Cold-flow experiments on planar Expansion Deflection(ED)nozzle flows are conducted under a simulated startup-shutdown process of rocket motors.The purpose is to investigate the flow and performance characteristics in ...Cold-flow experiments on planar Expansion Deflection(ED)nozzle flows are conducted under a simulated startup-shutdown process of rocket motors.The purpose is to investigate the flow and performance characteristics in ED nozzles,capture the behavior of shock flapping,and explore asymmetric flow dynamics utilizing a symmetric nozzle.A total pressure condition,characterized by rapid rise followed by a slow fall,is employed to simulate the continuous startup and shutdown processes.The schlieren imaging technique and high-frequency pressure transducers are employed to obtain the flow information.The experimental results indicate that the flow characteristics differ between the startup and shutdown processes with a hysteresis observed in the nozzle wake mode transition.During the startup process,the shock waves are pushed outward of the nozzle,while during the shutdown process,the flow propagates inward dominated by Mach stems.Counterintuitive results are demonstrated,namely,the mode transition is not the cause of the sudden thrust decrease,and the moment of maximum thrust does not coincide with the moment of maximum total pressure.During the operation of the nozzle,two stages of shock wave flapping occur,accompanied by significant wall pressure oscillations.These oscillation frequencies are demonstrated to be related to the inherent acoustic frequencies of the test chamber.An improved pressure ratio method is proposed to predict the position of the shock oscillation separation point.The prediction results revealed the shock behavior during the flapping process.展开更多
The challenge of solving nonlinear problems in multi-connected domains with high accuracy has garnered significant interest.In this paper,we propose a unified wavelet solution method for accurately solving nonlinear b...The challenge of solving nonlinear problems in multi-connected domains with high accuracy has garnered significant interest.In this paper,we propose a unified wavelet solution method for accurately solving nonlinear boundary value problems on a two-dimensional(2D)arbitrary multi-connected domain.We apply this method to solve large deflection bending problems of complex plates with holes.Our solution method simplifies the treatment of the 2D multi-connected domain by utilizing a natural discretization approach that divides it into a series of one-dimensional(1D)intervals.This approach establishes a fundamental relationship between the highest-order derivative in the governing equation of the problem and the remaining lower-order derivatives.By combining a wavelet high accuracy integral approximation format on 1D intervals,where the convergence order remains constant regardless of the number of integration folds,with the collocation method,we obtain a system of algebraic equations that only includes discrete point values of the highest order derivative.In this process,the boundary conditions are automatically replaced using integration constants,eliminating the need for additional processing.Error estimation and numerical results demonstrate that the accuracy of this method is unaffected by the degree of nonlinearity of the equations.When solving the bending problem of multi-perforated complex-shaped plates under consideration,it is evident that directly using higher-order derivatives as unknown functions significantly improves the accuracy of stress calculation,even when the stress exhibits large gradient variations.Moreover,compared to the finite element method,the wavelet method requires significantly fewer nodes to achieve the same level of accuracy.Ultimately,the method achieves a sixth-order accuracy and resembles the treatment of one-dimensional problems during the solution process,effectively avoiding the need for the complex 2D meshing process typically required by conventional methods when solving problems with multi-connected domains.展开更多
In weak field limits,we compute the deflection angle of a gravitational decoupling extended black hole(BH)solution.We obtained the Gaussian optical curvature by examining the null geodesic equations with the help of G...In weak field limits,we compute the deflection angle of a gravitational decoupling extended black hole(BH)solution.We obtained the Gaussian optical curvature by examining the null geodesic equations with the help of Gauss-Bonnet theorem(GBT).We also looked into the deflection angle of light by a black hole in weak field limits with the use of the Gibbons-Werner method.We verify the graphical behavior of the black hole after determining the deflection angle of light.Additionally,in the presence of the plasma medium,we also determine the deflection angle of the light and examine its graphical behavior.Furthermore,we compute the Einstein ring via gravitational decoupling extended black hole solution.We also compute the quasi-periodic oscillations and discuss their graphical behavior.展开更多
Data-driven approaches such as neural networks are increasingly used for deep excavations due to the growing amount of available monitoring data in practical projects.However,most neural network models only use the da...Data-driven approaches such as neural networks are increasingly used for deep excavations due to the growing amount of available monitoring data in practical projects.However,most neural network models only use the data from a single monitoring point and neglect the spatial relationships between multiple monitoring points.Besides,most models lack flexibility in providing predictions for multiple days after monitoring activity.This study proposes a sequence-to-sequence(seq2seq)two-dimensional(2D)convolutional long short-term memory neural network(S2SCL2D)for predicting the spatiotemporal wall deflections induced by deep excavations.The model utilizes the data from all monitoring points on the entire wall and extracts spatiotemporal features from data by combining the 2D convolutional layers and long short-term memory(LSTM)layers.The S2SCL2D model achieves a long-term prediction of wall deflections through a recursive seq2seq structure.The excavation depth,which has a significant impact on wall deflections,is also considered using a feature fusion method.An excavation project in Hangzhou,China,is used to illustrate the proposed model.The results demonstrate that the S2SCL2D model has superior prediction accuracy and robustness than that of the LSTM and S2SCL1D(one-dimensional)models.The prediction model demonstrates a strong generalizability when applied to an adjacent excavation.Based on the long-term prediction results,practitioners can plan and allocate resources in advance to address the potential engineering issues.展开更多
