Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;&...Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the basement membrane of the breast ductal system. There is a lot of disparity in the natural history of DCIS with an estimated incidence of progression to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">invasive ductal carcinoma between 20%</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 53% over ten or more years afte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial diagnosis. The surgical and adjuvant management of DCIS has advanced significantly in the last couple of decades. Nonetheless, surgeons, medical oncologist</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and radiation oncologists, along with their patients, still depend on conve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ntional clinical and pathologic risk factors to make management decisions. Irrespective of the management strategy, long-term survival is excel</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lent. The debate around DCIS relates to preventing either under-treatment or over-treatment. In this paper, we will review the incidence and management </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">options of DCIS. Additionally, we will focus on several current disputes related</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to the management of DCIS, including breast conserving surgery, the role of radiation in breast conservation surgery, sentinel node biopsy in DCIS, hormonal therapy, various risk stratification schemes, and the option of active surveillance for low-risk DCIS.展开更多
More than 90% of breast cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis not primary tumor. To effectively reduce cancer mortality, it is extremely important to predict the risk of, and to intervene in, the critical tra...More than 90% of breast cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis not primary tumor. To effectively reduce cancer mortality, it is extremely important to predict the risk of, and to intervene in, the critical transition from展开更多
Abstract: Ductal carcinoma in-situ DCIS is a heterogeneous entity in breast neoplasm with unpredictable biological behavior. This poses challenge in the management of DCIS. Various trials on DCIS have shown good outco...Abstract: Ductal carcinoma in-situ DCIS is a heterogeneous entity in breast neoplasm with unpredictable biological behavior. This poses challenge in the management of DCIS. Various trials on DCIS have shown good outcome with integral treatment of adequate surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. Identification of subgroup of DCIS for radiotherapy and hormonal therapy could improve recurrence rate, contralateral tumours incidence and perhaps overall survival. Various risk score calculations could help to direct radiotherapy and hormonal treatment verses surgery alone and to avoid over treatment. Oncotype DX assay could be a new way of risk calculation to direct types of DCIS treatment. The recent increased use of MRI could increase the detection of DCIS and a more accurate extent of disease estimation. This article is a summary of major literatures and major trials result for DCIS.展开更多
Desertification poses a significant ecological threat to global sustainability,notably within arid regions such as the Tarim Basin surrounding the extensive Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China.This study used the Goo...Desertification poses a significant ecological threat to global sustainability,notably within arid regions such as the Tarim Basin surrounding the extensive Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China.This study used the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform and Random Forest(RF)to analyze multi-temporal Landsat images to reveal desertification dynamics in the Tarim Basin spanning from 1990 to 2020.The results showed that land use types of the Tarim Basin were classified into three types:artificial oases,natural oases,and desertified land.To robustly quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use,we introduced the Desertification Change Index(DCI),a novel metric specifically designed to measure the transformation sensitivity of land use types.Our analysis demonstrated that from 1990 to 2020,artificial oases showed a continuous increasing trend,while desertified land decreased significantly.Natural oases decreased during 1990–2000,then continued to grow,and showed a decreasing trend again after 2015.Moreover,natural oases have mainly been converted into desertified land and artificial oases.Artificial oases were mainly converted into natural oases,and most of desertified land was converted into natural oases.Regions with significant oasis expansion(DCI=2)were mostly concentrated within the influence radius of artificial oases.In contrast,regions with significant oasis degradation(DCI=–2)were generally farther from artificial oases.Finally,this study found that the changes in land use types of the Tarim Basin are mainly driven by human activities,which play a dual role—mitigating desertification by controlling oasis expansion and exacerbating desertification through unsustainable resource utilization.Ultimately,this research provides essential insights for policy-makers and land managers aiming to devise adaptive and sustainable desertification control measures in the Tarim Basin and similarly arid regions globally.展开更多
DCI分析框架(1)和OTT分析框架(2)是新经济地理学中常用的两种模式,本文从这两种分析框架入手分析了自由资本模型(Footloose Capital Model,简称FC模型)的研究内容,对两种分析框架进行了比较,对自由资本模型的使用现状进行了梳理,针对自...DCI分析框架(1)和OTT分析框架(2)是新经济地理学中常用的两种模式,本文从这两种分析框架入手分析了自由资本模型(Footloose Capital Model,简称FC模型)的研究内容,对两种分析框架进行了比较,对自由资本模型的使用现状进行了梳理,针对自由资本模型与新经济地理学模型的发展提出了建议。展开更多
