This paper reviews the research progress on mold detection technologies in milk and dairy products,including rapid test sheet methods,molecular biological detection techniques,metabolomics detection techniques,enzyme-...This paper reviews the research progress on mold detection technologies in milk and dairy products,including rapid test sheet methods,molecular biological detection techniques,metabolomics detection techniques,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and microbial rapid photoelectric detection systems,aiming to provide optimal choices for mold detection.展开更多
Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and p...Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.展开更多
Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain ...Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain variety and processing methods on the net energy(NE)in dairy goats,analyzing these effects at the level of nutrient digestion and metabolism.Methods Eighteen castrated Guanzhong dairy goats(44.25±3.59 kg BW)were randomly divided into 3 groups,each consisting of 6 replicates.The substitution method was employed to determine the NE values of the dry-rolled corn(DRC),dry-rolled wheat(DRW)or steam-flaked corn(SFC,360 g/L).Briefly,two phases were performed.Throughout the basal phase,all goats were fed the same basal diet.In the substitution phase,30%of the basal diet was replaced with DRC,DRW and SFC,respectively.Results In this study,the NE values of the DRC,DRW and SFC were 7.65,7.54 and 7.44 MJ/kg DM,respectively.Compared to the DRC group,the DRW group showed increased digestibility of starch and crude protein(CP).Similarly,the SFC group exhibited increased organic matter(OM)and starch digestibility and a trend towards higher dry matter(DM)digestibility,reduced fecal OM and starch content.Additionally,fecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations decreased in goats fed SFC.Correspondingly,digestible energy(DE)in the DRW and SFC groups tended to be higher than in the DRC group.DRW increased total VFA concentration compared to DRC,while SFC increased the proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen.Both the DRW and SFC diets elevated serum glucose levels.Furthermore,heat increment(HI)and gaseous energy(Gas E)related to fermentation were significantly higher in the DRW and SFC groups compared to the DRC group.Conclusion Our findings indicated that DRW and SFC increased rumen starch fermentation in goats,thereby improving total tract starch digestion and DE.However,DRW and SFC failed to improve NE value due to increased heat and gas energy production from fermentation.Therefore,excessively refined grains processing in the diet of dairy goats does not effectively improve energy efficiency.展开更多
Background Subacute rumen acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder in ruminants that disrupts the rumen microbiome and animal health,but diagnosis is challenging due to subtle symptoms and invasive testing require...Background Subacute rumen acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder in ruminants that disrupts the rumen microbiome and animal health,but diagnosis is challenging due to subtle symptoms and invasive testing require-ments.This study explores the potential of the buccal(oral)microbiome as a diagnostic indicator for SARA,hypoth-esizing an interaction with the rumen microbiome.Results The study involved 47 dairy goats,including 11 on a control diet and 36 on high-concentrate diets with increasing rumen-degradable starch.Animals were grouped based on dietary exposure and ruminal pH:Control,Low-RDS Tolerance/SARA(LRDST/LRDSS),and High-RDS Tolerance/SARA(HRDST/HRDSS).Transcriptomics of rumen epithelium showed heightened inflammatory pathway gene expression in SARA-susceptible goats compared to controls and tolerant groups.Alpha diversity of ruminal bacteria showed lower Shannon diversity in HRDSS goats compared to HRDST whereas buccal bacteria displayed significantly lower Chao1 diversity in LRDSS goats compared to HRDST.Beta diversity analyses revealed distinct patterns between SARA-affected goats and healthy controls in both ruminal and buccal microbiomes.Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 emerged as a candidate biomarker,with reduced abundance in SARA-susceptible goats in both rumen and buccal samples.Machine learning classifiers achieved high accuracy in distinguishing SARA-susceptible goats using this genus(rumen AUC=0.807;buccal AUC=0.779).Source tracking analysis illustrated diminished cross-population of bacteria from the buccal to rumen(2.86%to 0.25%)and vice versa(8.59%to 1.17%),signifying compromised microbial interchange in SARA-affected goats.A microbiota transplant experiment verified SARA microbiota’s ability to induce pH decline,escalate inflammation-related gene expression(MAPK10,IL17B,FOSB,SPP1),disrupt microbial transfer,and reduce Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in recipients.Conclusion Our findings highlight SARA’s dual impact on ruminal and buccal microbiota,exacerbating epithelial inflammation gene expression.Shifts in the buccal microbiome,specifically reductions in Prevotellaceae_UCG-003,mirror ruminal changes and can be influenced by inter-compartmental bacterial transmission,thereby offering a non-invasive diagnostic approach for SARA.展开更多
Background During the transition period,cows are prone to negative energy balance,which can lead to a decline in production performance and health in severe cases.In recent years,it has been discovered that bile acids...Background During the transition period,cows are prone to negative energy balance,which can lead to a decline in production performance and health in severe cases.In recent years,it has been discovered that bile acids(BAs)can act not only as fat emulsifiers but also as signaling molecules to regulate body metabolism.Although BAs have been used to some extent in monogastric and aquatic animals,their role in ruminants,particularly in transition cows,remains unclear.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effects of BAs on the production performance,milk and plasma fatty acid and BA composition,and fecal microbiota in transition dairy cows.Results Forty-six healthy transition Holstein dairy cows with similar conditions were randomly divided into two groups and supplemented with 0 or 20 g/d of BAs from 21 d before the expected calving to 21 d after calving.The production performance was tracked until 60 d after calving.The results indicated that BA supplementation significantly improved postpartum milk fat content and yields as well as the yields of unsaturated fatty acids,monounsaturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk.There was a significant increase in the concentration of triglyceride and the proportion of C≤16 fatty acids in the plasma of cows supplemented with BAs,while the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate and the proportion of C>16 fatty acids in the plasma decreased significantly.BA supplementation significantly altered the composition of the fecal bacterial community and increased the relative abundance of bacteria beneficial for BA metabolism and transformation(Romboutsia,Clostridium sensu_stricto_6,and Clostridium sensu_stricto_1).Functional prediction analysis showed that the relative abundance of bile salt hydrolase,7 α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,and BA inducible E as well as the pathways related to BA metabolism also significantly increased in cows supplemented BAs.In addition,BA supplementation significantly altered the composition of plasma and fecal BAs,particularly increasing circulating secondary BA concentration,which might induce the complete oxidation of fatty acids in the liver and further reduce the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate.Conclusions These findings highlight the potential benefits of BA supplementation in improving milk yields and quality,as well as influencing metabolic pathways in transition dairy cows.Meanwhile,further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the broader implications of these results by using more tissue samples.展开更多