A novel compliant spinal fixation designed based on the concept of compliant mechanisms can reduce the stress-shielding effect and adjacent segment degeneration(ASD)effectively,but propose higher requirements for the ...A novel compliant spinal fixation designed based on the concept of compliant mechanisms can reduce the stress-shielding effect and adjacent segment degeneration(ASD)effectively,but propose higher requirements for the properties of the used materials.Bulk metallic glasses(BMGs),as a kind of young biomaterials,exhibiting excellent comprehensive properties,which are attractive for compliant spinal fixation.Here,according to the practical service condition of the basic elements in compliant spinal fixation,large deflection deformation behaviors of Zr_(61)Ti_(2)Cu_(25)Al_(12)(at.%,ZT1)BMG beam,including elastic,yielding and plastic were investigated systematically.It was shown that the theoretical nonlinear analytical solution curve as the benchmark not only with the capacity to predict the nonlinear load-deflection relation within the elastic deformation regime,but also assists to capture the yielding event roughly,which can be used as a powerful design tool for engineers.To capture the beginning of the yielding event exactly,bending proof strength(σ_(p),0.05%)accompanied with tiny permanent strain of 0.05% was proposed and determined for BMGs in biomedical implant applications,which is of significance for setting the allowable operating limits of the basic flexible elements.By approach of interrupted loading-unloading cycles,plastic deformation driven by the bending moment can be classified into two typical stages:the initial stage which mainly characterized by the nucleation and intense interaction of abundant shear bands when the plastic strain below the critical value,and the second stage which dominated by the progressive propagation of shear bands and coupled with the emergence of shear offsets on tensile side.The plasticity of BMG beam structures depends on the BMG's inherent plastic zone size(rp).When the half beam thickness less than that of the rp,the plastic deformation of BMGs will behave in a stable manner,which can be acted as the margin of safety effectively.展开更多
We investigate the light deflection in the weak field approximation from the accelerating charged AdS black hole.For this purpose,we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to calculate the light deflection in the weak field ...We investigate the light deflection in the weak field approximation from the accelerating charged AdS black hole.For this purpose,we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to calculate the light deflection in the weak field area and use the Gibbons–Werner approach to analyze the optical geometry of the accelerating charged AdS black hole in the non-magnetic plasma absence/presence of a non-magnetic medium.We also represent the graphical behavior of the light deflection angle w.r.t.the impact parameter.We also compute the light deflection angle using Keeton and Petters approximations under the impact of accelerating charged AdS black hole geometry.Furthermore,by using the ray-tracing approach,we determine the shadow in the nonmagnetic plasma presence and also demonstrate that graphical shadow has an impact on the gauge potential,non-magnetic plasma frequencies and charge.展开更多
In this study,we examined the thermal fluctuations,deflection angle,and greybody factor of a high-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole in scalar-tensor-vector gravity(STVG).We calculated some thermodynamic quantities ...In this study,we examined the thermal fluctuations,deflection angle,and greybody factor of a high-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole in scalar-tensor-vector gravity(STVG).We calculated some thermodynamic quantities related to the correction of the black hole entropy caused by thermal fluctuations and discussed the effect of the correction parameters on these quantities.By analyzing the changes in the corrected specific heat,we found that thermal fluctuations made the small black hole more stable.It is worth noting that the STVG parameter did not affect the thermodynamic stability of this black hole.Additionally,by utilizing the Gauss-Bonnet theorem,the deflection angle was obtained in the weak field limit,and the effects of the two parameters on the results were visualized.Finally,we calculated the bounds on the greybody factor of a massless scalar field.We observed that as the STVG parameter around the black hole increased,the weak deflection angle became larger,and more scalar particles can reach infinity.However,the spacetime dimension has the opposite effect on the STVG parameter on the weak deflection angle and greybody factor.展开更多
This article considers a static and spherical black hole(BH)in f(Q)gravity.f(Q)gravity is the extension of symmetric teleparallel general relativity,where both curvature and torsion are vanishing and gravity is descri...This article considers a static and spherical black hole(BH)in f(Q)gravity.f(Q)gravity is the extension of symmetric teleparallel general relativity,where both curvature and torsion are vanishing and gravity is described by nonmetricity.In this study,we investigate the possible implications of quasinormal mode(QNM)modified Hawking spectra and deflection angles generated by the model.The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method is used to solve the equations of motion for massless Dirac perturbation fields and explore the impact of the nonmetricity parameter(Q_(0)).Based on the QNM computation,we can ensure that the BH is stable against massless Dirac perturbations and as Q_(0)increases the oscillatory frequency of the mode decreases.We then discuss the weak deflection angle in the weak field limit approximation.We compute the deflection angle up to the fourth order of approximation and show how the nonmetricity parameter affects it.We find that the Q_(0)parameter reduces the deflection angle.展开更多
A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shea...A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.展开更多
An embedded cylinder is a large-diameter cylinder embedded in a soil foundation. The state of failure of such an embedded cylindrical structure shows large deflection instead of slide and overturn of the traditional g...An embedded cylinder is a large-diameter cylinder embedded in a soil foundation. The state of failure of such an embedded cylindrical structure shows large deflection instead of slide and overturn of the traditional gravity type of structure placed on a rubble base or foundation base. The critical value of deflection of the embedded cylindrical structure, which is the maximum allowable deflection for stability calculation of the cylinder, is a vital control value. Through investigation on deflection and soil pressures on an embedded cylinder by model experiments, the variations of the angle of rotation θ of a cylinder with effective anti-overturning ratio η and moment MH of thrust are discussed. On the basis of experimental study, the critical value of deflection of the cylindrical structure is proposed in the paper. Meanwhile, the formulas for calculating deflection of cylinders are derived.展开更多