We investigate the influence of gold doping on the transport range of a relativistic electron beam in high-density deuterium–tritium(DT)fuel,which could be encountered in the double-cone ignition laser fusion.We deve...We investigate the influence of gold doping on the transport range of a relativistic electron beam in high-density deuterium–tritium(DT)fuel,which could be encountered in the double-cone ignition laser fusion.We develop the stopping power model to include gold doping and then analyze the influence of Coulomb collision and bremsstrahlung on the electron transport range with different gold doping ratios,consistent with the Geant4 simulations.When the gold doping ratio increases from 0.5%to 30%,the transport range of a 10 Me V electron beam is decreased by 9.6%and 18.5%via the bremsstrahlung.For the 1 Me V beam,the decrease of the range becomes 0.7%and 1.0%.We also investigate the transverse broadening of the electron beam and radiated photon energy reabsorption in a spherical target.When the gold doping ratio is 2%and the beam energy is increased from 1 Me V to 5 Me V,the bremsstrahlung photons cover 2.6%to 10.3%of the total beam energy.Meanwhile,the reabsorbed photon energy is reduced from 31.6%to 8.9%.展开更多
Comprehensively revealing the intensity of drought propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought is crucial for effective drought monitoring and management.However,existing assessments often fail to integrat...Comprehensively revealing the intensity of drought propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought is crucial for effective drought monitoring and management.However,existing assessments often fail to integrate multiple drought characteristics,resulting in incomplete evaluations.To address this limitation,this study introduced the drought comprehensive propagation intensity(DCPI)index,a systematic tool that quantifies propagation intensity and incorporates five drought characteristic indicators(drought frequency,total duration,maximum duration,coverage,and degree)to assess the comprehensive drought intensity in the upper Shiyang River Basin,China from 1961 to 2023.The results indicated that pre-1980s drought propagation was relatively weak(DCPI<0.964),reflecting stable hydrological homeostasis.After the 1980s,the intensity significantly increased,peaking at 5.530(rather strong drought)in the 2000s due to human-induced alterations in surface runoff and ecological changes.Spatially,the western tributaries(e.g.,the Xida River Watershed)presented stronger hydrological drought intensity,whereas the eastern tributaries(e.g.,the Huangyang,Gulang,and Dajing river watersheds)presented higher meteorological drought intensity.The DCPI values decreased from west to east,with near peer-to-peer propagation observed in the Dongda,Huangyang,and Jinta river watersheds,suggesting minimal human interference.A nonlinear relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts was identified,with severe drought frequency and duration emerging as critical drivers of propagation intensity.Notably,trends of meteorological humidification coexist with hydrological aridification,highlighting systemic challenges for water resource management.The DCPI framework enhances the understanding of drought mechanisms by enabling a structured evaluation of drought impacts,which is essential for developing effective water resource strategies and ecological restoration efforts in arid areas.This study underscores the importance of integrating multi-dimensional drought characteristics to improve prediction accuracy and inform policy decisions.展开更多
文摘Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive malignancy confined within</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the basement membrane of the breast ductal system. There is a lot of disparity in the natural history of DCIS with an estimated incidence of progression to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">invasive ductal carcinoma between 20%</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 53% over ten or more years afte</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">initial diagnosis. The surgical and adjuvant management of DCIS has advanced significantly in the last couple of decades. Nonetheless, surgeons, medical oncologist</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and radiation oncologists, along with their patients, still depend on conve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ntional clinical and pathologic risk factors to make management decisions. Irrespective of the management strategy, long-term survival is excel</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lent. The debate around DCIS relates to preventing either under-treatment or over-treatment. In this paper, we will review the incidence and management </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">options of DCIS. Additionally, we will focus on several current disputes related</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to the management of DCIS, including breast conserving surgery, the role of radiation in breast conservation surgery, sentinel node biopsy in DCIS, hormonal therapy, various risk stratification schemes, and the option of active surveillance for low-risk DCIS.
文摘More than 90% of breast cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis not primary tumor. To effectively reduce cancer mortality, it is extremely important to predict the risk of, and to intervene in, the critical transition from
文摘Abstract: Ductal carcinoma in-situ DCIS is a heterogeneous entity in breast neoplasm with unpredictable biological behavior. This poses challenge in the management of DCIS. Various trials on DCIS have shown good outcome with integral treatment of adequate surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. Identification of subgroup of DCIS for radiotherapy and hormonal therapy could improve recurrence rate, contralateral tumours incidence and perhaps overall survival. Various risk score calculations could help to direct radiotherapy and hormonal treatment verses surgery alone and to avoid over treatment. Oncotype DX assay could be a new way of risk calculation to direct types of DCIS treatment. The recent increased use of MRI could increase the detection of DCIS and a more accurate extent of disease estimation. This article is a summary of major literatures and major trials result for DCIS.
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research Program-Investigation and Risk Assessment of Drought and Aeolian Disasters in Tarim River Basin(2021xjkk0300)the Xinjiang Tianshan Talent Program(2022TSYCLJ0002)the Basic Frontier Project of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E3500201).