Dairy cattle slurry is a source of nitrogen(N)that can substitute for synthetic fertilizers.This study aimed to identify combinations of synthetic fertilizers and slurry optimal for maize growth and N dynamics in Nort...Dairy cattle slurry is a source of nitrogen(N)that can substitute for synthetic fertilizers.This study aimed to identify combinations of synthetic fertilizers and slurry optimal for maize growth and N dynamics in Northeast China.In a two-year field experiment testing synthetic-to-slurry N fertilization ratios,slurry application increased grain yield and yield components,net economic benefit,and N use efficiency relative to synthetic fertilization but led to higher nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions.A 1:1-1:3 synthetic N:slurry N ratio and slurry application at 60-90 t ha^(-1)balanced productivity with N losses.展开更多
Background Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency(NUE)in lactating dairy cows,defined as milk nitrogen(N)output as a proportion of N consumed,is low,with the majority of excess N excreted in manure.Excreted N can be lost to the envi...Background Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency(NUE)in lactating dairy cows,defined as milk nitrogen(N)output as a proportion of N consumed,is low,with the majority of excess N excreted in manure.Excreted N can be lost to the environment as ammonia gas leading to environmental acidification and nutrient enrichment of sensitive habitats,and to watercourses contributing to aquatic eutrophication.While there is much evidence that NUE can be improved by reducing the crude protein(CP)content of dairy cow diets,the long-term impacts of feeding lower protein diets on cow performance and the rumen microbiome are less well understood.This study examined the effects of reducing the CP contents of dairy cow diets on cow performance,NUE,the relationship between NUE and residual feed intake(RFI),and the rumen microbiome.Results Dietary CP content did not affect feed intake,milk yield or milk composition(P>0.05),except for milk urea N(MUN),which increased with increasing diet CP content(P<0.05).The mean NUE was 34%,34%and 31%for the LCP(low-protein,15%),MCP(medium-protein,16%),and HCP(high-protein,17%)diets,respectively.RFI was negatively correlated with NUE(r=−0.57,P<0.001).The rumen ammonia-N concentrations increased with increasing dietary CP;however,the ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid(VFA)content of the rumen fluid remained constant.Predicted urinary N excretion was greater in the HCP and MCP diets than in the LCP diet.Reducing dietary CP content in dairy cow diets did not affect microbial composition,diversity and functional profiles.The family Bacteroidaceae was more abundant in HE(high-efficiency)cows,whereas the Methanobacteriaceae and the genus Methanobrevibacter were more abundant in LE(low-efficiency)cows.Additionally,propanoate metabolism,cysteine and methionine metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways were more abundant in HE cows,whilst the methane(CH4)metabolism pathway was upregulated in LE cows.Conclusions The results demonstrate that diet CP can be reduced with no loss in cow performance,but with an associated reduction in N excretion.The abundance of microbial populations differed between low and high efficiency cows,which may contribute to the differences in efficiency observed.展开更多
Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,wate...Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,water quality characteristics of dairy wastewater and its impact on the ecological environment were analyzed,and the treatment methods of dairy wastewater at home and abroad in recent years were summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of dairy wastewater.展开更多
Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO...Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO),on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism,inflammation,oxidative stress,and the endocannabinoid system(ECS)in the expelled placenta,as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates.Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat(CTL),FLX,or FO.Placental cotyledons(n=5)were collected immediately after expulsion,and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RTPCR and proteomic analysis.Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.Results FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4),interleukin 10(IL-10),catalase(CAT),cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1),and cannabinoid receptor 2(CNR2)compared with CTL placenta.Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase(FAAH)was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL.Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins;of these,51–59 were differentially abundant between treatments(P≤0.05,|fold change|≥1.5).Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs.CTL and in FO vs.CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes.Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins(FABPs)3 and 7.The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1(CNRIP1)was reduced in FO vs.FLX.In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids.The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1,whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs.CTL placenta.Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs,and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.Conclusion Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta;both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress,however,FO increased some transcriptional ECS components,possibly related to the increased FABPs.Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta.Taken together,different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes,which may affect the neonatal immune system.展开更多
Background Diets rich in starch have been shown to increase a risk of reducing milk fat content in dairy goats.While bile acids(BAs)have been used as a lipid emulsifier in monogastric and aquatic animals,their effect ...Background Diets rich in starch have been shown to increase a risk of reducing milk fat content in dairy goats.While bile acids(BAs)have been used as a lipid emulsifier in monogastric and aquatic animals,their effect on ruminants is not well understood.This study aimed to investigate the impact of BAs supplementation on various aspects of dairy goat physiology,including milk composition,rumen fermentation,gut microbiota,and BA metabolism.Results We randomly divided eighteen healthy primiparity lactating dairy goats(days in milk=100±6 d)into two groups and supplemented them with 0 or 4 g/d of BAs undergoing 5 weeks of feeding on a starch-rich diet.The results showed that BAs supplementation positively influenced milk yield and improved the quality of fatty acids in goat milk.BAs supplementation led to a reduction in saturated fatty acids(C16:0)and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids(cis-9 C18:1),resulting in a healthier milk fatty acid profile.We observed a significant increase in plasma total bile acid concentration while the proportion of rumen short-chain fatty acids was not affected.Furthermore,BAs supplementation induced significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota,favoring the enrichment of specific bacterial groups and altering the balance of microbial populations.Correlation analysis revealed associations between specific bacterial groups(Bacillus and Christensenellaceae R-7 group)and BA types,suggesting a role for the gut microbiota in BA metabolism.Functional prediction analysis revealed notable changes in pathways associated with lipid metabolism,suggesting that BAs supplementation has the potential to modulate lipid-related processes.Conclusion These findings highlight the potential benefits of BAs supplementation in enhancing milk production,improving milk quality,and influencing metabolic pathways in dairy goats.Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the broader implications of these findings.展开更多
