Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of...Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
The escalating deployment of distributed power sources and random loads in DC distribution networks hasamplified the potential consequences of faults if left uncontrolled. To expedite the process of achieving an optim...The escalating deployment of distributed power sources and random loads in DC distribution networks hasamplified the potential consequences of faults if left uncontrolled. To expedite the process of achieving an optimalconfiguration of measurement points, this paper presents an optimal configuration scheme for fault locationmeasurement points in DC distribution networks based on an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm.Initially, a measurement point distribution optimization model is formulated, leveraging compressive sensing.The model aims to achieve the minimum number of measurement points while attaining the best compressivesensing reconstruction effect. It incorporates constraints from the compressive sensing algorithm and networkwide viewability. Subsequently, the traditional particle swarm algorithm is enhanced by utilizing the Haltonsequence for population initialization, generating uniformly distributed individuals. This enhancement reducesindividual search blindness and overlap probability, thereby promoting population diversity. Furthermore, anadaptive t-distribution perturbation strategy is introduced during the particle update process to enhance the globalsearch capability and search speed. The established model for the optimal configuration of measurement points issolved, and the results demonstrate the efficacy and practicality of the proposed method. The optimal configurationreduces the number of measurement points, enhances localization accuracy, and improves the convergence speedof the algorithm. These findings validate the effectiveness and utility of the proposed approach.展开更多
The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/D...The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.展开更多
A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to...A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.展开更多
ADC distribution network is an effective solution for increasing renewable energy utilization with distinct benefits,such as high efficiency and easy control.However,a sudden increase in the current after the occurren...ADC distribution network is an effective solution for increasing renewable energy utilization with distinct benefits,such as high efficiency and easy control.However,a sudden increase in the current after the occurrence of faults in the network may adversely affect network stability.This study proposes an artificial neural network(ANN)-based fault detection and protection method for DC distribution networks.The ANN is applied to a classifier for different faults ontheDC line.The backpropagationneuralnetwork is used to predict the line current,and the fault detection threshold is obtained on the basis of the difference between the predicted current and the actual current.The proposed method only uses local signals,with no requirement of a strict communication link.Simulation experiments are conducted for the proposed algorithm on a two-terminal DC distribution network modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC and developed on the MATLAB platform.The results confirm that the proposed method can accurately detect and classify line faults within a few milliseconds and is not affected by fault locations,fault resistance,noise,and communication delay.展开更多
Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays a crucial role in optimization and operation of the bipolar DC distribution network (Bi-DCDN). However, existing OPF models encounter difficulties in the power optimization of Bi-DCDNs d...Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays a crucial role in optimization and operation of the bipolar DC distribution network (Bi-DCDN). However, existing OPF models encounter difficulties in the power optimization of Bi-DCDNs due to the optimal power expressed as a product form, i.e., the product of voltage and current. Hence, this brief formulates the OPF problem of Bi-DCDNs using the branch flow model (BFM). The BFM employs power, instead of current, to account for the unique structure of Bi-DCDNs. Convex relaxation and linear approximation are sequentially applied to reformulate the BFM-based OPF, presenting it as a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem. Further, the effectiveness of the proposed OPF model is verified in case studies. The numerical results demonstrate that the BFM-based OPF is a feasible and promising approach for Bi-DCDNs.展开更多
The multi-voltage-level DC distribution network(MVL-DC-DN)is a promising network for efficiently integrat ing rapidly growing DC loads,and fast-growing load demand would bring a challenge to the MVL-DC-DN in terms of ...The multi-voltage-level DC distribution network(MVL-DC-DN)is a promising network for efficiently integrat ing rapidly growing DC loads,and fast-growing load demand would bring a challenge to the MVL-DC-DN in terms of the maximum loadability.This paper considers the DC electric spring(DC-ES)as a novel candidate flexible resource for en hancing the maximum loadability of the MVL-DC-DN,and pro poses an evaluation method for the maximum loadability.First ly,with the consideration of device constraints,the impact that the DC-ES on the maximum loadability of the DC distribution network(DC-DN)is analyzed via a simplified equivalent cir cuit.Subsequently,the power flow(PF)model of an MVL-DCDN with DC-ESs is established.Finally,a method based on con tinuation power flow(CPF)for evaluating the maximum load ability of an MVL-DC-DN with DC-ESs is proposed.During the evaluation,limitations of the DC-ES and the DC transform er(DCT)are considered.The consideration of the practical con straints avoids the overestimation of the maximum loadability.The case study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