Based on the equivalence principle of deflection and stress, the concentrated vehicle load which acts on the center of continuously reinforced concrete pavement （CRCP） is translated into the equivalent half-wave sin...Based on the equivalence principle of deflection and stress, the concentrated vehicle load which acts on the center of continuously reinforced concrete pavement （CRCP） is translated into the equivalent half-wave sine load by the Fourier transform. On the basis of this transform and the small deflection theory of elastic thin plates, the deflection and stress formulae of CRCP under the concentrated vehicle load with a hollow foundation are put forward. The sensitivity of parameters is analyzed. The results show that maximum deflection is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width, and inversely proportional to the lateral bending stiffness and slab thickness. The effects of slab width and thickness are significant with regard to maximum deflection. Maximum stress is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width as well as inversely proportional to slab thickness. The effect of slab thickness is significant with regard to maximum stress. According to the calculation results, the most effective measure to reduce maximum deflection and stress is to increase slab thickness.展开更多
To control the deflection of the gas plasma jet, a new analytical method is proposed based on the Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) technique. Based on the typical MHD power generation model, the applied voltage is applied to ...To control the deflection of the gas plasma jet, a new analytical method is proposed based on the Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) technique. Based on the typical MHD power generation model, the applied voltage is applied to the staggered electrodes, that is, a pair of electrodes on the same side wall are connected to generate an axial current in the channel. Under the action of the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the flow, the plasma is subjected to electromagnetic forces perpendicular to these two directions, and the jet is deflected. The computational model including the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with electromagnetic source terms, the electric potential equation and Ohm’s law is solved. The deflection of the gas jet under the action of an electromagnetic field is observed, and the maximum deflection angle is about 14.8°. The influences of the electric field, magnetic field, and conductivity on the jet deflection are studied. Results show that although the influences of these three factors on the deflection are similar, and the effect of increasing the electric field strength is slightly greater, priority should be given to increasing the magnetic field strength from the perspective of reducing energy consumption. The Stuart number is introduced to assess the ability of electromagnetic force to control jet deflection. When the electromagnetic parameters are constant, this solution provides better control of low-density and low-speed fluid flows. The calculation results show that using the staggered electrode method configuration is feasible in terms of controlling the deflection of a plasma jet deflection.展开更多
The deflection of the vertical reflects the mass distribution and density anomaly of celestial bodies. Lunar deflections of the vertical include directional information of the Moon’s gravity field. SGM90d, recovered ...The deflection of the vertical reflects the mass distribution and density anomaly of celestial bodies. Lunar deflections of the vertical include directional information of the Moon’s gravity field. SGM90d, recovered from SELENE mission, revealed the lunar far side gravity field for the first time in history owes to 4-way Doppler data. Lunar deflections of the vertical and their meridional and prime vertical components are calculated from SGM90d, and then their global distributions are also given in the paper. The gradients of lunar deflections of the vertical are defined and computed as well. The correlations between the lunar deflections of the vertical and the lunar terrain have been fully discussed. Many different characteristics of lunar deflections of vertical have been found between the near side and the far side of the Moon, which may be caused from the lithospheric compensation and the uplifting of mantle.展开更多
Deflection is the most direct indicator that reflects the bearing capacity of the bridge and the overall stiffness. There are many ways to measure the deflection of Bridges, and the inclination angle method is the mos...Deflection is the most direct indicator that reflects the bearing capacity of the bridge and the overall stiffness. There are many ways to measure the deflection of Bridges, and the inclination angle method is the most commonly used indirect method, but the existing theory of inclination angle method is relatively complicated. Based on the facts of the bridge small inclination, this article proposes the method of obtaining the bridge deflection by the inclination of the secant line constructed from the adjacent measurement points. Firstly, according to the bending deformation curve of general simply supported beam, the deflection calculation formula of each measuring point is derived based on the assumption of small deformation and the inclination Angle of measuring point. Secondly, a large commercial finite element software ANSYS 10.0 is used to carry out numerical simulation on the simply-supported beam under concentrated load in mid-span, and the deflection results of the numerical simulation are compared and verified with the theoretical results of the proposed method. Finally, the measured deflection results of the simply-supported beam model under mid-span load are compared with the theoretical results of the proposed method. The verification results show that if the actual model is consistent with the theoretical model, the proposed method has good accuracy.展开更多
This paper adopts the NGI-ADP soil model to carry out finite element analysis,based on which the effects of soft clay anisotropy on the diaphragm wall deflections in the braced excavation were evaluated.More than one ...This paper adopts the NGI-ADP soil model to carry out finite element analysis,based on which the effects of soft clay anisotropy on the diaphragm wall deflections in the braced excavation were evaluated.More than one thousand finite element cases were numerically analyzed,followed by extensive parametric studies.Surrogate models were developed via ensemble learning methods(ELMs),including the e Xtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Random Forest Regression(RFR)to predict the maximum lateral wall deformation(δhmax).Then the results of ELMs were compared with conventional soft computing methods such as Decision Tree Regression(DTR),Multilayer Perceptron Regression(MLPR),and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS).This study presents a cutting-edge application of ensemble learning in geotechnical engineering and a reasonable methodology that allows engineers to determine the wall deflection in a fast,alternative way.展开更多
Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry,aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings.Due to the small size and complex structure ...Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry,aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings.Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves,accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built.In this paper,mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states.Here,a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for incompressible laminar fluid flow.Moreover,when the flow becomes turbulent,a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles.To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows,the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment.Experimental verification of the theory is also presented.The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.展开更多
Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative s...Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping,and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources.The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected(deflected amplitude 10.5 mm)and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm 90.50 mm and 0.55 mm 90.40 mm, respectively(anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.展开更多
This study presents an electromechanical engineering model for the analysis of the large deflection curves of ionic polymer-metal composite(IPMC)cantilever actuators under direct current(DC)voltages.In this paper,the ...This study presents an electromechanical engineering model for the analysis of the large deflection curves of ionic polymer-metal composite(IPMC)cantilever actuators under direct current(DC)voltages.In this paper,the longitudinal normal strain performance of the material was investigated using digital image correlation on a micro-scale.The deflection of the actuator is analytically obtained with the application of an elliptic integration method based on the relationship between strain gradient and excitation voltage,and the minimum excitation voltage is derived based on the assumption that the actuators have small deformations.The validity of the electromechanical model is then justified with the experimental results obtained from Pt-and Ag-IPMC actuators at various excitation voltages.The findings of this study confirm that the introduced electromechanical model can accurately describe the large nonlinear deflection behavior of IPMC actuators.展开更多
In practical application, it is very important to master the influence of structure parameters on the mid-span deflection quantificationally. For large-span and heavy-duty gantry cranes, the influence of the rigid leg...In practical application, it is very important to master the influence of structure parameters on the mid-span deflection quantificationally. For large-span and heavy-duty gantry cranes, the influence of the rigid leg and the soft leg on mid-span deflection has not been considered in the past. In the paper, the mathematical model is established for universal large-span and heavy-duty gantry cranes. The analytical solution for the mid-span deflection of gantry-frame structure girder is derived and obtained based on the variation principle by considering the coupling effect of the bending moments of girder and legs, the axial force and the secondary bending moments. The relation between the load and the deflection on the mid-span of the gantry-frame structure girder is known. Then, the experimental model is designed according to dimensional analysis method. And experiments were performed on the WEW-600 B type testing machine. Hackling experimental data, the regular of the load and deflection on the girder mid-span is obtained, namely, the deformation of the gantry-frame structure resists the external load to do work. The validity of the nonlinear analytical solution of the girder deflection is verified. Experimental results show that the analytical solution of the gantry-frame structure deflection has much higher calculation accuracy than previous calculation method. This work provides a theoretical basis for the design and inspection of gantry-frame structures.展开更多
Deep excavation during the construction of underground systems can cause movement on the ground,especially in soft clay layers.At high levels,excessive ground movements can lead to severe damage to adjacent structures...Deep excavation during the construction of underground systems can cause movement on the ground,especially in soft clay layers.At high levels,excessive ground movements can lead to severe damage to adjacent structures.In this study,finite element analyses(FEM)and the hardening small strain(HSS)model were performed to investigate the deflection of the diaphragm wall in the soft clay layer induced by braced excavations.Different geometric and mechanical properties of the wall were investigated to study the deflection behavior of the wall in soft clays.Accordingly,1090 hypothetical cases were surveyed and simulated based on the HSS model and FEM to evaluate the wall deflection behavior.The results were then used to develop an intelligent model for predicting wall deflection using the functional linked neural network(FLNN)with different functional expansions and activation functions.Although the FLNN is a novel approach to predict wall deflection;however,in order to improve the accuracy of the FLNN model in predicting wall deflection,three swarm-based optimization algorithms,such as artificial bee colony(ABC),Harris’s hawk’s optimization(HHO),and hunger games search(HGS),were hybridized to the FLNN model to generate three novel intelligent models,namely ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN.The results of the hybrid models were then compared with the basic FLNN and MLP models.They revealed that FLNN is a good solution for predicting wall deflection,and the application of different functional expansions and activation functions has a significant effect on the outcome predictions of the wall deflection.It is remarkably interesting that the performance of the FLNN model was better than the MLP model with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 19.971,root-mean-squared error(RMSE)of 24.574,and determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.878.Meanwhile,the performance of the MLP model only obtained an MAE of 20.321,RMSE of 27.091,and R^(2)of 0.851.Furthermore,the results also indicated that the proposed hybrid models,i.e.,ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN,yielded more superior performances than those of the FLNN and MLP models in terms of the prediction of deflection behavior of diaphragm walls with an MAE in the range of 11.877 to 12.239,RMSE in the range of 15.821 to 16.045,and R^(2)in the range of 0.949 to 0.951.They can be used as an alternative tool to simulate diaphragm wall deflections under different conditions with a high degree of accuracy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12002102)。
