Cloud storage systems are crucial for ensuring business stability and data reliability.Among them,block-based cloud storage systems(BCSSs)have been widely adopted in the industry due to their high efficiency and stron...Cloud storage systems are crucial for ensuring business stability and data reliability.Among them,block-based cloud storage systems(BCSSs)have been widely adopted in the industry due to their high efficiency and strong performance.However,system failures occur from time to time,causing significant financial losses to companies.Therefore,verifying the reliability of BCSSs has become important and urgent.Nevertheless,since blocks in these systems are of finite but variable sizes,it is difficult to describe and verify properties using first-order logic or separation logic.To address this issue,we propose Sequence-Heap Separation Logic(SeqSL),which introduces sequence values and sequence variables into separation logic.Our logic can simplify property expressions while enhancing the ability to describe these systems.To provide a theoretical foundation for verification,we study the decidability of this logic,with the main conclusions as follows.1)The satisfiability problem of the fragment with a single quantifier alternation is decidable,and belongs to 2-EXPTIME(2-Exponential Time).As a by-product,we propose a decision procedure for this decidable fragment.2)The satisfiability problem of the fragment with two quantifier alternations is undecidable.展开更多
Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical ...Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical approach of OL remain to be explored. In this paper, the typical proof theoretical problems for OL are described and the concept of open proof is defined. Two major conclusions are as follows： （i） For the consistent OL systems, the open proof problem is semi-decidable （a decision algorithm is presented）. （ii） For general （normal, not necessarily consistent） OL systems, the open proof problem is not semi-decidable.展开更多
Mean Value Calculus ( MVC) is a real-time logic which can be used to specify and verify real-time systems . As a conservative extension of Duration Calculus (DC) , MVC increases the expressive power but keeps the prop...Mean Value Calculus ( MVC) is a real-time logic which can be used to specify and verify real-time systems . As a conservative extension of Duration Calculus (DC) , MVC increases the expressive power but keeps the properties of DC . ln this paper we present decidability results of MVC . An interesting result is that propositional MVC with chop star operator is still decidable, which develops the results or and .展开更多
A semantic interpretation of a first order extension of Hennessy-Milner logic for value-passing processes, named HML(FO), is presented. The semantics is based on symbolic transition graphs with assignment. It is shown...A semantic interpretation of a first order extension of Hennessy-Milner logic for value-passing processes, named HML(FO), is presented. The semantics is based on symbolic transition graphs with assignment. It is shown that the satisfiability of the two-variable sub-logic HML(FO2) of HML(FO) is decidable, and the complexity discussed. Finally, a decision procedure for model checking the value-passing processes with respect to HML(FO2) is obtained.展开更多
During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were...During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.展开更多
Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this...Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.展开更多
My son Joey was born with*club feet1. Doctors assured us that with treatment he would be able to walk normally-but would never run very well. The first three years of his life were spent in surgery casts and braces. B...My son Joey was born with*club feet1. Doctors assured us that with treatment he would be able to walk normally-but would never run very well. The first three years of his life were spent in surgery casts and braces. By the time he was eight, you wouldn’t know he had a problem when you saw him walk.展开更多
Shoppers,crowding into the West End of Londonyesterday for the start of sales,answered demands fromthe police to use public transportation rather than theircars.They also decided not to invite danger,after thebursting...Shoppers,crowding into the West End of Londonyesterday for the start of sales,answered demands fromthe police to use public transportation rather than theircars.They also decided not to invite danger,after thebursting of a bomb in the West End on Christmasevening,by not waiting in line outside the shops.“Iwould have been very worried of what they had.”saidMr Harry Weblin,manager of Liberty’s.Last night the police,which operated a big actionincluding special searches outside the main shops,spoke highly of the common sense of the展开更多
There are many expressions using the word"bridge".So today,let’s talk about the stories of"bridge".英语中有很多表达中使用了"桥"一词,所以今天我们就来说说"桥"的故事吧。A bridge i...There are many expressions using the word"bridge".So today,let’s talk about the stories of"bridge".英语中有很多表达中使用了"桥"一词,所以今天我们就来说说"桥"的故事吧。A bridge is a structure that provides passage over something—such as a river,train tracks,a highway or a deep,wide opening in the ground.The word"bridge"can also展开更多
The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that trans...The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that translators would be able to understand legal English accurately.展开更多
In this paper,an improved Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible(SIS) epidemic spreading model is proposed in order to provide a theoretical method to analyze and predict the spreading of diseases.This model is based on the...In this paper,an improved Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible(SIS) epidemic spreading model is proposed in order to provide a theoretical method to analyze and predict the spreading of diseases.This model is based on the following ideas:in social networks,the contact probability between nodes is decided by their social distances and their active degrees.The contact probability of two indirectly connected nodes is decided by the shortest path between them.Theoretical analysis and simulation experiment were conducted to evaluate the performance of this improved model.Because the proposed model is independent of the network structure,simulation experiments were done in several kinds of networks,namely the ER network,the random regular network,the WS small world network,and the BA scale-free network,in order to study the influences of certain factors have on the epidemic spreading,such as the social contact active degree,the network structure,the average degree,etc.This improved model provides an idea for studying the spreading rule of computer virus,attitudes,fashion styles and public opinions in social networks.展开更多