Background The dairy cow’s postpartum period is characterized by dramatic physiological changes,therefore imposing severe challenges on the animal for maintaining health and milk output.The dynamics of the ruminal mi...Background The dairy cow’s postpartum period is characterized by dramatic physiological changes,therefore imposing severe challenges on the animal for maintaining health and milk output.The dynamics of the ruminal microbiota are also tremendous and may play a crucial role in lactation launch.We aim to investigate the potential benefits of early microbial intervention by fresh rumen microbiota transplantation(RMT)and sterile RMT in postpartum dairy cows.Twelve fistulated peak-lactation dairy cows were selected to be the donors for rumen fluid collection.Thirty postpartum cows were divided into 3 groups as the transplantation receptors respectively receiving 10 L fresh rumen fluid(FR),10 L sterile rumen fluid(SR),or 10 L saline(CON)during 3 d after calving.Results Production performance,plasma indices,plasma lipidome,ruminal microbiome,and liver transcriptome were recorded.After fresh and sterile RMT,we found that the molar proportion of propionic acid was increased on d 7 in the FR and SR groups and the bacterial composition was also significantly changed when compared with the CON group.A similarity analysis showed that the similarities between the CON group and FR or SR group on d 7 were 48.40%or 47.85%,whereas the similarities between microbiota on d 7 and 21 in the FR and SR groups were 68.34%or 66.85%.Dry matter intake and feed efficiency were not affected by treatments.Plasmaβ-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the FR group was decreased and significantly different lipids mainly included phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.Hepatic transcriptomics analysis indicated acutephase response pathways were upregulated in the SR group.Conclusions Our study suggests that RMT can shorten the transition process of the ruminal microbiota of postpartum dairy cows with no benefit on dry matter intake or feed efficiency.Inoculation with rumen fluid may not be a useful approach to promote the recovery of postpartum dairy cows.展开更多
The placenta plays a crucial role in successful mammalian reproduction.Ruminant animals possess a semi-invasive placenta characterized by a highly vascularized structure formed by maternal endometrial caruncles and fe...The placenta plays a crucial role in successful mammalian reproduction.Ruminant animals possess a semi-invasive placenta characterized by a highly vascularized structure formed by maternal endometrial caruncles and fetal placental cotyledons,essential for full-term fetal development.The cow placenta harbors at least two trophoblast cell populations:uninucleate(UNC)and binucleate(BNC)cells.However,the limited capacity to elucidate the transcriptomic dynamics of the placental natural environment has resulted in a poor understanding of both the molecular and cellular interactions between trophoblast cells and niches,and the molecular mechanisms governing trophoblast differentiation and functionalization.To fill this knowledge gap,we employed Stereo-seq to map spatial gene expression patterns at near single-cell resolution in the cow placenta at 90 and 130 days of gestation,attaining high-resolution,spatially resolved gene expression profiles.Based on clustering and cell marker gene expression analyses,key transcription factors,including YBX1 and NPAS2,were shown to regulate the heterogeneity of trophoblast cell subpopulations.Cell communication and trajectory analysis provided a framework for understanding cell-cell interactions and the differentiation of trophoblasts into BNCs in the placental microenvironment.Differential analysis of cell trajectories identified a set of genes involved in regulation of trophoblast differentiation.Additionally,spatial modules and co-variant genes that help shape specific tissue structures were identified.Together,these findings provide foundational insights into important biological pathways critical to the placental development and function in cows.展开更多
Background Biologically annotated neural networks(BANNs)are feedforward Bayesian neural network models that utilize partially connected architectures based on SN P-set annotations.As an interpretable neural network,BA...Background Biologically annotated neural networks(BANNs)are feedforward Bayesian neural network models that utilize partially connected architectures based on SN P-set annotations.As an interpretable neural network,BANNs model SNP and SNP-set effects in their input and hidden layers,respectively.Furthermore,the weights and connections of the network are regarded as random variables with prior distributions reflecting the manifestation of genetic effects at various genomic scales.However,its application in genomic prediction has yet to be explored.Results This study extended the BANNs framework to the area of genomic selection and explored the optimal SN P-set partitioning strategies by using dairy cattle datasets.The SN P-sets were partitioned based on two strategiesgene annotations and 100 kb windows,denoted as BANN_gene and BANN_100kb,respectively.The BANNs model was compared with GBLU P,random forest(RF),BayesB and BayesCπthrough five replicates of five-fold cross-validation using genotypic and phenotypic data on milk production traits,type traits,and one health trait of 6,558,6,210and 5,962 Chinese Holsteins,respectively.Results showed that the BANNs framework achieves higher genomic prediction accuracy compared to GBLU P,RF and Bayesian methods.Specifically,the BANN_100kb demonstrated superior accuracy and the BANN_gene exhibited generally suboptimal accuracy compared to GBLUP,RF,BayesB and BayesCrr across all traits.The average accuracy improvements of BANN_100kb over GBLU P,RF,BayesB and BayesCrr were 4.86%,3.95%,3.84%and 1.92%,and the accuracy of BANN_gene was improved by3.75%,2.86%,2.73%and 0.85%compared to GBLUP,RF,BayesB and BayesCπ,respectively across all seven traits.Meanwhile,both BANN_100kb and BANN_gene yielded lower overall mean square error values than GBLUP,RF and Bayesian methods.Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the BANNs framework performed better than traditional genomic prediction methods in our tested scenarios,and might serve as a promising alternative approach for genomic prediction in dairy cattle.展开更多
Background As cows transition from pregnancy to lactation,free fatty acids(FFA)are mobilized from adipose tissues(AT)through lipolysis to counter energy deficits.In clinically healthy cows,lipolysis intensity is reduc...Background As cows transition from pregnancy to lactation,free fatty acids(FFA)are mobilized from adipose tissues(AT)through lipolysis to counter energy deficits.In clinically healthy cows,lipolysis intensity is reduced throughout lactation;however,if F FA release exceeds tissue demands or the liver's metabolic capacity,lipid byproducts accumulate,incre a sing cows'risk of metabolic and infectious disease.Endocannabinoids(eCBs)and their congeners,N-acylethanolamines(NAEs),are lipid-based compounds that modulate metabolism and inflammation.Their synthesis and release depend upon the availability of FFA precursors and the abundance of synthesizing and degrading enzymes and transporters.Therefore,we hypothesized that eCB production and transcription of endocannabinoid system components are modulated by lipolysis pathways in adipocytes.To test this hypothesise we stimulated canonical(isoproterenol,1μmol/L;ISO)and inflammatory(lipopolysaccharide,1μg/m L;LPS)lipolysis pathways in adipocytes isolated from the AT of 5 Holstein dairy cows.Following,we assessed lipolysis intensity,adipocytes'release of eCBs,and transcription of endocannabinoid system components.Results We found that ISO and LPS stimulated lipolysis at comparable intensities.Exposure to either treatment tended to elevate the release of eCBs and NAEs by cultured adipocytes;however,specific eCBs and NAEs and the transcriptional profiles differed by treatment.On one hand,ISO enhanced adipocytes'release of 2-arachidonoylglycerol(2-AG)but reduced NAE production.Klotably,ISO enhanced the cells"expression of enzymes associated with 2-AG biosynthesis(INPP5F,GDPD5,GPAT4),transport(CD36),and adipogenesis(PPARG).Conversely,LPS enhanced adipocytes'synthesis and release of N-arachidonoylethanolamide(AEA).This change coincided with enhanced transcription of the NAE-biosynthesizing enzyme,PTPN22,and adipocytes'transcription of genes related to eCB degradation(PTGS2,MGLL,CYP27B1).Furthermore,LPS enhanced adipocytes'transcription of eCB and NAE transporters(HSPA1A,SCP2)and the expression of the anti-adipogenic ion channel,TRPV3.Conclusions Our data provide evidence for distinct modulatory roles of canonical and inflammatory lipolysis pathways over eCB release and transcriptional regulation of biosynthesis,degradation,transport,and ECS signaling in cows'adipocytes.Based on our findings,we conclude that,within adipocytes,eCB production and ECS component expression are,at least in part,mediated by lipolysis in a pathway-dependent manner.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in dairy cows'AT,with potential implications for prevention and treatment of inflammatory and metabolic disorders.展开更多
