In the past decade,blockchain has evolved as a promising solution to develop secure distributed ledgers and has gained massive attention.However,current blockchain systems face the problems of limited throughput,poor ...In the past decade,blockchain has evolved as a promising solution to develop secure distributed ledgers and has gained massive attention.However,current blockchain systems face the problems of limited throughput,poor scalability,and high latency.Due to the failure of consensus algorithms in managing nodes’identities,blockchain technology is considered inappropriate for many applications,e.g.,in IoT environments,because of poor scalability.This paper proposes a blockchain consensus mechanism called the Advanced DAG-based Ranking(ADR)protocol to improve blockchain scalability and throughput.The ADR protocol uses the directed acyclic graph ledger,where nodes are placed according to their ranking positions in the graph.It allows honest nodes to use theDirect Acyclic Graph(DAG)topology to write blocks and verify transactions instead of a chain of blocks.By using a three-step strategy,this protocol ensures that the system is secured against doublespending attacks and allows for higher throughput and scalability.The first step involves the safe entry of nodes into the system by verifying their private and public keys.The next step involves developing an advanced DAG ledger so nodes can start block production and verify transactions.In the third step,a ranking algorithm is developed to separate the nodes created by attackers.After eliminating attacker nodes,the nodes are ranked according to their performance in the system,and true nodes are arranged in blocks in topological order.As a result,the ADR protocol is suitable for applications in the Internet of Things(IoT).We evaluated ADR on EC2 clusters with more than 100 nodes and achieved better transaction throughput and liveness of the network while adding malicious nodes.Based on the simulation results,this research determined that the transaction’s performance was significantly improved over blockchains like Internet of Things Applications(IOTA)and ByteBall.展开更多
The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneousl...The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.展开更多
文摘In the past decade,blockchain has evolved as a promising solution to develop secure distributed ledgers and has gained massive attention.However,current blockchain systems face the problems of limited throughput,poor scalability,and high latency.Due to the failure of consensus algorithms in managing nodes’identities,blockchain technology is considered inappropriate for many applications,e.g.,in IoT environments,because of poor scalability.This paper proposes a blockchain consensus mechanism called the Advanced DAG-based Ranking(ADR)protocol to improve blockchain scalability and throughput.The ADR protocol uses the directed acyclic graph ledger,where nodes are placed according to their ranking positions in the graph.It allows honest nodes to use theDirect Acyclic Graph(DAG)topology to write blocks and verify transactions instead of a chain of blocks.By using a three-step strategy,this protocol ensures that the system is secured against doublespending attacks and allows for higher throughput and scalability.The first step involves the safe entry of nodes into the system by verifying their private and public keys.The next step involves developing an advanced DAG ledger so nodes can start block production and verify transactions.In the third step,a ranking algorithm is developed to separate the nodes created by attackers.After eliminating attacker nodes,the nodes are ranked according to their performance in the system,and true nodes are arranged in blocks in topological order.As a result,the ADR protocol is suitable for applications in the Internet of Things(IoT).We evaluated ADR on EC2 clusters with more than 100 nodes and achieved better transaction throughput and liveness of the network while adding malicious nodes.Based on the simulation results,this research determined that the transaction’s performance was significantly improved over blockchains like Internet of Things Applications(IOTA)and ByteBall.
文摘The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.