The large-scale integration of DC loads,such as electric vehicles and air conditioners,has increased the peak demand of the distribution network.Therefore,this paper proposes a load peak shaving operation management m...The large-scale integration of DC loads,such as electric vehicles and air conditioners,has increased the peak demand of the distribution network.Therefore,this paper proposes a load peak shaving operation management model based on interactive games among multi-stakeholders(e.g.,distribution network operator,energy storage owner and electric vehicle users)in an AC/DC hybrid distribution network.The supply and demand balance among multiple AC networks can be realized through the DC network with the help of electric vehicles and energy storage when the distribution network operator adjusts the time-of-use electricity price in the peak shaving management model.Distribution network operators aim at minimizing the peak-to-valley difference and maximizing the operation revenue while the energy storage owner and electric vehicle users seek for the greatest benefits in the interactive game process.The above game model is constructed in a master-slave framework,where the existence and uniqueness of the game equilibrium is also proved.Finally,the numerical results show that the proposed operation management model can effectively reduce the peak-to-valley differences while ensuring the best interests of all stakeholders.展开更多
With the evolution of DC distribution networks from traditional radial topologies to more complex multi-branch structures,the number of measurement points supporting synchronous communication remains relatively limite...With the evolution of DC distribution networks from traditional radial topologies to more complex multi-branch structures,the number of measurement points supporting synchronous communication remains relatively limited.This poses challenges for conventional fault distance estimation methods,which are often tailored to simple topologies and are thus difficult to apply to large-scale,multi-node DC networks.To address this,a fault distance estimation method based on sparse measurement of high-frequency electrical quantities is proposed in this paper.First,a preliminary fault line identification model based on compressed sensing is constructed to effectively narrow the fault search range and improve localization efficiency.Then,leveraging the high-frequency impedance characteristics and the voltage-current relationship of electrical quantities,a fault distance estimation approach based on high-frequency measurements from both ends of a line is designed.This enables accurate distance estimation even when the measurement devices are not directly placed at both ends of the faulted line,overcoming the dependence on specific sensor placement inherent in traditional methods.Finally,to further enhance accuracy,an optimization model based on minimizing the high-frequency voltage error at the fault point is introduced to reduce estimation error.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a fault distance estimation error of less than 1%under normal conditions,and maintains good performance even under adverse scenarios.展开更多
Solid-state circuit breakers(SSCBs)are critical components in the protection of medium-voltage DC distribution networks to facilitate arc-free,fast and reliable isolation of DC faults.However,limited by the capacity o...Solid-state circuit breakers(SSCBs)are critical components in the protection of medium-voltage DC distribution networks to facilitate arc-free,fast and reliable isolation of DC faults.However,limited by the capacity of a single semiconductor device,using semi-conductor-based SSCBs at high voltage is challenging.This study presents the details of a 1.5 kV,63 A medi-um-voltage SSCB,composed primarily of a solid-state switch based on three cascaded normally-on silicon car-bide(SiC)junction field-effect transistors(JFETs)and a low-cost programmable gate drive circuit.Dynamic and static voltage sharing among the cascaded SiC JFETs of the SSCB during fault isolation is realized using the pro-posed gate drive circuit.The selection conditions for the key parameters of the SSCB gate driver are also analyzed.Additionally,an improved pulse-width modulation cur-rent-limiting protection solution is proposed to identify the permanent overcurrent and transient inrush current associated with capacitive load startup in a DC distribu-tion network.Using the developed SSCB prototype and the fault test system,experimental results are obtained to validate the fault response performance of the SSCB.Index Terms—Solid-state circuit breaker,DC distribu-tion network,SiC JFET,voltage balancing,inrush current.展开更多
The DC distribution network system equipped with a large number of power electronic equipment exhibits weak damping characteristics and is prone to low-frequency and high-frequency unstable oscillations.The current in...The DC distribution network system equipped with a large number of power electronic equipment exhibits weak damping characteristics and is prone to low-frequency and high-frequency unstable oscillations.The current interpretation of the oscillation mechanism has not been unified.Firstly,this paper established the complete statespace model of the distribution system consisting of a large number of electric vehicles,characteristic equation of the distribution network system is derived by establishing a state-space model,and simplified reduced-order equations describing the low-frequency oscillation and the high-frequency oscillation are obtained.Secondly,based on eigenvalue analysis,the oscillation modes and the influence of the key system parameters on the oscillation mode are studied.Besides,impacts of key factors,such as distribution network connection topology and number of dynamic loads,have been discussed to suppress oscillatory instability caused by inappropriate design or dynamic interactions.Finally,using the DC distribution example system,through model calculation and time-domain simulation analysis,the correctness of the aforementioned analysis is verified.展开更多
With the development of power electronic technologies and distributed power generation,DC distribution networks attract increasing attention due to their various advantages compared with traditional AC distribution ne...With the development of power electronic technologies and distributed power generation,DC distribution networks attract increasing attention due to their various advantages compared with traditional AC distribution networks.However,DC fault protection is one of the major issues in DC distribution networks.To improve their reliability and protect the semiconductor devices under DC faults,a current-limiting and energy-transferring DC circuit breaker topology is proposed in this paper.By applying passive components and thyristors,the proposed topology is capable of quickly limiting the fault current and transferring the faulty energy.The working principle,mathematical model and parameter designing method of the proposed topology are presented in this paper.The simulation results verify that the proposed DC circuit breaker could effectively limit the fault current and quickly interrupt the fault current.Cost and conduction power loss evaluation proves the practicality of the proposed topology in medium-voltage DC distribution networks.展开更多