The aim of this of this experimental study to investigate the effect of 3 voluntary waiting periods (VWP) on health of dairy cows. A total of 100 lactations of 100 Holstein Friesian cows with high milk production (ave...The aim of this of this experimental study to investigate the effect of 3 voluntary waiting periods (VWP) on health of dairy cows. A total of 100 lactations of 100 Holstein Friesian cows with high milk production (average 9.442 ± 620 kg) were randomly (based on the ear tags digits of cows) distributed to 1 to 3 experimental groups with VWP of 50 (VWPG50;n = 32), 100 (VWPG100;n = 34) or 150 days (VWPG150;n = 34). Observations relating to diseases of the cows were made by the farm veterinarian and research personnel. Were defined eight disease: puerperal fever, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, metritis, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts, and claw diseases. The experimental days (ED) were from 4 days in milk (DIM) to 100 days after the next calving. The experiment was managed at Dairy Research Farm ?imnic-Craiova January 2018 to December 2022. A clear set of clinical signs were used to define a case at the diseases without the need for laboratory confirmation. Values of Lactational incidence risk (LIR) median postpartum days at diagnosis and pairwise comparison of proportion between VWPs were calculated. LIR for puerperal fiver, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts and claw disease were 4;5;2;8;8;and 4% respectively. Numerically, cows with VWP of 100 and150 days had more disease cases compared with VWP of 50 days. The differences between experimental groups of cows regarding proportions of cows with disease cases were not statistically significant. Any of the eight disorders reported in this study was analyzed independently to other health problems. For all enrolled cows (n = 100) VWP was extended until 100 or 150 days postpartum with no effect on the lactational incidence risk for the eight disorders analyzed.展开更多
This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium salts of linseed oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) on metabolic and reproductive traits in high-producing dairy cows under grazing. Thirty-six Ho...This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium salts of linseed oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) on metabolic and reproductive traits in high-producing dairy cows under grazing. Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned, in a complete block design, to receive ALA supplementation (0.85 kg∙day−1 of calcium salts of linseed oil) or to remain as untreated control (CON). The concentrate was formulated to offer the same amount of energy across treatments (CON cows received an extra kg of corn to compensate for the higher energy density of ALA treatment). A PMR + Alfalfa pasture was offered to all cows at the same time. A fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) at 80 DIM, preceded by a Presynch plus Ovsynch protocol was implemented for the first service and later, on return to estrus, heat detection and artificial insemination (AI) were performed. Pregnancy diagnosis was checked at 30, 42, 60, and 90 d after AI. Blood and milk samples were taken biweekly. Treatment affected plasma cholesterol concentration (160.36 vs. 186.70 mg∙dl−1, p = 0.03, for ALA and CON, respectively) and on size of corpus luteum (CL, 17.6 vs. 13.7 mm, p = 0.02, for ALA and CON, respectively). Supplementation tended (p = 0.136) to increase conception rate by 200 DIM (81.69% vs. 55.43% in ALA and CON cows, respectively). However, treatment had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and circulating levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Our results suggest that supplementation with calcium salts of linseed oil could enhance ovarian function without affecting energy metabolism in early lactation dairy cows.展开更多
Dairy industry is the pillar of Heilongjiang Province. The contractual relationship of the dairy supply chain played a vital role in the dairy industry for development. The contractual relationship between the main da...Dairy industry is the pillar of Heilongjiang Province. The contractual relationship of the dairy supply chain played a vital role in the dairy industry for development. The contractual relationship between the main dairy farming body and the dairy processing enterprise, as well as the impact of this contractual relationship on their cooperation in dairy supply chain were studied. Taking 366 dairy farming bodies in Heilongjiang Province as the main research objects, Likert scale was used to measure the factors affecting the contractual relationship and applied these factors to the correlation construction of dairy farming body and processing enterprise. Then, confirmatory factor analysis was used to collect data and made the conclusion that once dairy farming body perceived the opportunistic behavior and lacking of cooperation, the trust of dairy processing enterprise would be lost. Additionally, the satisfaction of dairy farming body on partnership also had a positive effect on the level of trust and commitment, the relative dependence and the perception of the partnerships, which made it possible to analyze how to strengthen the contractual relationship and provide theoretical basis for dairy industry development in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
On August 8, 2005. Hohhot was awarded the title of ＂Chinese Dairy Capital＂. Now dairy industry is one of the pillar industries in Hohhot, with strong driving effect to the development of social economy. However; the...On August 8, 2005. Hohhot was awarded the title of ＂Chinese Dairy Capital＂. Now dairy industry is one of the pillar industries in Hohhot, with strong driving effect to the development of social economy. However; the sustainable development of dairy industry in Hohhot is threatened by rapid scale expansion and restriction of environmental supporting capacity, In accord with the ideas and requirements of the circular economy theory, this paper analyzes dairy industry pattern from two aspects and establishes the industry system. The dairy industry mainly consists of cow breeding and dairy process. The circular economy mnst set about from the two aspects. For the most part, dairy processing should start from the two most key links, namely packing and water using.展开更多
[ Objective ] The aim of the research was to reveal the mechanism of Yizhikang powder treatment on dairy cattle with retained placenta from the hemorheological perspective. [ Method] Dairy cattle with retained placent...[ Objective ] The aim of the research was to reveal the mechanism of Yizhikang powder treatment on dairy cattle with retained placenta from the hemorheological perspective. [ Method] Dairy cattle with retained placenta were treated with oral administration of Yizhikang powder. And their hemorheological indexes were measured and compared with the corresponding indicators of pre-administration group, healthy group, and control group （sick but untreated）.[ Result] There was large decrease amplitude in the indexes （whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity reduction viscosity, ESR, ESR equation K value, fibrinogen content, platelet aggregation rate, RBC deformability IF value） of treated dairy cattle with retained placenta. By t test, the indexes, except hematocrit, decreased significantly after treatment （P〈0.05） and reached the status of post partum healthy cows. The hemorheological indexes didn＇t change significantly in the control group before and after treatment. [ Conclusion] Yizhikang powder could significantly improve blood flow state and reduced the occurrence of qi stagnation and blood stasis in perinatal period.展开更多
基金Supported by Research Project on Food Detection Technology Innovation and Standard Integration 2024(YNXM-2024-FW-019).
文摘This paper reviews the research progress on mold detection technologies in milk and dairy products,including rapid test sheet methods,molecular biological detection techniques,metabolomics detection techniques,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and microbial rapid photoelectric detection systems,aiming to provide optimal choices for mold detection.
