Aim:?To explore the longer term blood glucose self-monitoring outcomes and frequency of monitoring for outpatients with diabetes type 1 after completion of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) course. The hyp...Aim:?To explore the longer term blood glucose self-monitoring outcomes and frequency of monitoring for outpatients with diabetes type 1 after completion of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) course. The hypothesis was that DAFNE outcomes would differ according to frequency of glucose monitoring.Methods:?A?sequential data-triangulation design using existing?baseline (T0) and 12-months (T12)?DAFNE course data and interview data from 12 randomly selected participants who had completed the course two years ago.?Results: Age range was 23 to 70 years with HbA1c 6.1% to 12.6% at T0?and 6.1% to 11.4% at T12. Comparisons of HbA1c, PAID, HAD subscales?anxiety?and?depression,?and covariate data between T0?and T12indicatedsignificant reductions in the mean depression and PAID scores (both?P?< 0.001) for the whole group. For the two groups who recorded their blood glucose less than three times or three or more times per day, changes were not significantly different. For both groups, the trend between T0?and T12?was downwards for change in mean blood glucose level and all survey scales. The proportion of all participants with T12?HbA1c at or below their T0?value was greater than 50% (Proportion = 69%, 95% CI: 56% - 79%) but only the highest HbA1c tertile group showed a significant difference (P?= 0.003). There was an average decrease in the incidence of hypoglycaemic events of 0.6 overall: The greatest change was for the high HbA1c tertile with a mean decrease of 0.8. The interview data suggested that DAFNE graduates experimented more with food, exercise, and insulin;gained knowledge;learnt personal body needs;increased awareness of blood glucose level;gained confidence and improved their quality of life. Conclusions: There was insufficient evidence to conclude that frequency of blood glucose monitoring influenced metabolic control. However, people with type 1 diabetes who undertake the less restricted DAFNE approach to diabetes self-management can improve their quality of life and glycaemic control.展开更多
随着三语习得研究的不断深入,传统的二语习得理论已无法充分解释多语言学习者的习得特点。本文基于三语习得视角,介绍了Hufeisen提出的Faktorenmodell,并分析了我国德语学习者在母语为汉语、第一外语为英语的背景下所展现的独特学习特...随着三语习得研究的不断深入,传统的二语习得理论已无法充分解释多语言学习者的习得特点。本文基于三语习得视角,介绍了Hufeisen提出的Faktorenmodell,并分析了我国德语学习者在母语为汉语、第一外语为英语的背景下所展现的独特学习特征。我国大多数德语学习者在进入大学后开始学习德语,因具备较高的英语水平,能够有效地运用英语作为中介语言,可以借助迁移策略提高德语学习效率。文章进一步探讨了DaFnE(Deutsch nach Englisch)教学背景下我国学习者的优势、可能的迁移路径以及教师在课堂教学中可采取的具体策略,强调应充分利用学习者已有的语言资源,设计个性化、迁移导向的教学方法。最后,对未来我国德语教学的发展方向进行了展望。展开更多
文摘Aim:?To explore the longer term blood glucose self-monitoring outcomes and frequency of monitoring for outpatients with diabetes type 1 after completion of the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) course. The hypothesis was that DAFNE outcomes would differ according to frequency of glucose monitoring.Methods:?A?sequential data-triangulation design using existing?baseline (T0) and 12-months (T12)?DAFNE course data and interview data from 12 randomly selected participants who had completed the course two years ago.?Results: Age range was 23 to 70 years with HbA1c 6.1% to 12.6% at T0?and 6.1% to 11.4% at T12. Comparisons of HbA1c, PAID, HAD subscales?anxiety?and?depression,?and covariate data between T0?and T12indicatedsignificant reductions in the mean depression and PAID scores (both?P?< 0.001) for the whole group. For the two groups who recorded their blood glucose less than three times or three or more times per day, changes were not significantly different. For both groups, the trend between T0?and T12?was downwards for change in mean blood glucose level and all survey scales. The proportion of all participants with T12?HbA1c at or below their T0?value was greater than 50% (Proportion = 69%, 95% CI: 56% - 79%) but only the highest HbA1c tertile group showed a significant difference (P?= 0.003). There was an average decrease in the incidence of hypoglycaemic events of 0.6 overall: The greatest change was for the high HbA1c tertile with a mean decrease of 0.8. The interview data suggested that DAFNE graduates experimented more with food, exercise, and insulin;gained knowledge;learnt personal body needs;increased awareness of blood glucose level;gained confidence and improved their quality of life. Conclusions: There was insufficient evidence to conclude that frequency of blood glucose monitoring influenced metabolic control. However, people with type 1 diabetes who undertake the less restricted DAFNE approach to diabetes self-management can improve their quality of life and glycaemic control.
文摘随着三语习得研究的不断深入,传统的二语习得理论已无法充分解释多语言学习者的习得特点。本文基于三语习得视角,介绍了Hufeisen提出的Faktorenmodell,并分析了我国德语学习者在母语为汉语、第一外语为英语的背景下所展现的独特学习特征。我国大多数德语学习者在进入大学后开始学习德语,因具备较高的英语水平,能够有效地运用英语作为中介语言,可以借助迁移策略提高德语学习效率。文章进一步探讨了DaFnE(Deutsch nach Englisch)教学背景下我国学习者的优势、可能的迁移路径以及教师在课堂教学中可采取的具体策略,强调应充分利用学习者已有的语言资源,设计个性化、迁移导向的教学方法。最后,对未来我国德语教学的发展方向进行了展望。