At the beginning of 2004, the Chinese government decided to introduce the System of Social Support for Some Rural Families Practicing Family Planning ("social support system"). The General Office of the Stat...At the beginning of 2004, the Chinese government decided to introduce the System of Social Support for Some Rural Families Practicing Family Planning ("social support system"). The General Office of the State Council introduced the proposed program of the National Population and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) and Ministry of Finance (MOF) on implementing the pilot project of the social support system ("Pilot展开更多
Searching for maritime moving targets using satellites is an attracting but rather difficult problem due to the satellites' orbits and discontinuous visible time windows.From a long term cyclic view,a non-myopic m...Searching for maritime moving targets using satellites is an attracting but rather difficult problem due to the satellites' orbits and discontinuous visible time windows.From a long term cyclic view,a non-myopic method based on reinforcement learning(RL)for multi-pass multi-targets searching was proposed.It learnt system behaviors step by step from each observation which resulted in a dynamic progressive way.Then it decided and adjusted optimal actions in each observation opportunity.System states were indicated by expected information gain.Neural networks algorithm was used to approximate parameters of control policy.Simulation results show that our approach with sufficient training performs significantly better than other myopic approaches which make local optimal decisions for each individual observation opportunity.展开更多
【问】[389]在美国朋友来信中,常有visit with这个用语。例如: 1.We decided to come to North Carolina and visitwith our son for 6 weeks. 2.We are talking about the possibility of takinganother trip to Ningbo while we’re t...【问】[389]在美国朋友来信中,常有visit with这个用语。例如: 1.We decided to come to North Carolina and visitwith our son for 6 weeks. 2.We are talking about the possibility of takinganother trip to Ningbo while we’re there to visit with you.展开更多
By adopting a distributed feedback laser(DFBL) centered at 1.654 μm, a near-infrared(NIR) methane(CH4) detection system based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS) is experimentally demonstrated. A la...By adopting a distributed feedback laser(DFBL) centered at 1.654 μm, a near-infrared(NIR) methane(CH4) detection system based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS) is experimentally demonstrated. A laser temperature control as well as wavelength modulation module is developed to control the laser's operation temperature. The laser's temperature fluctuation can be limited within the range of-0.02—0.02 °C, and the laser's emitting wavelength varies linearly with the temperature and injection current. An open reflective gas sensing probe is realized to double the absorption optical path length from 0.2 m to 0.4 m. Within the detection range of 0—0.01, gas detection experiments were conducted to derive the relation between harmonic amplitude and gas concentration. Based on the Allan deviation at an integral time of 1 s, the limit of detection(Lo D) is decided to be 2.952×10^(-5) with a path length of 0.4 m, indicating a minimum detectable column density of ~1.2×10^(-5) m. Compared with our previously reported NIR CH_4 detection system, this system exhibits some improvement in both optical and electrical structures, including the analogue temperature controller with less software consumption, simple and reliable open reflective sensing probe.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022YFC2503903the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61972005,62302459,and 62172016.
文摘Cloud storage systems are crucial for ensuring business stability and data reliability.Among them,block-based cloud storage systems(BCSSs)have been widely adopted in the industry due to their high efficiency and strong performance.However,system failures occur from time to time,causing significant financial losses to companies.Therefore,verifying the reliability of BCSSs has become important and urgent.Nevertheless,since blocks in these systems are of finite but variable sizes,it is difficult to describe and verify properties using first-order logic or separation logic.To address this issue,we propose Sequence-Heap Separation Logic(SeqSL),which introduces sequence values and sequence variables into separation logic.Our logic can simplify property expressions while enhancing the ability to describe these systems.To provide a theoretical foundation for verification,we study the decidability of this logic,with the main conclusions as follows.1)The satisfiability problem of the fragment with a single quantifier alternation is decidable,and belongs to 2-EXPTIME(2-Exponential Time).As a by-product,we propose a decision procedure for this decidable fragment.2)The satisfiability problem of the fragment with two quantifier alternations is undecidable.
文摘Open logic （OL） is a noticeable logic theory dealing with the description of knowledge growth and updating, as well as the evolution of hypothesis. Up to now, however, many problems related to the proof theoretical approach of OL remain to be explored. In this paper, the typical proof theoretical problems for OL are described and the concept of open proof is defined. Two major conclusions are as follows： （i） For the consistent OL systems, the open proof problem is semi-decidable （a decision algorithm is presented）. （ii） For general （normal, not necessarily consistent） OL systems, the open proof problem is not semi-decidable.
文摘Mean Value Calculus ( MVC) is a real-time logic which can be used to specify and verify real-time systems . As a conservative extension of Duration Calculus (DC) , MVC increases the expressive power but keeps the properties of DC . ln this paper we present decidability results of MVC . An interesting result is that propositional MVC with chop star operator is still decidable, which develops the results or and .
