NaCl selectivity,membrane cost,scale of development,and stability)to assess the advantages,disadvantages,and potential of state-of-the-art and newly developed desalination membranes.In this framework,the reported thin film nanocomposite membranes and membranes developed from novel materials were compared with the state-of-the-art thin film composite membranes.This review will demonstrate the current advancements in novel membrane materials and bridge the gap between different desalination membranes.In this review,we also point out the prospects and challenges of next-generation membranes for desalination applications.We believe that this comprehensive framework may be used as a future reference for designing next-generation desalination membranes and will encourage further research and development in the field of membrane technology,leading to new insights and advancements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974022).
文摘A hydrophobic composite coating was obtained on the carbon steel surface through electrochemical deposition of a copper coating in a sulfate solution and chemical vapor deposition of a carbon fiber film.It alleviated the serious corrosion problem of carbon steel on the evaporator of hot film coupled seawater desalination system in harsh marine environment.The morphologies and compositions of the coatings were analyzed,revealing the influence of electrodeposition time on their performance.The micro-nano copper structure formed by electrodeposition significantly improved the deposition effect of carbon layer.Additionally,experiments with seawater solution contact angle tests indicated that electrodeposition transformed the surface properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic,effectively inhibiting the diffusion of corrosive medium into the interior of the substrate.Through polarization curves,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and other analyses,it was demonstrated that the hydrophobic coating significantly improves the corrosion resistance of carbon steel substrates in seawater environments,surpassing the performance of traditional duplex steel.
文摘Desalination of sea water projects are critical for addressing water scarcity in regions like Egypt,but they face numerous risks that can hinder their success.This study identiies and analyzes 53 risk factors affecting renewable energy desalination projects through expert interviews,literature review,and a questionnaire survey completed by 47 experts.Statistical methods,including descriptive statistics(mean,mode,standard error,and standard deviation),Pearson correlation,and Cronbach’s alpha,were employed to validate the reliability and signiicance of these factors.The overall questionnaire showed excellent reliability(α=0.815 for probability of occurrence;α=0.921 for degree of impact).The results indicate a strong consensus among industry experts.Inlation and priceluctuations was ranked as the highest‑probability risk(mean=4.32/5),while faulty design of plant components(intake,outfall,mechanical systems)was ranked as the highest‑impact risk(mean=4.51/5).Conversely,environmental disasters(earthquakes,loods)showed the lowest probability of occurrence(mean=1.91/5),and social pressures from entities not directly invested in the project’s success showed the lowest degree of impact(mean=2.70/5).These statistically validatedindings provide project stakeholders with critical insights into the most signiicant threats to desalination initiatives in Egypt’s unique operational context.Theseindings provide a robust basis for understanding and managing risks in desalination projects,contributing to grow the knowledge on desalination project sustainability and offers actionable insights for stakeholders in Egypt and similar arid regions.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.21606191)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020ME024).
文摘As a new electrochemical technology,capacitive deionization(CDI)has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination.In this study,functional groups modified porous hollow carbon(HC)were synthesized as CDI electrode material for removing Na^(+)and Cl^(−)in salty water.Results showed that the average diameter of HC was approximately 180 nm,and the infrared spectrum showed that its surface was successfully modified with sulfonic and amino groups,respectively.The sulfonic acid functionalized HC(HC-S)showed better electrochemical and desalting performance than the amino-functionalized HC(HC–N),with a maximum Faradic capacity of 287.4 F/g and an adsorptive capacity of 112.97 mg/g for NaCl.Additionally,92.63%capacity retention after 100 adsorption/desorption cycles demonstrates the excellent stability of HC-S.The main findings prove that HC-S is viable as an electrodematerial for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21490581)China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(317008-6)。
文摘GO membranes with well-defined sub-nanometer channels are optimal for desalination and wastewater purification.However,the inherent instability of the interlayer structure and the severe trade-off between selectivity and permeability pose a significant challenge for GO membranes to be effectively applied to nanofiltration.Herein,we synthesized a series of PSSNa-GO-EDA/Al_(2)O_(3) membranes by embedding poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSSNa)into ethylenediamine-crosslinked GO interlayers.The resultant membranes exhibited greater interlayer structures,in which new hydrophilic confined nanostructures were constructed.Effective nanofiltration performance was achieved through electrostatic-induced ion-confined partitioning.The PSSNa-GO-EDA-1/Al_(2)O_(3)(PGE-1)membrane showed high rejection rates of 86.0%for Na_(2)SO_(4) and 53.8%for NaCl while maintaining competitive pure water permeance of 10.85 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·bar^(-1)(1 bar=0.1 MPa),which is 12.1 times higher than that of the pristine GO membrane.More importantly,after immersion in pure water for 680 h,this membrane retained commendable separation performance.Overall,our work provides an effective strategy to finely fabricate confined nanostructures in lamellar GO-based nanofiltration membranes featuring excellent separation performance.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China,China(52173235)the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund,China(ZDYF2024SHFZ038)+1 种基金the Venture&Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees,China(CX2021018)the Innovative Research Group Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(52021004)。
文摘Electrochemical ozone(O_(3))production(EOP)faces a critical challenge due to the competitive oxygen evolution reaction(OER),which severely limits ozone yields.Inspired by the oxygen-binding mechanism of heme,we designed a biomimetic catalyst,FePP@SnO_(2)@CA,by electrodepositing iron porphyrin(FePP)onto SnO_(2)@CA nanosheets,endowing it with an“oxygen-locking property”to suppress competing OER.This catalyst demonstrates exceptional EOP performance,achieving an ozone production rate of 8.9 mmol cm^(−2)h^(−1)and a Faraday efficiency(FE)of 20.46%±1.6%.DFT calculations confirm that Fe–O_(2)interactions stabilize O_(2)*intermediates,redirecting the reaction pathway from OER to ozone generation and reducing the O–O coupling energy barrier,thereby enabling thermodynamic selectivity control.In addition,when FePP@SnO_(2)@CA is used as a dual-functional material for sea sand desalination,the chlorine removal efficiency can reach 52.7%.This work provides a novel bioinspired strategy for EOP catalyst design and broadens the application potential of FePP@SnO_(2)@CA in sustainable technologies.