文摘Cold-flow experiments on planar Expansion Deflection(ED)nozzle flows are conducted under a simulated startup-shutdown process of rocket motors.The purpose is to investigate the flow and performance characteristics in ED nozzles,capture the behavior of shock flapping,and explore asymmetric flow dynamics utilizing a symmetric nozzle.A total pressure condition,characterized by rapid rise followed by a slow fall,is employed to simulate the continuous startup and shutdown processes.The schlieren imaging technique and high-frequency pressure transducers are employed to obtain the flow information.The experimental results indicate that the flow characteristics differ between the startup and shutdown processes with a hysteresis observed in the nozzle wake mode transition.During the startup process,the shock waves are pushed outward of the nozzle,while during the shutdown process,the flow propagates inward dominated by Mach stems.Counterintuitive results are demonstrated,namely,the mode transition is not the cause of the sudden thrust decrease,and the moment of maximum thrust does not coincide with the moment of maximum total pressure.During the operation of the nozzle,two stages of shock wave flapping occur,accompanied by significant wall pressure oscillations.These oscillation frequencies are demonstrated to be related to the inherent acoustic frequencies of the test chamber.An improved pressure ratio method is proposed to predict the position of the shock oscillation separation point.The prediction results revealed the shock behavior during the flapping process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11925204).
文摘The challenge of solving nonlinear problems in multi-connected domains with high accuracy has garnered significant interest.In this paper,we propose a unified wavelet solution method for accurately solving nonlinear boundary value problems on a two-dimensional(2D)arbitrary multi-connected domain.We apply this method to solve large deflection bending problems of complex plates with holes.Our solution method simplifies the treatment of the 2D multi-connected domain by utilizing a natural discretization approach that divides it into a series of one-dimensional(1D)intervals.This approach establishes a fundamental relationship between the highest-order derivative in the governing equation of the problem and the remaining lower-order derivatives.By combining a wavelet high accuracy integral approximation format on 1D intervals,where the convergence order remains constant regardless of the number of integration folds,with the collocation method,we obtain a system of algebraic equations that only includes discrete point values of the highest order derivative.In this process,the boundary conditions are automatically replaced using integration constants,eliminating the need for additional processing.Error estimation and numerical results demonstrate that the accuracy of this method is unaffected by the degree of nonlinearity of the equations.When solving the bending problem of multi-perforated complex-shaped plates under consideration,it is evident that directly using higher-order derivatives as unknown functions significantly improves the accuracy of stress calculation,even when the stress exhibits large gradient variations.Moreover,compared to the finite element method,the wavelet method requires significantly fewer nodes to achieve the same level of accuracy.Ultimately,the method achieves a sixth-order accuracy and resembles the treatment of one-dimensional problems during the solution process,effectively avoiding the need for the complex 2D meshing process typically required by conventional methods when solving problems with multi-connected domains.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11975145。
文摘In weak field limits,we compute the deflection angle of a gravitational decoupling extended black hole(BH)solution.We obtained the Gaussian optical curvature by examining the null geodesic equations with the help of Gauss-Bonnet theorem(GBT).We also looked into the deflection angle of light by a black hole in weak field limits with the use of the Gibbons-Werner method.We verify the graphical behavior of the black hole after determining the deflection angle of light.Additionally,in the presence of the plasma medium,we also determine the deflection angle of the light and examine its graphical behavior.Furthermore,we compute the Einstein ring via gravitational decoupling extended black hole solution.We also compute the quasi-periodic oscillations and discuss their graphical behavior.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42307218)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering(Zhejiang University),Ministry of Education(Grant No.2022P08)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LTZ21E080001).
文摘Data-driven approaches such as neural networks are increasingly used for deep excavations due to the growing amount of available monitoring data in practical projects.However,most neural network models only use the data from a single monitoring point and neglect the spatial relationships between multiple monitoring points.Besides,most models lack flexibility in providing predictions for multiple days after monitoring activity.This study proposes a sequence-to-sequence(seq2seq)two-dimensional(2D)convolutional long short-term memory neural network(S2SCL2D)for predicting the spatiotemporal wall deflections induced by deep excavations.The model utilizes the data from all monitoring points on the entire wall and extracts spatiotemporal features from data by combining the 2D convolutional layers and long short-term memory(LSTM)layers.The S2SCL2D model achieves a long-term prediction of wall deflections through a recursive seq2seq structure.The excavation depth,which has a significant impact on wall deflections,is also considered using a feature fusion method.An excavation project in Hangzhou,China,is used to illustrate the proposed model.The results demonstrate that the S2SCL2D model has superior prediction accuracy and robustness than that of the LSTM and S2SCL1D(one-dimensional)models.The prediction model demonstrates a strong generalizability when applied to an adjacent excavation.Based on the long-term prediction results,practitioners can plan and allocate resources in advance to address the potential engineering issues.