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundationof China (Grant No. 69833020) the National High Technology Development Program of China (Grant No. 2002AA144050)the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China
文摘A semantic interpretation of a first order extension of Hennessy-Milner logic for value-passing processes, named HML(FO), is presented. The semantics is based on symbolic transition graphs with assignment. It is shown that the satisfiability of the two-variable sub-logic HML(FO2) of HML(FO) is decidable, and the complexity discussed. Finally, a decision procedure for model checking the value-passing processes with respect to HML(FO2) is obtained.
基金This article is an interim achievement of the National Social Science Fund Major Project“Classification,System Construction,and Database Building of Legislative Language of Qin-Han to Tang Dynasty”(Project Approval Number 21&ZD197).
文摘During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.
文摘Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.
文摘My son Joey was born with*club feet1. Doctors assured us that with treatment he would be able to walk normally-but would never run very well. The first three years of his life were spent in surgery casts and braces. By the time he was eight, you wouldn’t know he had a problem when you saw him walk.
文摘Shoppers,crowding into the West End of Londonyesterday for the start of sales,answered demands fromthe police to use public transportation rather than theircars.They also decided not to invite danger,after thebursting of a bomb in the West End on Christmasevening,by not waiting in line outside the shops.“Iwould have been very worried of what they had.”saidMr Harry Weblin,manager of Liberty’s.Last night the police,which operated a big actionincluding special searches outside the main shops,spoke highly of the common sense of the
文摘There are many expressions using the word"bridge".So today,let’s talk about the stories of"bridge".英语中有很多表达中使用了"桥"一词,所以今天我们就来说说"桥"的故事吧。A bridge is a structure that provides passage over something—such as a river,train tracks,a highway or a deep,wide opening in the ground.The word"bridge"can also
文摘The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that translators would be able to understand legal English accurately.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 61301091Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Project 2015GY015
文摘In this paper,an improved Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible(SIS) epidemic spreading model is proposed in order to provide a theoretical method to analyze and predict the spreading of diseases.This model is based on the following ideas:in social networks,the contact probability between nodes is decided by their social distances and their active degrees.The contact probability of two indirectly connected nodes is decided by the shortest path between them.Theoretical analysis and simulation experiment were conducted to evaluate the performance of this improved model.Because the proposed model is independent of the network structure,simulation experiments were done in several kinds of networks,namely the ER network,the random regular network,the WS small world network,and the BA scale-free network,in order to study the influences of certain factors have on the epidemic spreading,such as the social contact active degree,the network structure,the average degree,etc.This improved model provides an idea for studying the spreading rule of computer virus,attitudes,fashion styles and public opinions in social networks.
文摘At the beginning of 2004, the Chinese government decided to introduce the System of Social Support for Some Rural Families Practicing Family Planning ("social support system"). The General Office of the State Council introduced the proposed program of the National Population and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) and Ministry of Finance (MOF) on implementing the pilot project of the social support system ("Pilot
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61203180)
文摘Searching for maritime moving targets using satellites is an attracting but rather difficult problem due to the satellites' orbits and discontinuous visible time windows.From a long term cyclic view,a non-myopic method based on reinforcement learning(RL)for multi-pass multi-targets searching was proposed.It learnt system behaviors step by step from each observation which resulted in a dynamic progressive way.Then it decided and adjusted optimal actions in each observation opportunity.System states were indicated by expected information gain.Neural networks algorithm was used to approximate parameters of control policy.Simulation results show that our approach with sufficient training performs significantly better than other myopic approaches which make local optimal decisions for each individual observation opportunity.
文摘【问】[389]在美国朋友来信中,常有visit with这个用语。例如: 1.We decided to come to North Carolina and visitwith our son for 6 weeks. 2.We are talking about the possibility of takinganother trip to Ningbo while we’re there to visit with you.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Nos.2013BAK06B04 and 2014BAD08B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61307124 and 11404129)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province of China(Nos.20120707 and 20140307014SF)the Changchun Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(Nos.11GH01 and 14KG022)the State Key Laboratory on Integrated OptoelectronicsJilin University(No.IOSKL2012ZZ12)
文摘By adopting a distributed feedback laser(DFBL) centered at 1.654 μm, a near-infrared(NIR) methane(CH4) detection system based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS) is experimentally demonstrated. A laser temperature control as well as wavelength modulation module is developed to control the laser's operation temperature. The laser's temperature fluctuation can be limited within the range of-0.02—0.02 °C, and the laser's emitting wavelength varies linearly with the temperature and injection current. An open reflective gas sensing probe is realized to double the absorption optical path length from 0.2 m to 0.4 m. Within the detection range of 0—0.01, gas detection experiments were conducted to derive the relation between harmonic amplitude and gas concentration. Based on the Allan deviation at an integral time of 1 s, the limit of detection(Lo D) is decided to be 2.952×10^(-5) with a path length of 0.4 m, indicating a minimum detectable column density of ~1.2×10^(-5) m. Compared with our previously reported NIR CH_4 detection system, this system exhibits some improvement in both optical and electrical structures, including the analogue temperature controller with less software consumption, simple and reliable open reflective sensing probe.