Due to the advantages such as low line cost,low transmission loss,and high power supply reliability,DC distribution networks have become the main development trend for future distribution networks.In this paper,a typi...Due to the advantages such as low line cost,low transmission loss,and high power supply reliability,DC distribution networks have become the main development trend for future distribution networks.In this paper,a typical DC distribution network with multiple voltage levels is considered as a research object.It is proposed that the interface converters between DC buses with different voltage levels be implemented through the series-parallel combination of full-bridge LLC resonant converters.To realize the decentralized self-discipline control of DC voltage under various working conditions,different slack buses are prepared according to the voltage ranges of the DC buses,and the voltage regulation modes of the DC distribution network are divided into main voltage regulation mode,backup voltage regulation mode,and off-grid voltage droop regulation mode.By introducing a voltage coefficient related to DC voltage deviation as a basis for mode switching,the voltage fluctuations caused by slow switching between control modes in the method of traditional voltage margin control is reduced,facilitating fast and smooth switching between different voltage regulation modes.Finally,a simulation model for DC distribution networks is constructed utilizing MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed voltage regulation modes and switching methods for DC distribution networks.Finally,an experimental platform is also constructed to verify the feasibility of the mode switching method proposed in this paper.展开更多
As the structures of multiple branch lines(MBLs)will be widely applied in the future flexible DC distribution network,there is a urgent need for improving system reliability by tackling the frequent non-permanent pole...As the structures of multiple branch lines(MBLs)will be widely applied in the future flexible DC distribution network,there is a urgent need for improving system reliability by tackling the frequent non-permanent pole-to-pole(P-P)fault on distribution lines.A novel fault restoration strategy based on local information is proposed to solve this issue.The strategy firstly splits a double-ended power supply network into two single-ended power supply networks through the timing difference characteristics of a hybrid direct current circuit breaker(HDCCB)entering the recloser.Then,a method based on the characteristic of the transient energy of fault current is proposed to screen the faulty branch line in each single-ended power supply network.Also,a four-terminal flexible DC distribution network with MBLs is constructed on PSCAD to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed strategy.Various factors such as noise,fault location,and DC arc equivalent resistance are considered in the simulation model for testing.Test results prove that the proposed strategy for fault restoration is effective,and features high performance and scalability.展开更多
The upscaling requirements of energy transition highlight the urgent need for ramping up renewables and boosting system efficiencies.However,the stochastic nature of excessive renewable energy resources has challenged...The upscaling requirements of energy transition highlight the urgent need for ramping up renewables and boosting system efficiencies.However,the stochastic nature of excessive renewable energy resources has challenged stable and efficient operation of the power system.Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)have been identified as critical to mitigate random fluctuations,unnecessary green energy curtailment and load shedding with rapid response and flexible connection.On the other hand,an AC/DC hybrid distribution system can offer merged benefits in both AC and DC subsystems without additional losses during AC/DC power conversion.Therefore,configuring BESSs on an AC/DC distribution system is wellpositioned to meet challenges brought by carbon reductions in an efficient way.A bi-level optimization model of BESS capacity allocation for AC/DC hybrid distribution systems,considering the flexibility of voltage source converters(VSCs)and power conversion systems(PCSs),has been established in this paper to address the techno-economic issues that hindered wide implementation.The large-scale nonlinear programming problem has been solved utilizing a genetic algorithm combined with second-order cone programming.Rationality and effectiveness of the model have been verified by setting different scenarios through case studies.Simulation results have demonstrated the coordinated operation of BESS and AC/DC hybrid systems can effectively suppress voltage fluctuations and improve the cost-benefit of BESSs from a life cycle angle.展开更多
Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distri...Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distribution networks and the frequency of switching still remain.This paper proposes a day-ahead polarity switching strategy to reduce voltage unbalance by optimally switching the polarity of renewable generations and loads while minimizing the switching times simultaneously in the range of a full day.First,a multi-objective optimization model is constructed to minimize the weighted sum of voltage unbalance factors and the sum of number of switching actions in the day based on the power flow model.Second,a two-step solution strategy is proposed to solve the optimization model.Finally,the proposed strategy is validated using 11-node and 34-node distribution networks as case studies,and a switching and stabilizing device is designed to enable unified switching of renewable generations and loads.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the switching times without affecting the improvement of voltage balance.展开更多