基金supported by the SELECTVALUE project(2020-T1/AMB-19799,PI:J.J.L.)from the Community of Madrid,funded through the Talent Attraction Programfinancial support of the project RED2022-134552-T funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033financial support from“Comunidad de Madrid”to the project ADEMOSSBat(2022-T1/IND-23776)。
文摘Water scarcity,driven by climate change and population growth,necessitates innovative desalination technologies.Conventional methods for brackish water desalination are limited by high-energy demands,especially in the low salinity range,prompting the exploration of electrochemical approaches like faradaic deionization.Sodium-manganese oxides,traditionally used in sodium-ion batteries,show promise as faradaic deionization electrode materials due to their abundance,low toxicity,and cost-effectiveness.However,capacity fading during cycling,often caused by structural changes,volume expansion,or chemical transformations,remains a critical challenge.This study investigates the impact of morphology and crystal structure on the electrochemical performance of commercial and synthesized sodium-manganese oxides for faradaic deionization applications.Structural and electrochemical characterization in three-electrode cells with low-concentration electrolytes provided insights into the charge storage mechanisms.Rocking-chair full flow cell experiments demonstrated that the mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide exhibited superior desalination performance,achieving a high salt removal capacity of 54.5 mg g^(−1)and a mean value in the salt removal rate of 1.49 mg g^(−1)min^(-1).Notably,mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide maintained 98%capacity retention over 870 cycles,one of the longest reported cycling experiments in this field,effectively mitigating the Jahn-Teller effect.These findings highlight the crucial role of sodium-manganese oxide structure and morphology in electrochemical performance,positioning mixed-phase sodium-manganese oxide as a strong candidate for sustainable water treatment technologies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2021GXNSFBA220077,GUIKE AD23026050)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102035 and 22162006)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(XYCBZ2024021).
文摘Chemical functionalization of graphene is a topic of paramount importance to broaden its applications in chemistry,physics,and biological science but remains a great challenge due to its low chemical activity and poor dispersion.Here,we report a strategy for the photosynergetic electrochemical functionalization of graphene(EFG).By using chloride ion(Cl^(-))as the intercalation anions and co-reactants,the electrogenerated radicals confined in the expanded graphite layers enable efficient radical addition reaction,thus grasping crystallineperfect EFG.We found that the ultraviolet irradiation and applied voltage have increased the surface/interface concentration of Cl,thus boosting the functionalization of graphene.Theoretical calculation and experimental results verified the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)on EFG has been improved by regulating the doping of chlorine atoms.In addition,the reduced interlayer distance and enhanced electrostatic repulsion near the basal plane endow the fabricated EFG-based membrane with high salt retention.This work highlights a method for the in situ functionalization of graphene and the subsequent applications in OER and water desalination.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374423)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC4010)the Science and Technology Major Project of Changsha(No.kh2401030)
文摘Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.
基金The Key Basic Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.08110511700)the ShanghaiLeading Academic Discipline Program(No.S30503)
文摘A multi-effect distillation technology for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy is presented.In the system,tidal energy is utilized to supply power instead of coventional electric pumps during the operation,resulting in the decrease of dependence on steady electric power supply and a reduction in the running costs.According to the technological principle,a testing unit is designed and built.The effects of the feed seawater temperature and the heat source temperature on the unit performance are tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that the fresh water output is 27 kg/h when the heating water temperature is 65 ℃ and the absolute pressure is 25 kPa.The experimental and theoretical analysis results indicate that the appropriate heating water temperature is a key factor in ensuring the steady operation of the system.
