Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are nor...Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are normally used in Kenya to mitigate such conflicts;consolation for lost livestock and human life to increase tolerance to them, use of predator proof homesteads especially among pastoralists, use flicking lights at night to discourage approach of carnivores near homesteads, and awareness creation among communities on the ecological role of carnivores. This study examined human-carnivore interactions in privately owned conservancies near Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The conservancies were found to have almost similar human and livestock demography. However, homesteads in Elerai had more fence broken parts and relatively higher levels of livestock predation by lion and hyena. The higher the number of each livestock type was, the higher the specific predation to that livestock type was, implying density dependent effects of predation by carnivores on livestock. It seemed that the fence structure and level of maintenance (including carnivore strategies on specializing on specific livestock size and age consistent with optimizing their foraging strategies) influenced predation incidences. However, the presence of adult males and Maasai warriors (morans) in bomas did not seem to be related with the number of livestock killed by carnivores, implying that they didn’t add vigilance as an additional strategy to prevent livestock depredation. It is recommended that attention be paid on maintenance of homestead and livestock fences as well as vigilance to deter predation. We further recommend strategies to prevent livestock predation such as, installation of chain link predator proof fences or carnivore lighting deterrents at night because woody plants fences are ineffective and deteriorate easily with time, and also lead to depletion of plant resources critical to households.展开更多
Livestock rearing and agriculture are the main sources of community-based livelihoods in western Nepal.Across the rural mid-hills region of Gandaki Province,leopards are the top predator and frequently depredate lives...Livestock rearing and agriculture are the main sources of community-based livelihoods in western Nepal.Across the rural mid-hills region of Gandaki Province,leopards are the top predator and frequently depredate livestock and attack humans.Spatiotemporal patterns of human-leopard conflicts(HLC) in Nepal are poorly known at the provincial and national scales,which are essential to formulating effective conflict mitigation strategies and implementing them in the field.This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of HLC by applying Maxent modeling to covariates relating to known and registered conflict cases(n=842) collected from Nepalese government offices.We found that cases of HLC have been increasing significantly over the past five years.We also concluded that mid-elevation,south-facing slopes were more susceptible to HLC,but that mean annual temperature was by far the most important predictor of HLC;overall livestock density and proximity to roads were also important,but secondarily so.Although we found the increase in human fatalities to 2.16/year was significant(p<0.05),overall human injuries were down slightly,though not significantly(5.16/year;p>0.05).However,we also found an increasing trend in livestock depredation rates for this same five-year period(p<0.05),which averaged 159.6 head/year among incidents reported.We also found that winter was the main season when depredations occurred,and that goats were the most depredated of all livestock.A total US $86,892.25($17,378.45/year) of economic losses were incurred by communities during this time,with 78.57% of the total value reimbursed as compensatory relief through the government’s relief fund.We recommend that the use of predator-proof livestock corrals,greater awareness in local communities about wildlife behavior,better animal husbandry and security practices,and a more efficient compensation program,can improve coexistence between leopard populations and human communities in western Nepal.展开更多
Increasing populations of large carnivores are leading to tension and conflicts with livestock production,a situation that potentially might escalate.In Norway the objective of the large carnivore policy is two-folded...Increasing populations of large carnivores are leading to tension and conflicts with livestock production,a situation that potentially might escalate.In Norway the objective of the large carnivore policy is two-folded:to ensure viable carnivore populations and to secure a sustainable grazing industry.The main instrument is zonation,with carnivore management zones(CMZs)prioritized for reproduction of the large carnivore species separated from other areas prioritized for grazing livestock.The objective of this paper is to describe current knowledge about the impact of the zoning management strategy on the grazing industry.This is done by documenting status and changes in sheep production,losses of livestock to predating carnivores,and the use of grazing areas inside and outside the CMZs.CMZsoffering protection for lynx,wolverine,bear and wolf