基金supported by funding from Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchPrairie View A&M University International Center for Goat Research。
文摘Background Lactational performance depends heavily on age,health,and nutrition.L-Citrulline(Cit)is an effective precursor of L-arginine(Arg),an amino acid that has important roles in synthesis of nitric oxide(NO)and polyamines.Ruminal microbes degrade extracellular Arg;however,extracellular L-citrulline(Cit)is not degraded by ruminal microbes due to lack of uptake and can be fed unencapsulated as a precursor for Arg.As NO is a vasodilator,an increase in blood flow and transport of molecules to mammary tissue may enhance lactational performance and milk composition.Increases in polyamine production may increase milk protein synthesis within mammary tissue,thus increasing milk protein content.This study determined,for the first time,effects of dietary Cit supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goats.Methods Does were synchronized to estrus and bred to Alpine bucks.Parturition was induced on d 149 of gestation and does were suckled overnight allowing kid(s)to obtain colostrum before being milked 24 h later(d 1 of lactation).Does were assigned to either control(CON,n=24)or Cit(CIT,n=23)diets.The isonitrogenous control diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(1.37%L-alanine and 1.00%soybean hydrogenated oil).The CIT supplemented diet consisted of 97.63%basal diet and 2.37%supplement(0.5%Cit,0.5%L-glutamine,1%soybean hydrogenated oil,0.37%cornstarch).Diets were group fed ad-libitum by treatment group.Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 30 of lactation,milk volumes measured twice daily,and on d 10,20,and 40 of lactation,milk samples were collected.Results CIT-treated does had greater daily milk production(P<0.05)and there was an effect of day of lactation on daily milk production(P<0.0001).Sire had significant effect on daily milk production as well(P<0.05).Milk compositional analyses revealed Cit supplementation increased solid-non-fat(SNF;P<0.05)and protein(P<0.05)content in milk.Conclusions Our novel results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cit fed ad-libitum in Alpine does increased daily milk yield,milk SNF content,and protein content.Supplemental Cit may be a proxy for Arg in goats to enhance lactational performance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0111800)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project(grant number 2022GD-TSLD-46-0501)。
文摘Background The diverse types and processing methods of grains intricately influence the sites and digestibility of starch digestion,thereby impacting energy utilization.This study aimed to explore the impact of grain variety and processing methods on the net energy(NE)in dairy goats,analyzing these effects at the level of nutrient digestion and metabolism.Methods Eighteen castrated Guanzhong dairy goats(44.25±3.59 kg BW)were randomly divided into 3 groups,each consisting of 6 replicates.The substitution method was employed to determine the NE values of the dry-rolled corn(DRC),dry-rolled wheat(DRW)or steam-flaked corn(SFC,360 g/L).Briefly,two phases were performed.Throughout the basal phase,all goats were fed the same basal diet.In the substitution phase,30%of the basal diet was replaced with DRC,DRW and SFC,respectively.Results In this study,the NE values of the DRC,DRW and SFC were 7.65,7.54 and 7.44 MJ/kg DM,respectively.Compared to the DRC group,the DRW group showed increased digestibility of starch and crude protein(CP).Similarly,the SFC group exhibited increased organic matter(OM)and starch digestibility and a trend towards higher dry matter(DM)digestibility,reduced fecal OM and starch content.Additionally,fecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations decreased in goats fed SFC.Correspondingly,digestible energy(DE)in the DRW and SFC groups tended to be higher than in the DRC group.DRW increased total VFA concentration compared to DRC,while SFC increased the proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio in the rumen.Both the DRW and SFC diets elevated serum glucose levels.Furthermore,heat increment(HI)and gaseous energy(Gas E)related to fermentation were significantly higher in the DRW and SFC groups compared to the DRC group.Conclusion Our findings indicated that DRW and SFC increased rumen starch fermentation in goats,thereby improving total tract starch digestion and DE.However,DRW and SFC failed to improve NE value due to increased heat and gas energy production from fermentation.Therefore,excessively refined grains processing in the diet of dairy goats does not effectively improve energy efficiency.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program for International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation between Governments(2023YFE0111800)the Shaanxi Province’s San Qin Talent Attraction Program for Regional Youth Talents.
文摘Background Subacute rumen acidosis(SARA)is a common metabolic disorder in ruminants that disrupts the rumen microbiome and animal health,but diagnosis is challenging due to subtle symptoms and invasive testing require-ments.This study explores the potential of the buccal(oral)microbiome as a diagnostic indicator for SARA,hypoth-esizing an interaction with the rumen microbiome.Results The study involved 47 dairy goats,including 11 on a control diet and 36 on high-concentrate diets with increasing rumen-degradable starch.Animals were grouped based on dietary exposure and ruminal pH:Control,Low-RDS Tolerance/SARA(LRDST/LRDSS),and High-RDS Tolerance/SARA(HRDST/HRDSS).Transcriptomics of rumen epithelium showed heightened inflammatory pathway gene expression in SARA-susceptible goats compared to controls and tolerant groups.Alpha diversity of ruminal bacteria showed lower Shannon diversity in HRDSS goats compared to HRDST whereas buccal bacteria displayed significantly lower Chao1 diversity in LRDSS goats compared to HRDST.Beta diversity analyses revealed distinct patterns between SARA-affected goats and healthy controls in both ruminal and buccal microbiomes.Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 emerged as a candidate biomarker,with reduced abundance in SARA-susceptible goats in both rumen and buccal samples.Machine learning classifiers achieved high accuracy in distinguishing SARA-susceptible goats using this genus(rumen AUC=0.807;buccal AUC=0.779).Source tracking analysis illustrated diminished cross-population of bacteria from the buccal to rumen(2.86%to 0.25%)and vice versa(8.59%to 1.17%),signifying compromised microbial interchange in SARA-affected goats.A microbiota transplant experiment verified SARA microbiota’s ability to induce pH decline,escalate inflammation-related gene expression(MAPK10,IL17B,FOSB,SPP1),disrupt microbial transfer,and reduce Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in recipients.Conclusion Our findings highlight SARA’s dual impact on ruminal and buccal microbiota,exacerbating epithelial inflammation gene expression.Shifts in the buccal microbiome,specifically reductions in Prevotellaceae_UCG-003,mirror ruminal changes and can be influenced by inter-compartmental bacterial transmission,thereby offering a non-invasive diagnostic approach for SARA.
基金supported by the National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy(No.2024-JSGG-021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32102570)the Key Research and Development Project of Ningxia(No.2024BBF01006).