Direct current(DC)bus voltage stability is essential for the stable and reliable operation of a DC system.If an oscillation source can be quickly and accurately localized,the oscillation can be adequately eliminated.W...Direct current(DC)bus voltage stability is essential for the stable and reliable operation of a DC system.If an oscillation source can be quickly and accurately localized,the oscillation can be adequately eliminated.We propose a method based on the power spectral density for identifying the voltage oscillation source.Specifically,a DC distribution network model combined with the component connection method is developed,and the network is separated into multiple power modules.Compared with a conventional method,the proposed method does not require determining the model parameters of the entire power grid,which is typically challenging.Furthermore,combined with a novel judgment index,the oscillation source can be identified more intuitively and clearly to enhance the applicability to real power grids.The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using the MATLAB/Simulink software and PLECS RT Box experimental platform.The simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method can accurately identify oscillation sources in a DC distribution network.展开更多
DC technologies will be essential building blocks for future DC distribution networks.As in any DC system,these networks will face crucial threats imposed by short-circuit DC faults.Protection is thus of great interes...DC technologies will be essential building blocks for future DC distribution networks.As in any DC system,these networks will face crucial threats imposed by short-circuit DC faults.Protection is thus of great interest,and it will likely rely on DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Among available configurations,Z-source solid-state circuit breakers(Z-SSCBs)are promising candidates for protecting low and medium-voltage distribution networks,as well as DC equipment due to their structural and control simplicity and low cost.In this paper,start-ofthe-art of Z-SSCBs topologies is reviewed.To set the context,the use of DC technologies for grid integration of renewables,DC power transmission,and the main types of DCCBs to protect DC transmission and distribution corridors are discussed.The Z-SSCB topologies are then classified into unidirectional and bidirectional.Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations are compared and analyzed based on existing research.Finally,a perspective on the future development of Z-SSCBs is discussed and potential challenges are elucidated.展开更多
Hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are promising candidates for future applications due to their rapid advancement in power electronics technology.They use interface converters(IFCs)to link DC and AC distribution netw...Hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are promising candidates for future applications due to their rapid advancement in power electronics technology.They use interface converters(IFCs)to link DC and AC distribution networks.However,the networks possess drawbacks with AC voltage and frequency offsets when transferring from grid-tied to islanding modes.To address these problems,this paper proposes a simple but effective strategy based on the reverse droop method.Initially,the power balance equation of the distribution system is derived,which reveals that the cause of voltage and frequency offsets is the mismatch between the IFC output power and the rated load power.Then,the reverse droop control is introduced into the IFC controller.By using a voltage-active power/frequency-reactive power(U-P/f-Q)reverse droop loop,the IFC output power enables adaptive tracking of the rated load power.Therefore,the AC voltage offset and frequency offset are suppressed during the transfer process of operational modes.In addition,the universal parameter design method is discussed based on the stability limitations of the control system and the voltage quality requirements of AC critical loads.Finally,simulation and experimental results clearly validate the proposed control strategy and parameter design method.展开更多
This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical...This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical load (NCL) and internal storage. It can offer higher power quality to critical load (CL), reduce power imbalance and relieve pressure on energy storage systems (RESs). In this paper, a planning method for parallel DCESs is proposed to maximize stability gain, economic benefits, and penetration of RESs. The planning model is a master optimization with sub-optimization to highlight the priority of objectives. Master optimization is used to improve stability of the network, and sub-optimization aims to improve economic benefit and allowable penetration of RESs. This issue is a multivariable nonlinear mixed integer problem, requiring huge calculations by using common solvers. Therefore, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) and Elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were used to solve this model. Considering uncertainty of RESs, this paper verifies effectiveness of the proposed planning method on IEEE 33-bus system based on deterministic scenarios obtained by scenario analysis.展开更多
文摘Distributed photovoltaic(PV)is one of the important power sources for building a new power system with new energy as the main body.The rapid development of distributed PV has brought new challenges to the operation of distribution networks.In order to improve the absorption ability of large-scale distributed PV access to the distribution network,the AC/DC hybrid distribution network is constructed based on flexible interconnection technology,and a coordinated scheduling strategy model of hydrogen energy storage(HS)and distributed PV is established.Firstly,the mathematical model of distributed PV and HS system is established,and a comprehensive energy storage system combining seasonal hydrogen energy storage(SHS)and battery(BT)is proposed.Then,a flexible interconnected distribution network scheduling optimization model is established to minimize the total active power loss,voltage deviation and system operating cost.Finally,simulation analysis is carried out on the improved IEEE33 node,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve specific examples,and the optimal scheduling results of the comprehensive economy and power quality of the distribution network are obtained.Compared with the method that does not consider HS and flexible interconnection technology,the network loss and voltage deviation of this method are lower,and the total system cost can be reduced by 3.55%,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52177074).