cover 55%of the Norwegian mainland.30%of the sheep and 50%of the Sami reindeer grazing areas are found inside the CMZs.Livestock(semi-domestic reindeer excluded)is using 59%of the available natural pasture areas outside the CMZs,but only 26%inside the CMZs.The lowest use of available grazing areas was found inside zones for wolves(12%)and brown bears(6%).Livestock in these zones are confined to fenced enclosures,mostly on the farm itself,or moved to pastures outside the management zone for summer grazing.Livestock losses increased in the affected regions during the period when carnivores were reestablished.Later,losses declined when CMZs were established and mitigation efforts were implemented in these zones.The bulk of sheep and reindeer killed by carnivores are now found in boundary areas within 50 km off the CMZs,where sheep are still grazing on open mountain and forest ranges.Therefore,instruments to protect livestock in areas close to the CMZs are also needed.The number of sheep declined inside the CMZs from 1999 to 2014,but increased outside the zones.The reduction in the absolute number of sheep in the CMZs is balanced by a similar increase outside,thus the total sheep production in Norway is maintained.We conclude that although of little consequence for the total food production in Norway,the economic and social impact of the large carnivore management strategy can be serious for local communities and individual farmers who are affected.There is a need for more exact carnivore population monitoring to quantify the carnivore pressure,better documentation of reindeer losses,and a clearer and stricter practicing of the zoning strategy.Increased involvement of social sciences is important in order to understand the human dimension of the carnivore conflicts.展开更多
Managing livestock near Yellowstone National Park has become an increasing challenge since conservation of wolves restricts ranchers from interfering. Even though wolves are beneficial for the ecosystem, rising predat...Managing livestock near Yellowstone National Park has become an increasing challenge since conservation of wolves restricts ranchers from interfering. Even though wolves are beneficial for the ecosystem, rising predation incidences on livestock (depredations) create animosity in local farmers. Temperament selection of cattle, measured by the facial hair whorl pattern (HW)1, occurred during the last 15 years and the industry prefers calmer temperament animals. Six HWs occur in cattle (high, middle, low, abnormal, multiple and none), which are mutually exclusive and can be identified by using the eye-line as a reference point. We analyzed depredation of calves near Council, ID in 2011. A herd of 588 Black Angus × Charolais crossbreds (age range: 5 - 17 years) was observed. By analyzing the HW and age of cows in relation to depredations, we could identify a connection between these three factors展开更多
Guaranteeing the food security is a fundamental state policy of China. Food security needs overall planning of central government,economic benefit allocation of local government,and increase of grain farmers' inco...Guaranteeing the food security is a fundamental state policy of China. Food security needs overall planning of central government,economic benefit allocation of local government,and increase of grain farmers' income. Through analysis on current situations and causes of China's food security,and comparative study on purposes and functions of foreign and domestic grain reserves,it came up with recommendations that central government should decentralize rights of grain production,reserve,sales,and management to grain producing areas and major sales provinces. It is not appropriate for central enterprises to take charge of national food security reserves. And it is required to make a new round of reform in autonomous management right of major grain producing areas and the capacity of the state purchasing social grain reserves.展开更多
One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attack...One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.展开更多
Human-tiger(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)conflicts(HTC),manifested primarily as attacks on people and domestic animals,exacerbate at least 2 major threats to tigers:(i)conflicts often result in mortality or removal o...Human-tiger(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)conflicts(HTC),manifested primarily as attacks on people and domestic animals,exacerbate at least 2 major threats to tigers:(i)conflicts often result in mortality or removal of tigers from the wild;and(ii)they result in negative attitudes towards tigers by local people,thereby reducing support for tiger conservation.Although HTC has decreased over the past century,it will likely increase if current and proposed conservation initiatives to double tiger populations are successful.Increased HTC could undermine successful conservation initiatives if proactive steps are not taken to reduce HTC.The present paper provides a review of the impacts of HTC and the measures taken to reduce it in ways that reduce negative impacts on both humans and tigers,and stresses the need for development and implementation of comprehensive plans to reduce HTC.展开更多