文摘Background During the transition period,cows are prone to negative energy balance,which can lead to a decline in production performance and health in severe cases.In recent years,it has been discovered that bile acids(BAs)can act not only as fat emulsifiers but also as signaling molecules to regulate body metabolism.Although BAs have been used to some extent in monogastric and aquatic animals,their role in ruminants,particularly in transition cows,remains unclear.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effects of BAs on the production performance,milk and plasma fatty acid and BA composition,and fecal microbiota in transition dairy cows.Results Forty-six healthy transition Holstein dairy cows with similar conditions were randomly divided into two groups and supplemented with 0 or 20 g/d of BAs from 21 d before the expected calving to 21 d after calving.The production performance was tracked until 60 d after calving.The results indicated that BA supplementation significantly improved postpartum milk fat content and yields as well as the yields of unsaturated fatty acids,monounsaturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk.There was a significant increase in the concentration of triglyceride and the proportion of C≤16 fatty acids in the plasma of cows supplemented with BAs,while the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate and the proportion of C>16 fatty acids in the plasma decreased significantly.BA supplementation significantly altered the composition of the fecal bacterial community and increased the relative abundance of bacteria beneficial for BA metabolism and transformation(Romboutsia,Clostridium sensu_stricto_6,and Clostridium sensu_stricto_1).Functional prediction analysis showed that the relative abundance of bile salt hydrolase,7 α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,and BA inducible E as well as the pathways related to BA metabolism also significantly increased in cows supplemented BAs.In addition,BA supplementation significantly altered the composition of plasma and fecal BAs,particularly increasing circulating secondary BA concentration,which might induce the complete oxidation of fatty acids in the liver and further reduce the concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate.Conclusions These findings highlight the potential benefits of BA supplementation in improving milk yields and quality,as well as influencing metabolic pathways in transition dairy cows.Meanwhile,further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the broader implications of these results by using more tissue samples.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28100200)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD150080202)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China(LCGANE12)the Northeast Agricultural University Scholar Project and Academic Backbones Program(20YJXG13)。
文摘Dairy cattle slurry is a source of nitrogen(N)that can substitute for synthetic fertilizers.This study aimed to identify combinations of synthetic fertilizers and slurry optimal for maize growth and N dynamics in Northeast China.In a two-year field experiment testing synthetic-to-slurry N fertilization ratios,slurry application increased grain yield and yield components,net economic benefit,and N use efficiency relative to synthetic fertilization but led to higher nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions.A 1:1-1:3 synthetic N:slurry N ratio and slurry application at 60-90 t ha^(-1)balanced productivity with N losses.
基金funded by UK Research and Innovation(UKRI)doctoral training grant no:BB/T008776/1the Department of Agriculture,Environment and Rural Affairs(DAERA)by Trouw Nutrition and by John Thompsons and Sons Ltd.
文摘Background Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency(NUE)in lactating dairy cows,defined as milk nitrogen(N)output as a proportion of N consumed,is low,with the majority of excess N excreted in manure.Excreted N can be lost to the environment as ammonia gas leading to environmental acidification and nutrient enrichment of sensitive habitats,and to watercourses contributing to aquatic eutrophication.While there is much evidence that NUE can be improved by reducing the crude protein(CP)content of dairy cow diets,the long-term impacts of feeding lower protein diets on cow performance and the rumen microbiome are less well understood.This study examined the effects of reducing the CP contents of dairy cow diets on cow performance,NUE,the relationship between NUE and residual feed intake(RFI),and the rumen microbiome.Results Dietary CP content did not affect feed intake,milk yield or milk composition(P>0.05),except for milk urea N(MUN),which increased with increasing diet CP content(P<0.05).The mean NUE was 34%,34%and 31%for the LCP(low-protein,15%),MCP(medium-protein,16%),and HCP(high-protein,17%)diets,respectively.RFI was negatively correlated with NUE(r=−0.57,P<0.001).The rumen ammonia-N concentrations increased with increasing dietary CP;however,the ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid(VFA)content of the rumen fluid remained constant.Predicted urinary N excretion was greater in the HCP and MCP diets than in the LCP diet.Reducing dietary CP content in dairy cow diets did not affect microbial composition,diversity and functional profiles.The family Bacteroidaceae was more abundant in HE(high-efficiency)cows,whereas the Methanobacteriaceae and the genus Methanobrevibacter were more abundant in LE(low-efficiency)cows.Additionally,propanoate metabolism,cysteine and methionine metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways were more abundant in HE cows,whilst the methane(CH4)metabolism pathway was upregulated in LE cows.Conclusions The results demonstrate that diet CP can be reduced with no loss in cow performance,but with an associated reduction in N excretion.The abundance of microbial populations differed between low and high efficiency cows,which may contribute to the differences in efficiency observed.
文摘Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,water quality characteristics of dairy wastewater and its impact on the ecological environment were analyzed,and the treatment methods of dairy wastewater at home and abroad in recent years were summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of dairy wastewater.
基金financially supported by the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture,grant number 20-04-0015,Rishon Lezion,Israel。
文摘Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO),on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism,inflammation,oxidative stress,and the endocannabinoid system(ECS)in the expelled placenta,as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates.Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat(CTL),FLX,or FO.Placental cotyledons(n=5)were collected immediately after expulsion,and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RTPCR and proteomic analysis.Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.Results FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4),interleukin 10(IL-10),catalase(CAT),cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1),and cannabinoid receptor 2(CNR2)compared with CTL placenta.Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase(FAAH)was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL.Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins;of these,51–59 were differentially abundant between treatments(P≤0.05,|fold change|≥1.5).Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs.CTL and in FO vs.CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes.Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins(FABPs)3 and 7.The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1(CNRIP1)was reduced in FO vs.FLX.In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids.The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1,whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs.CTL placenta.Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs,and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.Conclusion Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta;both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress,however,FO increased some transcriptional ECS components,possibly related to the increased FABPs.Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta.Taken together,different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes,which may affect the neonatal immune system.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32072761,32102570)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project(grant number 2022GDTSLD-46-0501)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2021M702691).
文摘Background Diets rich in starch have been shown to increase a risk of reducing milk fat content in dairy goats.While bile acids(BAs)have been used as a lipid emulsifier in monogastric and aquatic animals,their effect on ruminants is not well understood.This study aimed to investigate the impact of BAs supplementation on various aspects of dairy goat physiology,including milk composition,rumen fermentation,gut microbiota,and BA metabolism.Results We randomly divided eighteen healthy primiparity lactating dairy goats(days in milk=100±6 d)into two groups and supplemented them with 0 or 4 g/d of BAs undergoing 5 weeks of feeding on a starch-rich diet.The results showed that BAs supplementation positively influenced milk yield and improved the quality of fatty acids in goat milk.BAs supplementation led to a reduction in saturated fatty acids(C16:0)and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids(cis-9 C18:1),resulting in a healthier milk fatty acid profile.We observed a significant increase in plasma total bile acid concentration while the proportion of rumen short-chain fatty acids was not affected.Furthermore,BAs supplementation induced significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota,favoring the enrichment of specific bacterial groups and altering the balance of microbial populations.Correlation analysis revealed associations between specific bacterial groups(Bacillus and Christensenellaceae R-7 group)and BA types,suggesting a role for the gut microbiota in BA metabolism.Functional prediction analysis revealed notable changes in pathways associated with lipid metabolism,suggesting that BAs supplementation has the potential to modulate lipid-related processes.Conclusion These findings highlight the potential benefits of BAs supplementation in enhancing milk production,improving milk quality,and influencing metabolic pathways in dairy goats.Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the broader implications of these findings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130100).