文摘The escalating deployment of distributed power sources and random loads in DC distribution networks hasamplified the potential consequences of faults if left uncontrolled. To expedite the process of achieving an optimalconfiguration of measurement points, this paper presents an optimal configuration scheme for fault locationmeasurement points in DC distribution networks based on an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm.Initially, a measurement point distribution optimization model is formulated, leveraging compressive sensing.The model aims to achieve the minimum number of measurement points while attaining the best compressivesensing reconstruction effect. It incorporates constraints from the compressive sensing algorithm and networkwide viewability. Subsequently, the traditional particle swarm algorithm is enhanced by utilizing the Haltonsequence for population initialization, generating uniformly distributed individuals. This enhancement reducesindividual search blindness and overlap probability, thereby promoting population diversity. Furthermore, anadaptive t-distribution perturbation strategy is introduced during the particle update process to enhance the globalsearch capability and search speed. The established model for the optimal configuration of measurement points issolved, and the results demonstrate the efficacy and practicality of the proposed method. The optimal configurationreduces the number of measurement points, enhances localization accuracy, and improves the convergence speedof the algorithm. These findings validate the effectiveness and utility of the proposed approach.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0900500,2017YFB0903100)the State Grid Science and Technology Project (SGRI-DL-F1-51-011)
文摘The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.
文摘A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.
基金supported by Key Natural Science Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(No.2022AH051831).
文摘ADC distribution network is an effective solution for increasing renewable energy utilization with distinct benefits,such as high efficiency and easy control.However,a sudden increase in the current after the occurrence of faults in the network may adversely affect network stability.This study proposes an artificial neural network(ANN)-based fault detection and protection method for DC distribution networks.The ANN is applied to a classifier for different faults ontheDC line.The backpropagationneuralnetwork is used to predict the line current,and the fault detection threshold is obtained on the basis of the difference between the predicted current and the actual current.The proposed method only uses local signals,with no requirement of a strict communication link.Simulation experiments are conducted for the proposed algorithm on a two-terminal DC distribution network modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC and developed on the MATLAB platform.The results confirm that the proposed method can accurately detect and classify line faults within a few milliseconds and is not affected by fault locations,fault resistance,noise,and communication delay.
文摘Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays a crucial role in optimization and operation of the bipolar DC distribution network (Bi-DCDN). However, existing OPF models encounter difficulties in the power optimization of Bi-DCDNs due to the optimal power expressed as a product form, i.e., the product of voltage and current. Hence, this brief formulates the OPF problem of Bi-DCDNs using the branch flow model (BFM). The BFM employs power, instead of current, to account for the unique structure of Bi-DCDNs. Convex relaxation and linear approximation are sequentially applied to reformulate the BFM-based OPF, presenting it as a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem. Further, the effectiveness of the proposed OPF model is verified in case studies. The numerical results demonstrate that the BFM-based OPF is a feasible and promising approach for Bi-DCDNs.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077017).