文摘Desertification poses a significant ecological threat to global sustainability,notably within arid regions such as the Tarim Basin surrounding the extensive Taklimakan Desert in Northwest China.This study used the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform and Random Forest(RF)to analyze multi-temporal Landsat images to reveal desertification dynamics in the Tarim Basin spanning from 1990 to 2020.The results showed that land use types of the Tarim Basin were classified into three types:artificial oases,natural oases,and desertified land.To robustly quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use,we introduced the Desertification Change Index(DCI),a novel metric specifically designed to measure the transformation sensitivity of land use types.Our analysis demonstrated that from 1990 to 2020,artificial oases showed a continuous increasing trend,while desertified land decreased significantly.Natural oases decreased during 1990–2000,then continued to grow,and showed a decreasing trend again after 2015.Moreover,natural oases have mainly been converted into desertified land and artificial oases.Artificial oases were mainly converted into natural oases,and most of desertified land was converted into natural oases.Regions with significant oasis expansion(DCI=2)were mostly concentrated within the influence radius of artificial oases.In contrast,regions with significant oasis degradation(DCI=–2)were generally farther from artificial oases.Finally,this study found that the changes in land use types of the Tarim Basin are mainly driven by human activities,which play a dual role—mitigating desertification by controlling oasis expansion and exacerbating desertification through unsustainable resource utilization.Ultimately,this research provides essential insights for policy-makers and land managers aiming to devise adaptive and sustainable desertification control measures in the Tarim Basin and similarly arid regions globally.
文摘DCI分析框架(1)和OTT分析框架(2)是新经济地理学中常用的两种模式,本文从这两种分析框架入手分析了自由资本模型(Footloose Capital Model,简称FC模型)的研究内容,对两种分析框架进行了比较,对自由资本模型的使用现状进行了梳理,针对自由资本模型与新经济地理学模型的发展提出了建议。
基金Project supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA25050300 and XDA25010100)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0404801)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Research Funds of Renmin University of China(Grant No.20XNLG01)。
文摘We investigate the influence of gold doping on the transport range of a relativistic electron beam in high-density deuterium–tritium(DT)fuel,which could be encountered in the double-cone ignition laser fusion.We develop the stopping power model to include gold doping and then analyze the influence of Coulomb collision and bremsstrahlung on the electron transport range with different gold doping ratios,consistent with the Geant4 simulations.When the gold doping ratio increases from 0.5%to 30%,the transport range of a 10 Me V electron beam is decreased by 9.6%and 18.5%via the bremsstrahlung.For the 1 Me V beam,the decrease of the range becomes 0.7%and 1.0%.We also investigate the transverse broadening of the electron beam and radiated photon energy reabsorption in a spherical target.When the gold doping ratio is 2%and the beam energy is increased from 1 Me V to 5 Me V,the bremsstrahlung photons cover 2.6%to 10.3%of the total beam energy.Meanwhile,the reabsorbed photon energy is reduced from 31.6%to 8.9%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42475177,41877521)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3008505,2016YFA0602402).
文摘Comprehensively revealing the intensity of drought propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought is crucial for effective drought monitoring and management.However,existing assessments often fail to integrate multiple drought characteristics,resulting in incomplete evaluations.To address this limitation,this study introduced the drought comprehensive propagation intensity(DCPI)index,a systematic tool that quantifies propagation intensity and incorporates five drought characteristic indicators(drought frequency,total duration,maximum duration,coverage,and degree)to assess the comprehensive drought intensity in the upper Shiyang River Basin,China from 1961 to 2023.The results indicated that pre-1980s drought propagation was relatively weak(DCPI<0.964),reflecting stable hydrological homeostasis.After the 1980s,the intensity significantly increased,peaking at 5.530(rather strong drought)in the 2000s due to human-induced alterations in surface runoff and ecological changes.Spatially,the western tributaries(e.g.,the Xida River Watershed)presented stronger hydrological drought intensity,whereas the eastern tributaries(e.g.,the Huangyang,Gulang,and Dajing river watersheds)presented higher meteorological drought intensity.The DCPI values decreased from west to east,with near peer-to-peer propagation observed in the Dongda,Huangyang,and Jinta river watersheds,suggesting minimal human interference.A nonlinear relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts was identified,with severe drought frequency and duration emerging as critical drivers of propagation intensity.Notably,trends of meteorological humidification coexist with hydrological aridification,highlighting systemic challenges for water resource management.The DCPI framework enhances the understanding of drought mechanisms by enabling a structured evaluation of drought impacts,which is essential for developing effective water resource strategies and ecological restoration efforts in arid areas.This study underscores the importance of integrating multi-dimensional drought characteristics to improve prediction accuracy and inform policy decisions.