Introduction:Ground-nesting birds experience high levels of nest predation.However,birds can make selection decisions related to nest site location and characteristics that may result in physical,visual,and olfactory ...Introduction:Ground-nesting birds experience high levels of nest predation.However,birds can make selection decisions related to nest site location and characteristics that may result in physical,visual,and olfactory impediments to predators.Methods:We studied daily survival rate[DSR]of greater sage-grouse(Centrocercus urophasianus)from 2008 to 2010 in an area in Wyoming experiencing large-scale alterations to the landscape.We used generalized linear mixed models to model fixed and random effects,and a correlation within nesting attempts,individual birds,and years.Results:Predation of the nest was the most common source of nest failure(84.7%)followed by direct predation of the female(13.6%).Generally,landscape variables at the nest site(≤30 m)were more influential on DSR of nests than features at larger spatial scales.Percentage of shrub canopy cover at the nest site(15-m scale)and distances to natural gas wells and mesic areas had a positive relationship with DSR of nests,whereas distance to roads had a negative relationship with DSR of nests.When added to the vegetation model,maximum wind speed on the day of nest failure and a 1-day lag in precipitation(i.e.,precipitation the day before failure)improved model fit whereby both variables negatively influenced DSR of nests.Conclusions:Nest site characteristics that reduce visibility(i.e.,shrub canopy cover)have the potential to reduce depredation,whereas anthropogenic(i.e.,distance to wells)and mesic landscape features appear to facilitate depredation.Last,predators may be more efficient at locating nests under certain weather conditions(i.e.,high winds and moisture).展开更多
Despite over 70 years of research on shark repellents,few practical and reliable solutions to prevent shark attacks on humans or reduce shark bycatch and depredation in commercial fisheries have been developed.In larg...Despite over 70 years of research on shark repellents,few practical and reliable solutions to prevent shark attacks on humans or reduce shark bycatch and depredation in commercial fisheries have been developed.In large part,this deficiency stems from a lack of fundamental knowledge of the sensory cues that drive predatory behavior in sharks.However,the widespread use of shark repellents is also hampered by the physical constraints and technical or logistical difficulties of deploying substances or devices in an open-water marine environment to prevent an unpredictable interaction with a complex animal.Here,we summarize the key attributes of the various sensory systems of sharks and highlight residual knowledge gaps that are relevant to the development of effective shark repellents.We also review the most recent advances in shark repellent technology within the broader historical context of research on shark repellents and shark sensory systems.We conclude with suggestions for future research that may enhance the efficacy of shark repellent devices,in particular,the continued need for basic research on shark sensory biology and the use of a multi-sensory approach when developing or deploying shark repellent technology.展开更多
文摘Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are normally used in Kenya to mitigate such conflicts;consolation for lost livestock and human life to increase tolerance to them, use of predator proof homesteads especially among pastoralists, use flicking lights at night to discourage approach of carnivores near homesteads, and awareness creation among communities on the ecological role of carnivores. This study examined human-carnivore interactions in privately owned conservancies near Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The conservancies were found to have almost similar human and livestock demography. However, homesteads in Elerai had more fence broken parts and relatively higher levels of livestock predation by lion and hyena. The higher the number of each livestock type was, the higher the specific predation to that livestock type was, implying density dependent effects of predation by carnivores on livestock. It seemed that the fence structure and level of maintenance (including carnivore strategies on specializing on specific livestock size and age consistent with optimizing their foraging strategies) influenced predation incidences. However, the presence of adult males and Maasai warriors (morans) in bomas did not seem to be related with the number of livestock killed by carnivores, implying that they didn’t add vigilance as an additional strategy to prevent livestock depredation. It is recommended that attention be paid on maintenance of homestead and livestock fences as well as vigilance to deter predation. We further recommend strategies to prevent livestock predation such as, installation of chain link predator proof fences or carnivore lighting deterrents at night because woody plants fences are ineffective and deteriorate easily with time, and also lead to depletion of plant resources critical to households.