基金supported by the National Key Research and De-velopment Program of China under Grant No.2017YFB0306201the Research&Developement Program of the CAS-WEGO Group.
文摘A novel compliant spinal fixation designed based on the concept of compliant mechanisms can reduce the stress-shielding effect and adjacent segment degeneration(ASD)effectively,but propose higher requirements for the properties of the used materials.Bulk metallic glasses(BMGs),as a kind of young biomaterials,exhibiting excellent comprehensive properties,which are attractive for compliant spinal fixation.Here,according to the practical service condition of the basic elements in compliant spinal fixation,large deflection deformation behaviors of Zr_(61)Ti_(2)Cu_(25)Al_(12)(at.%,ZT1)BMG beam,including elastic,yielding and plastic were investigated systematically.It was shown that the theoretical nonlinear analytical solution curve as the benchmark not only with the capacity to predict the nonlinear load-deflection relation within the elastic deformation regime,but also assists to capture the yielding event roughly,which can be used as a powerful design tool for engineers.To capture the beginning of the yielding event exactly,bending proof strength(σ_(p),0.05%)accompanied with tiny permanent strain of 0.05% was proposed and determined for BMGs in biomedical implant applications,which is of significance for setting the allowable operating limits of the basic flexible elements.By approach of interrupted loading-unloading cycles,plastic deformation driven by the bending moment can be classified into two typical stages:the initial stage which mainly characterized by the nucleation and intense interaction of abundant shear bands when the plastic strain below the critical value,and the second stage which dominated by the progressive propagation of shear bands and coupled with the emergence of shear offsets on tensile side.The plasticity of BMG beam structures depends on the BMG's inherent plastic zone size(rp).When the half beam thickness less than that of the rp,the plastic deformation of BMGs will behave in a stable manner,which can be acted as the margin of safety effectively.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11975145。
文摘We investigate the light deflection in the weak field approximation from the accelerating charged AdS black hole.For this purpose,we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to calculate the light deflection in the weak field area and use the Gibbons–Werner approach to analyze the optical geometry of the accelerating charged AdS black hole in the non-magnetic plasma absence/presence of a non-magnetic medium.We also represent the graphical behavior of the light deflection angle w.r.t.the impact parameter.We also compute the light deflection angle using Keeton and Petters approximations under the impact of accelerating charged AdS black hole geometry.Furthermore,by using the ray-tracing approach,we determine the shadow in the nonmagnetic plasma presence and also demonstrate that graphical shadow has an impact on the gauge potential,non-magnetic plasma frequencies and charge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12065012)Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (202301AS070029)Yunnan High-Level Talent Training Support Plan Young&Elite Talents Project (Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2018-360)。
文摘In this study,we examined the thermal fluctuations,deflection angle,and greybody factor of a high-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole in scalar-tensor-vector gravity(STVG).We calculated some thermodynamic quantities related to the correction of the black hole entropy caused by thermal fluctuations and discussed the effect of the correction parameters on these quantities.By analyzing the changes in the corrected specific heat,we found that thermal fluctuations made the small black hole more stable.It is worth noting that the STVG parameter did not affect the thermodynamic stability of this black hole.Additionally,by utilizing the Gauss-Bonnet theorem,the deflection angle was obtained in the weak field limit,and the effects of the two parameters on the results were visualized.Finally,we calculated the bounds on the greybody factor of a massless scalar field.We observed that as the STVG parameter around the black hole increased,the weak deflection angle became larger,and more scalar particles can reach infinity.However,the spacetime dimension has the opposite effect on the STVG parameter on the weak deflection angle and greybody factor.
文摘This article considers a static and spherical black hole(BH)in f(Q)gravity.f(Q)gravity is the extension of symmetric teleparallel general relativity,where both curvature and torsion are vanishing and gravity is described by nonmetricity.In this study,we investigate the possible implications of quasinormal mode(QNM)modified Hawking spectra and deflection angles generated by the model.The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin method is used to solve the equations of motion for massless Dirac perturbation fields and explore the impact of the nonmetricity parameter(Q_(0)).Based on the QNM computation,we can ensure that the BH is stable against massless Dirac perturbations and as Q_(0)increases the oscillatory frequency of the mode decreases.We then discuss the weak deflection angle in the weak field limit approximation.We compute the deflection angle up to the fourth order of approximation and show how the nonmetricity parameter affects it.We find that the Q_(0)parameter reduces the deflection angle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978345,52278264).