文摘The multi-voltage-level DC distribution network(MVL-DC-DN)is a promising network for efficiently integrat ing rapidly growing DC loads,and fast-growing load demand would bring a challenge to the MVL-DC-DN in terms of the maximum loadability.This paper considers the DC electric spring(DC-ES)as a novel candidate flexible resource for en hancing the maximum loadability of the MVL-DC-DN,and pro poses an evaluation method for the maximum loadability.First ly,with the consideration of device constraints,the impact that the DC-ES on the maximum loadability of the DC distribution network(DC-DN)is analyzed via a simplified equivalent cir cuit.Subsequently,the power flow(PF)model of an MVL-DCDN with DC-ESs is established.Finally,a method based on con tinuation power flow(CPF)for evaluating the maximum load ability of an MVL-DC-DN with DC-ESs is proposed.During the evaluation,limitations of the DC-ES and the DC transform er(DCT)are considered.The consideration of the practical con straints avoids the overestimation of the maximum loadability.The case study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFE0123600)the State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(Grant No.LAPS21005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52077146).
文摘The large-scale integration of DC loads,such as electric vehicles and air conditioners,has increased the peak demand of the distribution network.Therefore,this paper proposes a load peak shaving operation management model based on interactive games among multi-stakeholders(e.g.,distribution network operator,energy storage owner and electric vehicle users)in an AC/DC hybrid distribution network.The supply and demand balance among multiple AC networks can be realized through the DC network with the help of electric vehicles and energy storage when the distribution network operator adjusts the time-of-use electricity price in the peak shaving management model.Distribution network operators aim at minimizing the peak-to-valley difference and maximizing the operation revenue while the energy storage owner and electric vehicle users seek for the greatest benefits in the interactive game process.The above game model is constructed in a master-slave framework,where the existence and uniqueness of the game equilibrium is also proved.Finally,the numerical results show that the proposed operation management model can effectively reduce the peak-to-valley differences while ensuring the best interests of all stakeholders.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52177074.
文摘With the evolution of DC distribution networks from traditional radial topologies to more complex multi-branch structures,the number of measurement points supporting synchronous communication remains relatively limited.This poses challenges for conventional fault distance estimation methods,which are often tailored to simple topologies and are thus difficult to apply to large-scale,multi-node DC networks.To address this,a fault distance estimation method based on sparse measurement of high-frequency electrical quantities is proposed in this paper.First,a preliminary fault line identification model based on compressed sensing is constructed to effectively narrow the fault search range and improve localization efficiency.Then,leveraging the high-frequency impedance characteristics and the voltage-current relationship of electrical quantities,a fault distance estimation approach based on high-frequency measurements from both ends of a line is designed.This enables accurate distance estimation even when the measurement devices are not directly placed at both ends of the faulted line,overcoming the dependence on specific sensor placement inherent in traditional methods.Finally,to further enhance accuracy,an optimization model based on minimizing the high-frequency voltage error at the fault point is introduced to reduce estimation error.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a fault distance estimation error of less than 1%under normal conditions,and maintains good performance even under adverse scenarios.
基金supported in part by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2021JJ40172).
文摘Solid-state circuit breakers(SSCBs)are critical components in the protection of medium-voltage DC distribution networks to facilitate arc-free,fast and reliable isolation of DC faults.However,limited by the capacity of a single semiconductor device,using semi-conductor-based SSCBs at high voltage is challenging.This study presents the details of a 1.5 kV,63 A medi-um-voltage SSCB,composed primarily of a solid-state switch based on three cascaded normally-on silicon car-bide(SiC)junction field-effect transistors(JFETs)and a low-cost programmable gate drive circuit.Dynamic and static voltage sharing among the cascaded SiC JFETs of the SSCB during fault isolation is realized using the pro-posed gate drive circuit.The selection conditions for the key parameters of the SSCB gate driver are also analyzed.Additionally,an improved pulse-width modulation cur-rent-limiting protection solution is proposed to identify the permanent overcurrent and transient inrush current associated with capacitive load startup in a DC distribu-tion network.Using the developed SSCB prototype and the fault test system,experimental results are obtained to validate the fault response performance of the SSCB.Index Terms—Solid-state circuit breaker,DC distribu-tion network,SiC JFET,voltage balancing,inrush current.
基金supported by the State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Economic and Technical Research Institute Project(Grant No.SGSDJY00GPJS2100135).
文摘The DC distribution network system equipped with a large number of power electronic equipment exhibits weak damping characteristics and is prone to low-frequency and high-frequency unstable oscillations.The current interpretation of the oscillation mechanism has not been unified.Firstly,this paper established the complete statespace model of the distribution system consisting of a large number of electric vehicles,characteristic equation of the distribution network system is derived by establishing a state-space model,and simplified reduced-order equations describing the low-frequency oscillation and the high-frequency oscillation are obtained.Secondly,based on eigenvalue analysis,the oscillation modes and the influence of the key system parameters on the oscillation mode are studied.Besides,impacts of key factors,such as distribution network connection topology and number of dynamic loads,have been discussed to suppress oscillatory instability caused by inappropriate design or dynamic interactions.Finally,using the DC distribution example system,through model calculation and time-domain simulation analysis,the correctness of the aforementioned analysis is verified.