基金NORHED SURNEM project, Institute of Forestry, Kathmandu for providing financial support fieldwork。
文摘Livestock rearing and agriculture are the main sources of community-based livelihoods in western Nepal.Across the rural mid-hills region of Gandaki Province,leopards are the top predator and frequently depredate livestock and attack humans.Spatiotemporal patterns of human-leopard conflicts(HLC) in Nepal are poorly known at the provincial and national scales,which are essential to formulating effective conflict mitigation strategies and implementing them in the field.This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of HLC by applying Maxent modeling to covariates relating to known and registered conflict cases(n=842) collected from Nepalese government offices.We found that cases of HLC have been increasing significantly over the past five years.We also concluded that mid-elevation,south-facing slopes were more susceptible to HLC,but that mean annual temperature was by far the most important predictor of HLC;overall livestock density and proximity to roads were also important,but secondarily so.Although we found the increase in human fatalities to 2.16/year was significant(p<0.05),overall human injuries were down slightly,though not significantly(5.16/year;p>0.05).However,we also found an increasing trend in livestock depredation rates for this same five-year period(p<0.05),which averaged 159.6 head/year among incidents reported.We also found that winter was the main season when depredations occurred,and that goats were the most depredated of all livestock.A total US $86,892.25($17,378.45/year) of economic losses were incurred by communities during this time,with 78.57% of the total value reimbursed as compensatory relief through the government’s relief fund.We recommend that the use of predator-proof livestock corrals,greater awareness in local communities about wildlife behavior,better animal husbandry and security practices,and a more efficient compensation program,can improve coexistence between leopard populations and human communities in western Nepal.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council as part of project no.267982/E50 Grazing resources,carnivores and local communities(Local Carnivore)
文摘Increasing populations of large carnivores are leading to tension and conflicts with livestock production,a situation that potentially might escalate.In Norway the objective of the large carnivore policy is two-folded:to ensure viable carnivore populations and to secure a sustainable grazing industry.The main instrument is zonation,with carnivore management zones(CMZs)prioritized for reproduction of the large carnivore species separated from other areas prioritized for grazing livestock.The objective of this paper is to describe current knowledge about the impact of the zoning management strategy on the grazing industry.This is done by documenting status and changes in sheep production,losses of livestock to predating carnivores,and the use of grazing areas inside and outside the CMZs.CMZsoffering protection for lynx,wolverine,bear and wolf cover 55%of the Norwegian mainland.30%of the sheep and 50%of the Sami reindeer grazing areas are found inside the CMZs.Livestock(semi-domestic reindeer excluded)is using 59%of the available natural pasture areas outside the CMZs,but only 26%inside the CMZs.The lowest use of available grazing areas was found inside zones for wolves(12%)and brown bears(6%).Livestock in these zones are confined to fenced enclosures,mostly on the farm itself,or moved to pastures outside the management zone for summer grazing.Livestock losses increased in the affected regions during the period when carnivores were reestablished.Later,losses declined when CMZs were established and mitigation efforts were implemented in these zones.The bulk of sheep and reindeer killed by carnivores are now found in boundary areas within 50 km off the CMZs,where sheep are still grazing on open mountain and forest ranges.Therefore,instruments to protect livestock in areas close to the CMZs are also needed.The number of sheep declined inside the CMZs from 1999 to 2014,but increased outside the zones.The reduction in the absolute number of sheep in the CMZs is balanced by a similar increase outside,thus the total sheep production in Norway is maintained.We conclude that although of little consequence for the total food production in Norway,the economic and social impact of the large carnivore management strategy can be serious for local communities and individual farmers who are affected.There is a need for more exact carnivore population monitoring to quantify the carnivore pressure,better documentation of reindeer losses,and a clearer and stricter practicing of the zoning strategy.Increased involvement of social sciences is important in order to understand the human dimension of the carnivore conflicts.
文摘Managing livestock near Yellowstone National Park has become an increasing challenge since conservation of wolves restricts ranchers from interfering. Even though wolves are beneficial for the ecosystem, rising predation incidences on livestock (depredations) create animosity in local farmers. Temperament selection of cattle, measured by the facial hair whorl pattern (HW)1, occurred during the last 15 years and the industry prefers calmer temperament animals. Six HWs occur in cattle (high, middle, low, abnormal, multiple and none), which are mutually exclusive and can be identified by using the eye-line as a reference point. We analyzed depredation of calves near Council, ID in 2011. A herd of 588 Black Angus × Charolais crossbreds (age range: 5 - 17 years) was observed. By analyzing the HW and age of cows in relation to depredations, we could identify a connection between these three factors
基金Supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(12C1162)Professional Training Project for Backbone Teachers of National Level Logistics Management(Shipping Logistics)in Higher Vocational Schools(02132001)
文摘Guaranteeing the food security is a fundamental state policy of China. Food security needs overall planning of central government,economic benefit allocation of local government,and increase of grain farmers' income. Through analysis on current situations and causes of China's food security,and comparative study on purposes and functions of foreign and domestic grain reserves,it came up with recommendations that central government should decentralize rights of grain production,reserve,sales,and management to grain producing areas and major sales provinces. It is not appropriate for central enterprises to take charge of national food security reserves. And it is required to make a new round of reform in autonomous management right of major grain producing areas and the capacity of the state purchasing social grain reserves.