文摘Background The dairy cow’s postpartum period is characterized by dramatic physiological changes,therefore imposing severe challenges on the animal for maintaining health and milk output.The dynamics of the ruminal microbiota are also tremendous and may play a crucial role in lactation launch.We aim to investigate the potential benefits of early microbial intervention by fresh rumen microbiota transplantation(RMT)and sterile RMT in postpartum dairy cows.Twelve fistulated peak-lactation dairy cows were selected to be the donors for rumen fluid collection.Thirty postpartum cows were divided into 3 groups as the transplantation receptors respectively receiving 10 L fresh rumen fluid(FR),10 L sterile rumen fluid(SR),or 10 L saline(CON)during 3 d after calving.Results Production performance,plasma indices,plasma lipidome,ruminal microbiome,and liver transcriptome were recorded.After fresh and sterile RMT,we found that the molar proportion of propionic acid was increased on d 7 in the FR and SR groups and the bacterial composition was also significantly changed when compared with the CON group.A similarity analysis showed that the similarities between the CON group and FR or SR group on d 7 were 48.40%or 47.85%,whereas the similarities between microbiota on d 7 and 21 in the FR and SR groups were 68.34%or 66.85%.Dry matter intake and feed efficiency were not affected by treatments.Plasmaβ-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the FR group was decreased and significantly different lipids mainly included phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.Hepatic transcriptomics analysis indicated acutephase response pathways were upregulated in the SR group.Conclusions Our study suggests that RMT can shorten the transition process of the ruminal microbiota of postpartum dairy cows with no benefit on dry matter intake or feed efficiency.Inoculation with rumen fluid may not be a useful approach to promote the recovery of postpartum dairy cows.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1000100)Technology Application and Development Program for Rapid Propagation of Cow Breeding(20211117000005)+2 种基金Basic Science(Agricultural Biology)Research Center of Shaanxi(K3030922016)Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Key R&D Projects(2021BEF01001)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2022JQ-171)。
文摘The placenta plays a crucial role in successful mammalian reproduction.Ruminant animals possess a semi-invasive placenta characterized by a highly vascularized structure formed by maternal endometrial caruncles and fetal placental cotyledons,essential for full-term fetal development.The cow placenta harbors at least two trophoblast cell populations:uninucleate(UNC)and binucleate(BNC)cells.However,the limited capacity to elucidate the transcriptomic dynamics of the placental natural environment has resulted in a poor understanding of both the molecular and cellular interactions between trophoblast cells and niches,and the molecular mechanisms governing trophoblast differentiation and functionalization.To fill this knowledge gap,we employed Stereo-seq to map spatial gene expression patterns at near single-cell resolution in the cow placenta at 90 and 130 days of gestation,attaining high-resolution,spatially resolved gene expression profiles.Based on clustering and cell marker gene expression analyses,key transcription factors,including YBX1 and NPAS2,were shown to regulate the heterogeneity of trophoblast cell subpopulations.Cell communication and trajectory analysis provided a framework for understanding cell-cell interactions and the differentiation of trophoblasts into BNCs in the placental microenvironment.Differential analysis of cell trajectories identified a set of genes involved in regulation of trophoblast differentiation.Additionally,spatial modules and co-variant genes that help shape specific tissue structures were identified.Together,these findings provide foundational insights into important biological pathways critical to the placental development and function in cows.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1302204)the earmarked fund CARS36+1 种基金Ningxia Key Research and Development Program of China(2023BCF010042019NYYZ09)。
文摘Background Biologically annotated neural networks(BANNs)are feedforward Bayesian neural network models that utilize partially connected architectures based on SN P-set annotations.As an interpretable neural network,BANNs model SNP and SNP-set effects in their input and hidden layers,respectively.Furthermore,the weights and connections of the network are regarded as random variables with prior distributions reflecting the manifestation of genetic effects at various genomic scales.However,its application in genomic prediction has yet to be explored.Results This study extended the BANNs framework to the area of genomic selection and explored the optimal SN P-set partitioning strategies by using dairy cattle datasets.The SN P-sets were partitioned based on two strategiesgene annotations and 100 kb windows,denoted as BANN_gene and BANN_100kb,respectively.The BANNs model was compared with GBLU P,random forest(RF),BayesB and BayesCπthrough five replicates of five-fold cross-validation using genotypic and phenotypic data on milk production traits,type traits,and one health trait of 6,558,6,210and 5,962 Chinese Holsteins,respectively.Results showed that the BANNs framework achieves higher genomic prediction accuracy compared to GBLU P,RF and Bayesian methods.Specifically,the BANN_100kb demonstrated superior accuracy and the BANN_gene exhibited generally suboptimal accuracy compared to GBLUP,RF,BayesB and BayesCrr across all traits.The average accuracy improvements of BANN_100kb over GBLU P,RF,BayesB and BayesCrr were 4.86%,3.95%,3.84%and 1.92%,and the accuracy of BANN_gene was improved by3.75%,2.86%,2.73%and 0.85%compared to GBLUP,RF,BayesB and BayesCπ,respectively across all seven traits.Meanwhile,both BANN_100kb and BANN_gene yielded lower overall mean square error values than GBLUP,RF and Bayesian methods.Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the BANNs framework performed better than traditional genomic prediction methods in our tested scenarios,and might serve as a promising alternative approach for genomic prediction in dairy cattle.