文摘A theoretical analysis of upward deflection and midspan deflection of prestressed bamboo-steel composite beams is presented in this study.The deflection analysis considers the influences of interface slippage and shear deformation.Furthermore,the calculation model for flexural capacity is proposed considering the two stages of loading.The theoretical results are verified with 8 specimens considering different prestressed load levels,load schemes,and prestress schemes.The results indicate that the proposed theoretical analysis provides a feasible prediction of the deflection and bearing capacity of bamboo-steel composite beams.For deflection analysis,the method considering the slippage and shear deformation provides better accuracy.The theoretical method for bearing capacity matches well with the test results,and the relative errors in the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state are 4.95%and 5.85%,respectively,which meet the accuracy requirements of the engineered application.
文摘An embedded cylinder is a large-diameter cylinder embedded in a soil foundation. The state of failure of such an embedded cylindrical structure shows large deflection instead of slide and overturn of the traditional gravity type of structure placed on a rubble base or foundation base. The critical value of deflection of the embedded cylindrical structure, which is the maximum allowable deflection for stability calculation of the cylinder, is a vital control value. Through investigation on deflection and soil pressures on an embedded cylinder by model experiments, the variations of the angle of rotation θ of a cylinder with effective anti-overturning ratio η and moment MH of thrust are discussed. On the basis of experimental study, the critical value of deflection of the cylindrical structure is proposed in the paper. Meanwhile, the formulas for calculating deflection of cylinders are derived.
基金The Science Foundation of Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China(No.200731822301-7)
文摘Based on the equivalence principle of deflection and stress, the concentrated vehicle load which acts on the center of continuously reinforced concrete pavement （CRCP） is translated into the equivalent half-wave sine load by the Fourier transform. On the basis of this transform and the small deflection theory of elastic thin plates, the deflection and stress formulae of CRCP under the concentrated vehicle load with a hollow foundation are put forward. The sensitivity of parameters is analyzed. The results show that maximum deflection is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width, and inversely proportional to the lateral bending stiffness and slab thickness. The effects of slab width and thickness are significant with regard to maximum deflection. Maximum stress is directly proportional to the concentrated vehicle load and the slab width as well as inversely proportional to slab thickness. The effect of slab thickness is significant with regard to maximum stress. According to the calculation results, the most effective measure to reduce maximum deflection and stress is to increase slab thickness.
文摘To control the deflection of the gas plasma jet, a new analytical method is proposed based on the Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) technique. Based on the typical MHD power generation model, the applied voltage is applied to the staggered electrodes, that is, a pair of electrodes on the same side wall are connected to generate an axial current in the channel. Under the action of the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the flow, the plasma is subjected to electromagnetic forces perpendicular to these two directions, and the jet is deflected. The computational model including the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with electromagnetic source terms, the electric potential equation and Ohm’s law is solved. The deflection of the gas jet under the action of an electromagnetic field is observed, and the maximum deflection angle is about 14.8°. The influences of the electric field, magnetic field, and conductivity on the jet deflection are studied. Results show that although the influences of these three factors on the deflection are similar, and the effect of increasing the electric field strength is slightly greater, priority should be given to increasing the magnetic field strength from the perspective of reducing energy consumption. The Stuart number is introduced to assess the ability of electromagnetic force to control jet deflection. When the electromagnetic parameters are constant, this solution provides better control of low-density and low-speed fluid flows. The calculation results show that using the staggered electrode method configuration is feasible in terms of controlling the deflection of a plasma jet deflection.
文摘The deflection of the vertical reflects the mass distribution and density anomaly of celestial bodies. Lunar deflections of the vertical include directional information of the Moon’s gravity field. SGM90d, recovered from SELENE mission, revealed the lunar far side gravity field for the first time in history owes to 4-way Doppler data. Lunar deflections of the vertical and their meridional and prime vertical components are calculated from SGM90d, and then their global distributions are also given in the paper. The gradients of lunar deflections of the vertical are defined and computed as well. The correlations between the lunar deflections of the vertical and the lunar terrain have been fully discussed. Many different characteristics of lunar deflections of vertical have been found between the near side and the far side of the Moon, which may be caused from the lithospheric compensation and the uplifting of mantle.
文摘Deflection is the most direct indicator that reflects the bearing capacity of the bridge and the overall stiffness. There are many ways to measure the deflection of Bridges, and the inclination angle method is the most commonly used indirect method, but the existing theory of inclination angle method is relatively complicated. Based on the facts of the bridge small inclination, this article proposes the method of obtaining the bridge deflection by the inclination of the secant line constructed from the adjacent measurement points. Firstly, according to the bending deformation curve of general simply supported beam, the deflection calculation formula of each measuring point is derived based on the assumption of small deformation and the inclination Angle of measuring point. Secondly, a large commercial finite element software ANSYS 10.0 is used to carry out numerical simulation on the simply-supported beam under concentrated load in mid-span, and the deflection results of the numerical simulation are compared and verified with the theoretical results of the proposed method. Finally, the measured deflection results of the simply-supported beam model under mid-span load are compared with the theoretical results of the proposed method. The verification results show that if the actual model is consistent with the theoretical model, the proposed method has good accuracy.