文摘One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large carnivores.Livestock depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict management.This study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National Park.The patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to 2019.To understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each grid.During 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock depredations.Tiger was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in Nawalpur.The total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National Park.More than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and death.People’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not effective.Hence,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict areas.Conducting awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study area.
文摘Human-tiger(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)conflicts(HTC),manifested primarily as attacks on people and domestic animals,exacerbate at least 2 major threats to tigers:(i)conflicts often result in mortality or removal of tigers from the wild;and(ii)they result in negative attitudes towards tigers by local people,thereby reducing support for tiger conservation.Although HTC has decreased over the past century,it will likely increase if current and proposed conservation initiatives to double tiger populations are successful.Increased HTC could undermine successful conservation initiatives if proactive steps are not taken to reduce HTC.The present paper provides a review of the impacts of HTC and the measures taken to reduce it in ways that reduce negative impacts on both humans and tigers,and stresses the need for development and implementation of comprehensive plans to reduce HTC.
文摘Introduction:Ground-nesting birds experience high levels of nest predation.However,birds can make selection decisions related to nest site location and characteristics that may result in physical,visual,and olfactory impediments to predators.Methods:We studied daily survival rate[DSR]of greater sage-grouse(Centrocercus urophasianus)from 2008 to 2010 in an area in Wyoming experiencing large-scale alterations to the landscape.We used generalized linear mixed models to model fixed and random effects,and a correlation within nesting attempts,individual birds,and years.Results:Predation of the nest was the most common source of nest failure(84.7%)followed by direct predation of the female(13.6%).Generally,landscape variables at the nest site(≤30 m)were more influential on DSR of nests than features at larger spatial scales.Percentage of shrub canopy cover at the nest site(15-m scale)and distances to natural gas wells and mesic areas had a positive relationship with DSR of nests,whereas distance to roads had a negative relationship with DSR of nests.When added to the vegetation model,maximum wind speed on the day of nest failure and a 1-day lag in precipitation(i.e.,precipitation the day before failure)improved model fit whereby both variables negatively influenced DSR of nests.Conclusions:Nest site characteristics that reduce visibility(i.e.,shrub canopy cover)have the potential to reduce depredation,whereas anthropogenic(i.e.,distance to wells)and mesic landscape features appear to facilitate depredation.Last,predators may be more efficient at locating nests under certain weather conditions(i.e.,high winds and moisture).
基金NSH and SPC are supported by The University of Western Australia,The Western Australian State Government,The Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation,and the Australian Research Council.
文摘Despite over 70 years of research on shark repellents,few practical and reliable solutions to prevent shark attacks on humans or reduce shark bycatch and depredation in commercial fisheries have been developed.In large part,this deficiency stems from a lack of fundamental knowledge of the sensory cues that drive predatory behavior in sharks.However,the widespread use of shark repellents is also hampered by the physical constraints and technical or logistical difficulties of deploying substances or devices in an open-water marine environment to prevent an unpredictable interaction with a complex animal.Here,we summarize the key attributes of the various sensory systems of sharks and highlight residual knowledge gaps that are relevant to the development of effective shark repellents.We also review the most recent advances in shark repellent technology within the broader historical context of research on shark repellents and shark sensory systems.We conclude with suggestions for future research that may enhance the efficacy of shark repellent devices,in particular,the continued need for basic research on shark sensory biology and the use of a multi-sensory approach when developing or deploying shark repellent technology.
