Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals...Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals besides in the sequestration of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distributed moderate to high ash contents were sequentially treated with various alkali–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF leaching.This aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential process for the highest degree of demineralisation through a chemical leaching process.Kinetics and process intensification studies were carried out.More than 80%demineralisation of Madhaipur and Neemcha coals was observed using the best sequential treatment designed presently.The repeated stepwise treatment of the alkali and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degree of demineralisation of coals.The integrated process of alkali–acid leaching followed by solvent extraction(Organo-refining)and vice versa of the treated coal was also studied for producing cleaner coals.展开更多
Coal still remains an important source of power generation world over. Along with its usage, comes unwanted generation of noxious gas emissions, toxic metal releases into wastewater and other pollutants which ultimate...Coal still remains an important source of power generation world over. Along with its usage, comes unwanted generation of noxious gas emissions, toxic metal releases into wastewater and other pollutants which ultimately lead to environmental concerns. So cleaning of coal through physical or chemical processes becomes utmost important. There are several coals which cannot be cleaned by physical beneficiation techniques to produce low ash cleaner coals. Such coals can be cleaned only through chemical cleaning techniques. The present paper reviews the chemical demineralisation and desulphurisation of coals over the years using various inorganic and organic acids, alkalis, oxidants, leachants and various acids and alkali-acid combinations to reduce the ash and sulphur contents in coals. As high as 90% demineralisation and desulfurization could be achieved with the use of these cheap inorganic acids as compared to the expensive solvents used for solvent extraction processes, a parallel approach of cleaning and refining coals.展开更多
One of the modern directions of mussel shells utilisation is associated with the production of mineral-free biomaterials that can be successfully used in food production,feed additives production,in biotechnologies,as...One of the modern directions of mussel shells utilisation is associated with the production of mineral-free biomaterials that can be successfully used in food production,feed additives production,in biotechnologies,as well as in biomedicine.The objectives of this study are to obtain an organic matrix(conchix)from mussel(Mytilus edulis L.)shells by demineralisation using two decalcifying agents-a solution of hydrochloric acid(HCl)and a solution of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(Na2-EDTA),as well as the influence of the decalcifying agent nature on the organic matrix structure.The degree of demineralisation of the obtained conchixes when using HCl reaches 100%.It has been shown that the native structure of the organic matrix proteins is partially destroyed during the demineralisation of the shells in the HCl solution;analysis of IR spectra indicates a 1.5-fold decrease in the number ofα-helices compared to the organic matrix obtained by gentle Na2-EDTA-based demineralisation.SEM and TEM studies indicate the destruction of the biopolymer structure of the outer(periostracum)and inner(prismatic and nacreous)layers of the organic matrix obtained using HCl,while this structure is completely preserved when using Na2-EDTA.The results obtained indicate the preference of using Na2-EDTA for the production of biomaterials with potential use in food technology and biomedicine.展开更多
文摘Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals besides in the sequestration of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distributed moderate to high ash contents were sequentially treated with various alkali–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF leaching.This aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential process for the highest degree of demineralisation through a chemical leaching process.Kinetics and process intensification studies were carried out.More than 80%demineralisation of Madhaipur and Neemcha coals was observed using the best sequential treatment designed presently.The repeated stepwise treatment of the alkali and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degree of demineralisation of coals.The integrated process of alkali–acid leaching followed by solvent extraction(Organo-refining)and vice versa of the treated coal was also studied for producing cleaner coals.
文摘Coal still remains an important source of power generation world over. Along with its usage, comes unwanted generation of noxious gas emissions, toxic metal releases into wastewater and other pollutants which ultimately lead to environmental concerns. So cleaning of coal through physical or chemical processes becomes utmost important. There are several coals which cannot be cleaned by physical beneficiation techniques to produce low ash cleaner coals. Such coals can be cleaned only through chemical cleaning techniques. The present paper reviews the chemical demineralisation and desulphurisation of coals over the years using various inorganic and organic acids, alkalis, oxidants, leachants and various acids and alkali-acid combinations to reduce the ash and sulphur contents in coals. As high as 90% demineralisation and desulfurization could be achieved with the use of these cheap inorganic acids as compared to the expensive solvents used for solvent extraction processes, a parallel approach of cleaning and refining coals.
基金funded by Russian Science Foundation(project no.22-16-20046)Ministry of Education and Science of the Murmansk Region(agreement No.103)Authors thank the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the support of the Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Marine Bioresources founded as part of the national project“Science and Universities”(Agreement N◦075-03-2021-088/4)。
文摘One of the modern directions of mussel shells utilisation is associated with the production of mineral-free biomaterials that can be successfully used in food production,feed additives production,in biotechnologies,as well as in biomedicine.The objectives of this study are to obtain an organic matrix(conchix)from mussel(Mytilus edulis L.)shells by demineralisation using two decalcifying agents-a solution of hydrochloric acid(HCl)and a solution of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(Na2-EDTA),as well as the influence of the decalcifying agent nature on the organic matrix structure.The degree of demineralisation of the obtained conchixes when using HCl reaches 100%.It has been shown that the native structure of the organic matrix proteins is partially destroyed during the demineralisation of the shells in the HCl solution;analysis of IR spectra indicates a 1.5-fold decrease in the number ofα-helices compared to the organic matrix obtained by gentle Na2-EDTA-based demineralisation.SEM and TEM studies indicate the destruction of the biopolymer structure of the outer(periostracum)and inner(prismatic and nacreous)layers of the organic matrix obtained using HCl,while this structure is completely preserved when using Na2-EDTA.The results obtained indicate the preference of using Na2-EDTA for the production of biomaterials with potential use in food technology and biomedicine.