基金This work is supported by National Key R&D Program(2018YFB0904600).
文摘With the development of power electronic technologies and distributed power generation,DC distribution networks attract increasing attention due to their various advantages compared with traditional AC distribution networks.However,DC fault protection is one of the major issues in DC distribution networks.To improve their reliability and protect the semiconductor devices under DC faults,a current-limiting and energy-transferring DC circuit breaker topology is proposed in this paper.By applying passive components and thyristors,the proposed topology is capable of quickly limiting the fault current and transferring the faulty energy.The working principle,mathematical model and parameter designing method of the proposed topology are presented in this paper.The simulation results verify that the proposed DC circuit breaker could effectively limit the fault current and quickly interrupt the fault current.Cost and conduction power loss evaluation proves the practicality of the proposed topology in medium-voltage DC distribution networks.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2019JBM057)。
文摘Due to the advantages such as low line cost,low transmission loss,and high power supply reliability,DC distribution networks have become the main development trend for future distribution networks.In this paper,a typical DC distribution network with multiple voltage levels is considered as a research object.It is proposed that the interface converters between DC buses with different voltage levels be implemented through the series-parallel combination of full-bridge LLC resonant converters.To realize the decentralized self-discipline control of DC voltage under various working conditions,different slack buses are prepared according to the voltage ranges of the DC buses,and the voltage regulation modes of the DC distribution network are divided into main voltage regulation mode,backup voltage regulation mode,and off-grid voltage droop regulation mode.By introducing a voltage coefficient related to DC voltage deviation as a basis for mode switching,the voltage fluctuations caused by slow switching between control modes in the method of traditional voltage margin control is reduced,facilitating fast and smooth switching between different voltage regulation modes.Finally,a simulation model for DC distribution networks is constructed utilizing MATLAB/Simulink.Simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed voltage regulation modes and switching methods for DC distribution networks.Finally,an experimental platform is also constructed to verify the feasibility of the mode switching method proposed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51877174)。
文摘As the structures of multiple branch lines(MBLs)will be widely applied in the future flexible DC distribution network,there is a urgent need for improving system reliability by tackling the frequent non-permanent pole-to-pole(P-P)fault on distribution lines.A novel fault restoration strategy based on local information is proposed to solve this issue.The strategy firstly splits a double-ended power supply network into two single-ended power supply networks through the timing difference characteristics of a hybrid direct current circuit breaker(HDCCB)entering the recloser.Then,a method based on the characteristic of the transient energy of fault current is proposed to screen the faulty branch line in each single-ended power supply network.Also,a four-terminal flexible DC distribution network with MBLs is constructed on PSCAD to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed strategy.Various factors such as noise,fault location,and DC arc equivalent resistance are considered in the simulation model for testing.Test results prove that the proposed strategy for fault restoration is effective,and features high performance and scalability.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777134)in part by a joint project of NSFC of China and EPSRC of UK(No.52061635103 and EP/T021969/1).
文摘The upscaling requirements of energy transition highlight the urgent need for ramping up renewables and boosting system efficiencies.However,the stochastic nature of excessive renewable energy resources has challenged stable and efficient operation of the power system.Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)have been identified as critical to mitigate random fluctuations,unnecessary green energy curtailment and load shedding with rapid response and flexible connection.On the other hand,an AC/DC hybrid distribution system can offer merged benefits in both AC and DC subsystems without additional losses during AC/DC power conversion.Therefore,configuring BESSs on an AC/DC distribution system is wellpositioned to meet challenges brought by carbon reductions in an efficient way.A bi-level optimization model of BESS capacity allocation for AC/DC hybrid distribution systems,considering the flexibility of voltage source converters(VSCs)and power conversion systems(PCSs),has been established in this paper to address the techno-economic issues that hindered wide implementation.The large-scale nonlinear programming problem has been solved utilizing a genetic algorithm combined with second-order cone programming.Rationality and effectiveness of the model have been verified by setting different scenarios through case studies.Simulation results have demonstrated the coordinated operation of BESS and AC/DC hybrid systems can effectively suppress voltage fluctuations and improve the cost-benefit of BESSs from a life cycle angle.