基金supported by the High-end Foreign Expert Introduction program(No.G20190022002)Chongqing Construction Science and Technology Plan Project(2019-0045)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KJZD-K201900102)The financial support is gratefully acknowledged。
文摘This paper adopts the NGI-ADP soil model to carry out finite element analysis,based on which the effects of soft clay anisotropy on the diaphragm wall deflections in the braced excavation were evaluated.More than one thousand finite element cases were numerically analyzed,followed by extensive parametric studies.Surrogate models were developed via ensemble learning methods(ELMs),including the e Xtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Random Forest Regression(RFR)to predict the maximum lateral wall deformation(δhmax).Then the results of ELMs were compared with conventional soft computing methods such as Decision Tree Regression(DTR),Multilayer Perceptron Regression(MLPR),and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS).This study presents a cutting-edge application of ensemble learning in geotechnical engineering and a reasonable methodology that allows engineers to determine the wall deflection in a fast,alternative way.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51675119)。
文摘Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry,aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings.Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves,accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built.In this paper,mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states.Here,a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for incompressible laminar fluid flow.Moreover,when the flow becomes turbulent,a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles.To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows,the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment.Experimental verification of the theory is also presented.The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.
文摘Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping,and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources.The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected(deflected amplitude 10.5 mm)and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm 90.50 mm and 0.55 mm 90.40 mm, respectively(anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 11372132 and 11502109).
文摘This study presents an electromechanical engineering model for the analysis of the large deflection curves of ionic polymer-metal composite(IPMC)cantilever actuators under direct current(DC)voltages.In this paper,the longitudinal normal strain performance of the material was investigated using digital image correlation on a micro-scale.The deflection of the actuator is analytically obtained with the application of an elliptic integration method based on the relationship between strain gradient and excitation voltage,and the minimum excitation voltage is derived based on the assumption that the actuators have small deformations.The validity of the electromechanical model is then justified with the experimental results obtained from Pt-and Ag-IPMC actuators at various excitation voltages.The findings of this study confirm that the introduced electromechanical model can accurately describe the large nonlinear deflection behavior of IPMC actuators.
基金Project(51175442)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(QD2012A09)supported by Teachers’College Research Project,ChinaProject(14ZA0263)supported by Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education,China
文摘In practical application, it is very important to master the influence of structure parameters on the mid-span deflection quantificationally. For large-span and heavy-duty gantry cranes, the influence of the rigid leg and the soft leg on mid-span deflection has not been considered in the past. In the paper, the mathematical model is established for universal large-span and heavy-duty gantry cranes. The analytical solution for the mid-span deflection of gantry-frame structure girder is derived and obtained based on the variation principle by considering the coupling effect of the bending moments of girder and legs, the axial force and the secondary bending moments. The relation between the load and the deflection on the mid-span of the gantry-frame structure girder is known. Then, the experimental model is designed according to dimensional analysis method. And experiments were performed on the WEW-600 B type testing machine. Hackling experimental data, the regular of the load and deflection on the girder mid-span is obtained, namely, the deformation of the gantry-frame structure resists the external load to do work. The validity of the nonlinear analytical solution of the girder deflection is verified. Experimental results show that the analytical solution of the gantry-frame structure deflection has much higher calculation accuracy than previous calculation method. This work provides a theoretical basis for the design and inspection of gantry-frame structures.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2021JJ30679)。
文摘Deep excavation during the construction of underground systems can cause movement on the ground,especially in soft clay layers.At high levels,excessive ground movements can lead to severe damage to adjacent structures.In this study,finite element analyses(FEM)and the hardening small strain(HSS)model were performed to investigate the deflection of the diaphragm wall in the soft clay layer induced by braced excavations.Different geometric and mechanical properties of the wall were investigated to study the deflection behavior of the wall in soft clays.Accordingly,1090 hypothetical cases were surveyed and simulated based on the HSS model and FEM to evaluate the wall deflection behavior.The results were then used to develop an intelligent model for predicting wall deflection using the functional linked neural network(FLNN)with different functional expansions and activation functions.Although the FLNN is a novel approach to predict wall deflection;however,in order to improve the accuracy of the FLNN model in predicting wall deflection,three swarm-based optimization algorithms,such as artificial bee colony(ABC),Harris’s hawk’s optimization(HHO),and hunger games search(HGS),were hybridized to the FLNN model to generate three novel intelligent models,namely ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN.The results of the hybrid models were then compared with the basic FLNN and MLP models.They revealed that FLNN is a good solution for predicting wall deflection,and the application of different functional expansions and activation functions has a significant effect on the outcome predictions of the wall deflection.It is remarkably interesting that the performance of the FLNN model was better than the MLP model with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 19.971,root-mean-squared error(RMSE)of 24.574,and determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.878.Meanwhile,the performance of the MLP model only obtained an MAE of 20.321,RMSE of 27.091,and R^(2)of 0.851.Furthermore,the results also indicated that the proposed hybrid models,i.e.,ABC-FLNN,HHO-FLNN,HGS-FLNN,yielded more superior performances than those of the FLNN and MLP models in terms of the prediction of deflection behavior of diaphragm walls with an MAE in the range of 11.877 to 12.239,RMSE in the range of 15.821 to 16.045,and R^(2)in the range of 0.949 to 0.951.They can be used as an alternative tool to simulate diaphragm wall deflections under different conditions with a high degree of accuracy.