基金funded by the Michigan Animal Agricultural Alliance competitive project#AA-23–0014United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture(USDA)projects#2019–67015-29443 and#2021–67037-34657+2 种基金the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research Development(BARD)Fund project#IS-5167–19the Office for the Associate Dean of Research at Michigan State Universitysupported by USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Educational Workforce and Development Program award#2024-67011-42947。
文摘Background As cows transition from pregnancy to lactation,free fatty acids(FFA)are mobilized from adipose tissues(AT)through lipolysis to counter energy deficits.In clinically healthy cows,lipolysis intensity is reduced throughout lactation;however,if F FA release exceeds tissue demands or the liver's metabolic capacity,lipid byproducts accumulate,incre a sing cows'risk of metabolic and infectious disease.Endocannabinoids(eCBs)and their congeners,N-acylethanolamines(NAEs),are lipid-based compounds that modulate metabolism and inflammation.Their synthesis and release depend upon the availability of FFA precursors and the abundance of synthesizing and degrading enzymes and transporters.Therefore,we hypothesized that eCB production and transcription of endocannabinoid system components are modulated by lipolysis pathways in adipocytes.To test this hypothesise we stimulated canonical(isoproterenol,1μmol/L;ISO)and inflammatory(lipopolysaccharide,1μg/m L;LPS)lipolysis pathways in adipocytes isolated from the AT of 5 Holstein dairy cows.Following,we assessed lipolysis intensity,adipocytes'release of eCBs,and transcription of endocannabinoid system components.Results We found that ISO and LPS stimulated lipolysis at comparable intensities.Exposure to either treatment tended to elevate the release of eCBs and NAEs by cultured adipocytes;however,specific eCBs and NAEs and the transcriptional profiles differed by treatment.On one hand,ISO enhanced adipocytes'release of 2-arachidonoylglycerol(2-AG)but reduced NAE production.Klotably,ISO enhanced the cells"expression of enzymes associated with 2-AG biosynthesis(INPP5F,GDPD5,GPAT4),transport(CD36),and adipogenesis(PPARG).Conversely,LPS enhanced adipocytes'synthesis and release of N-arachidonoylethanolamide(AEA).This change coincided with enhanced transcription of the NAE-biosynthesizing enzyme,PTPN22,and adipocytes'transcription of genes related to eCB degradation(PTGS2,MGLL,CYP27B1).Furthermore,LPS enhanced adipocytes'transcription of eCB and NAE transporters(HSPA1A,SCP2)and the expression of the anti-adipogenic ion channel,TRPV3.Conclusions Our data provide evidence for distinct modulatory roles of canonical and inflammatory lipolysis pathways over eCB release and transcriptional regulation of biosynthesis,degradation,transport,and ECS signaling in cows'adipocytes.Based on our findings,we conclude that,within adipocytes,eCB production and ECS component expression are,at least in part,mediated by lipolysis in a pathway-dependent manner.These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in dairy cows'AT,with potential implications for prevention and treatment of inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
文摘The aim of this of this experimental study to investigate the effect of 3 voluntary waiting periods (VWP) on health of dairy cows. A total of 100 lactations of 100 Holstein Friesian cows with high milk production (average 9.442 ± 620 kg) were randomly (based on the ear tags digits of cows) distributed to 1 to 3 experimental groups with VWP of 50 (VWPG50;n = 32), 100 (VWPG100;n = 34) or 150 days (VWPG150;n = 34). Observations relating to diseases of the cows were made by the farm veterinarian and research personnel. Were defined eight disease: puerperal fever, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, metritis, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts, and claw diseases. The experimental days (ED) were from 4 days in milk (DIM) to 100 days after the next calving. The experiment was managed at Dairy Research Farm ?imnic-Craiova January 2018 to December 2022. A clear set of clinical signs were used to define a case at the diseases without the need for laboratory confirmation. Values of Lactational incidence risk (LIR) median postpartum days at diagnosis and pairwise comparison of proportion between VWPs were calculated. LIR for puerperal fiver, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts and claw disease were 4;5;2;8;8;and 4% respectively. Numerically, cows with VWP of 100 and150 days had more disease cases compared with VWP of 50 days. The differences between experimental groups of cows regarding proportions of cows with disease cases were not statistically significant. Any of the eight disorders reported in this study was analyzed independently to other health problems. For all enrolled cows (n = 100) VWP was extended until 100 or 150 days postpartum with no effect on the lactational incidence risk for the eight disorders analyzed.
文摘This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium salts of linseed oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) on metabolic and reproductive traits in high-producing dairy cows under grazing. Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned, in a complete block design, to receive ALA supplementation (0.85 kg∙day−1 of calcium salts of linseed oil) or to remain as untreated control (CON). The concentrate was formulated to offer the same amount of energy across treatments (CON cows received an extra kg of corn to compensate for the higher energy density of ALA treatment). A PMR + Alfalfa pasture was offered to all cows at the same time. A fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) at 80 DIM, preceded by a Presynch plus Ovsynch protocol was implemented for the first service and later, on return to estrus, heat detection and artificial insemination (AI) were performed. Pregnancy diagnosis was checked at 30, 42, 60, and 90 d after AI. Blood and milk samples were taken biweekly. Treatment affected plasma cholesterol concentration (160.36 vs. 186.70 mg∙dl−1, p = 0.03, for ALA and CON, respectively) and on size of corpus luteum (CL, 17.6 vs. 13.7 mm, p = 0.02, for ALA and CON, respectively). Supplementation tended (p = 0.136) to increase conception rate by 200 DIM (81.69% vs. 55.43% in ALA and CON cows, respectively). However, treatment had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and circulating levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Our results suggest that supplementation with calcium salts of linseed oil could enhance ovarian function without affecting energy metabolism in early lactation dairy cows.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(71303040)Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation 54 Group of First Aid(2013M540268)the Fund Project of Humanities and Social Science of Youth in Research of the Ministry of Education(13YJC790142)
文摘Dairy industry is the pillar of Heilongjiang Province. The contractual relationship of the dairy supply chain played a vital role in the dairy industry for development. The contractual relationship between the main dairy farming body and the dairy processing enterprise, as well as the impact of this contractual relationship on their cooperation in dairy supply chain were studied. Taking 366 dairy farming bodies in Heilongjiang Province as the main research objects, Likert scale was used to measure the factors affecting the contractual relationship and applied these factors to the correlation construction of dairy farming body and processing enterprise. Then, confirmatory factor analysis was used to collect data and made the conclusion that once dairy farming body perceived the opportunistic behavior and lacking of cooperation, the trust of dairy processing enterprise would be lost. Additionally, the satisfaction of dairy farming body on partnership also had a positive effect on the level of trust and commitment, the relative dependence and the perception of the partnerships, which made it possible to analyze how to strengthen the contractual relationship and provide theoretical basis for dairy industry development in Heilongjiang Province.
文摘On August 8, 2005. Hohhot was awarded the title of ＂Chinese Dairy Capital＂. Now dairy industry is one of the pillar industries in Hohhot, with strong driving effect to the development of social economy. However; the sustainable development of dairy industry in Hohhot is threatened by rapid scale expansion and restriction of environmental supporting capacity, In accord with the ideas and requirements of the circular economy theory, this paper analyzes dairy industry pattern from two aspects and establishes the industry system. The dairy industry mainly consists of cow breeding and dairy process. The circular economy mnst set about from the two aspects. For the most part, dairy processing should start from the two most key links, namely packing and water using.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Key Projects of Xinjiang Pro-duction and Construction Corps (2006GG22)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The aim of the research was to reveal the mechanism of Yizhikang powder treatment on dairy cattle with retained placenta from the hemorheological perspective. [ Method] Dairy cattle with retained placenta were treated with oral administration of Yizhikang powder. And their hemorheological indexes were measured and compared with the corresponding indicators of pre-administration group, healthy group, and control group （sick but untreated）.[ Result] There was large decrease amplitude in the indexes （whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity reduction viscosity, ESR, ESR equation K value, fibrinogen content, platelet aggregation rate, RBC deformability IF value） of treated dairy cattle with retained placenta. By t test, the indexes, except hematocrit, decreased significantly after treatment （P〈0.05） and reached the status of post partum healthy cows. The hemorheological indexes didn＇t change significantly in the control group before and after treatment. [ Conclusion] Yizhikang powder could significantly improve blood flow state and reduced the occurrence of qi stagnation and blood stasis in perinatal period.