基金supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022CDJXY-007)。
文摘Bipolar direct current(DC)distribution networks can effectively improve the connection flexibility for renewable generations and loads.In practice,concerns regarding the potential voltage unbalance issue of the distribution networks and the frequency of switching still remain.This paper proposes a day-ahead polarity switching strategy to reduce voltage unbalance by optimally switching the polarity of renewable generations and loads while minimizing the switching times simultaneously in the range of a full day.First,a multi-objective optimization model is constructed to minimize the weighted sum of voltage unbalance factors and the sum of number of switching actions in the day based on the power flow model.Second,a two-step solution strategy is proposed to solve the optimization model.Finally,the proposed strategy is validated using 11-node and 34-node distribution networks as case studies,and a switching and stabilizing device is designed to enable unified switching of renewable generations and loads.Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the switching times without affecting the improvement of voltage balance.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51807112)。
文摘Direct current(DC)bus voltage stability is essential for the stable and reliable operation of a DC system.If an oscillation source can be quickly and accurately localized,the oscillation can be adequately eliminated.We propose a method based on the power spectral density for identifying the voltage oscillation source.Specifically,a DC distribution network model combined with the component connection method is developed,and the network is separated into multiple power modules.Compared with a conventional method,the proposed method does not require determining the model parameters of the entire power grid,which is typically challenging.Furthermore,combined with a novel judgment index,the oscillation source can be identified more intuitively and clearly to enhance the applicability to real power grids.The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using the MATLAB/Simulink software and PLECS RT Box experimental platform.The simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method can accurately identify oscillation sources in a DC distribution network.
基金This work was supported in part by FLEXIS.FLEXIS is part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF),through the Welsh Government(WEFO case number 80836)The work was also supported in part by the UK EPSRC Sustainable urban power supply through intelligent control and enhanced restoration of AC/DC networks,under Grant EP/T021985/1in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52272403)。
文摘DC technologies will be essential building blocks for future DC distribution networks.As in any DC system,these networks will face crucial threats imposed by short-circuit DC faults.Protection is thus of great interest,and it will likely rely on DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Among available configurations,Z-source solid-state circuit breakers(Z-SSCBs)are promising candidates for protecting low and medium-voltage distribution networks,as well as DC equipment due to their structural and control simplicity and low cost.In this paper,start-ofthe-art of Z-SSCBs topologies is reviewed.To set the context,the use of DC technologies for grid integration of renewables,DC power transmission,and the main types of DCCBs to protect DC transmission and distribution corridors are discussed.The Z-SSCB topologies are then classified into unidirectional and bidirectional.Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations are compared and analyzed based on existing research.Finally,a perspective on the future development of Z-SSCBs is discussed and potential challenges are elucidated.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0904700).
文摘Hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are promising candidates for future applications due to their rapid advancement in power electronics technology.They use interface converters(IFCs)to link DC and AC distribution networks.However,the networks possess drawbacks with AC voltage and frequency offsets when transferring from grid-tied to islanding modes.To address these problems,this paper proposes a simple but effective strategy based on the reverse droop method.Initially,the power balance equation of the distribution system is derived,which reveals that the cause of voltage and frequency offsets is the mismatch between the IFC output power and the rated load power.Then,the reverse droop control is introduced into the IFC controller.By using a voltage-active power/frequency-reactive power(U-P/f-Q)reverse droop loop,the IFC output power enables adaptive tracking of the rated load power.Therefore,the AC voltage offset and frequency offset are suppressed during the transfer process of operational modes.In addition,the universal parameter design method is discussed based on the stability limitations of the control system and the voltage quality requirements of AC critical loads.Finally,simulation and experimental results clearly validate the proposed control strategy and parameter design method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52177171 and 51877040Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment,Southeast University,China.
文摘This paper addresses the planning problem of parallel DC electric springs (DCESs). DCES, a demand-side management method, realizes automatic matching of power consumption and power generation by adjusting non-critical load (NCL) and internal storage. It can offer higher power quality to critical load (CL), reduce power imbalance and relieve pressure on energy storage systems (RESs). In this paper, a planning method for parallel DCESs is proposed to maximize stability gain, economic benefits, and penetration of RESs. The planning model is a master optimization with sub-optimization to highlight the priority of objectives. Master optimization is used to improve stability of the network, and sub-optimization aims to improve economic benefit and allowable penetration of RESs. This issue is a multivariable nonlinear mixed integer problem, requiring huge calculations by using common solvers. Therefore, particle Swarm optimization (PSO) and Elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were used to solve this model. Considering uncertainty of RESs, this paper verifies effectiveness of the proposed planning method on IEEE 33-bus system based on deterministic scenarios obtained by scenario analysis.
