Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical...Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical processes during plant growth and development remains unclear.Here,we showed that Chinese kale boacrtiso mutants have distinctive characteristics,including a yellowgreen hue and glossy appearance,and this contrasts with the dark green and glaucous traits observed in wild-type(WT)plants.Analysis of pigments in mutants revealed that the reduction in the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls contributed to the yellow-green coloration observed in mutants.An examination of cuticular waxes in Chinese kale indicated that there was a decrease in both the total wax content and the content of individual waxes in boacrtiso mutants(bearing a mutation of BoaCRTISO),which may be caused by the decrease of abscisic acid(ABA)content.The expression of carotenoid,chlorophyll,ABA,and wax biosynthesis genes was downregulated in boacrtiso mutants.This finding confirms that BoaCRTISO regulates the biosynthesis of pigments,ABA,and cuticular waxes in Chinese kale.Our results provide new insights into the interplay between plant pigment and cuticular wax metabolic pathways in Brassica vegetables.展开更多
Mating behavior is crucial for most insects,as it is closely tied to reproduction and population growth and relies heavily on chemical communication via cuticular hydrocarbons(CHCs)between individuals.However,little i...Mating behavior is crucial for most insects,as it is closely tied to reproduction and population growth and relies heavily on chemical communication via cuticular hydrocarbons(CHCs)between individuals.However,little is known about the mating behavior of Eupeodes corollae,a natural enemy insect,and how CHCs help it communicate.In this study,we performed a behavioral assay of the mating process of hoverfly E.corollae.The cuticular hydrocarbons of both male and female hoverflies were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The electrophysiological activities of these compounds on the antennae of hoverflies were further determined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD)and electroantennogram(EAG).The effects of these compounds on the behavioral selection and mating of hoverflies were also determined.The results showed that the mating process of hoverflies was divided into five stages:orientation,approaching,wing fanning,mounting,and copulation.Fifth-aged individuals exhibited the highest copulation and mating success rates,the shortest male latency,and stable mating duration.The results of the determination of cuticular compounds showed that the CHCs of male and female hoverflies exhibited sexually monomorphic chemical profiles,and two compounds of(Z)-9-tricosene and n-tricosane could cause significant electrophysiological responses in both male and female hoverflies.Behavioral bioassay results showed that(Z)-9-tricosene can significantly induce the attraction response of male and female E.corollae and can effectively regulate the courtship behavior of male E.corollae.This finding provides a new perspective for a deeper understanding of hoverflies'chemical communication mechanism and a valuable scientific basis and potential application prospect for developing a pheromone-based behavior strategy to control pests.展开更多
The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoro...The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively correlated with plant drought tolerance.展开更多
The body surface of crustaceans is covered with a sturdy shell.The growth and development of crustaceans are realized through molting.Neocaridina denticulata sinensis is a suitable candidate for crustacean scientific ...The body surface of crustaceans is covered with a sturdy shell.The growth and development of crustaceans are realized through molting.Neocaridina denticulata sinensis is a suitable candidate for crustacean scientific research.Two calcium-associated cuticular protein genes,named NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2,were obtained from N.denticulata sinensis.Molecular docking simulated the binding effect of both proteins and calcium ions.Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR results show that NdCAP-1 is expressed in D_(2-4) stage,NdCAP-2 expressed in D_(2-4) and A-B stages,and both were significantly expressed in the cephalothorax cuticle and pereiopods.Then,it was revealed that NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2 are regulated by NdEcR-mediated 20 E signaling pathways.Knockdown of NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2 was observed to cause surface defects.The recombinant proteins(rNdCAP-1 and rNdCAP-2),obtained by prokaryotic expression,had calcium-binding and chitin-binding ability,inhibited formation of calcium carbonate precipitate.These results show that calcium-associated cuticular proteins play important roles in cuticle formation and calcification.展开更多
Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological co...Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.展开更多
Effects of different polarity solvents on the ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticular wax in Pingguoli pear as well as their bioactive role against Alternaria alternate were studied and the results showed...Effects of different polarity solvents on the ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticular wax in Pingguoli pear as well as their bioactive role against Alternaria alternate were studied and the results showed that the highest wax content was extracted with chloroform, and its wax content was up to 322.2 gg cm2. Long-chain fatty acids predominated in menthol extracts and n-alkanes were predominant in wax extracted with ether, chloroform and n-hexane. Pingguoli pear fruit surface was covered by a smooth and amorphous wax layer with small, scattered crystal. The morphology of recrystallized wax in vitro after removal with different solvents was not similar to that of the intact fruit surface. Removal of cuticular wax with various solvents significantly enhanced A. alternata infection, except for wax removed by methanol. The solvent extracts of methanol and chloroform stimulated the spore germination and mycelium growth ofA. alternata, but the ether and n-hexane extracts showed antifungal activity.展开更多
Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-...Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2,were isolated from Brassica napus.Transcription of BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 in B.napus were induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and drought treatment,while transcription of BnCER1-2 was induced only by drought treatment.All three gene transcripts decreased significantly when plants were treated with methyl jasmonate(MeJA)or subjected to cold stress.Overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax on transgenic B.napus leaves.BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 overexpression led to similar differences from non-transformed plants,with significantly higher levels of aldehydes(C29 and C30),alkanes(C28,C29,and C31)and secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and a significantly lower level of C29 ketone.Overexpression of BnCER1-2 led to an increase in alkanes(C27,C28,C29,and C31),a decrease in secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and insignificant changes in other wax components.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 in B.napus resulted in a higher density of wax crystals on the leaf surface than observed in non-transformed plants.Transgenic plants showed a reduced rate of water loss and increased drought tolerance compared to non-transformed plants.These results suggest that BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 gene products can modify the cuticular wax of B.napus.Changing cuticular waxes using transgenic approaches is a new strategy for genetic improvement of plant drought tolerance and provides an opportunity for development of B.napus as a surface-wax crop.展开更多
To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Deli...To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Delicious')fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis,the expression of genes related to fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,ethylene production rate,respiration rate,wax constituents and structure,and fruit quality were determined at harvest and during cold storage.The results showed that 1-MCP inhibited the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling-related genes,decreased fruit ethylene production,and inhibited the expression of Md LACS1,Md CER6,Md CER4 and Md WSD1,which resulted in decreases in alcohols,acids,and esters content in fruit cuticular wax.1-MCP also reduced fruit dropping rate from 17.17%to 12%;maintained fruit firmness,soluble solids,titratable acidity during cold storage;showed about as one fifth in the total length and one third in the widest width of wax crack as that in control at harvest.In contrast,Ethephon produced the opposite effects.In conclusion,1-MCP inhibited fruit ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,and influenced fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis.Thus,the fruit cuticular wax constituents and structure was altered,and the fruit quality were maintained at harvest and during cold storage.The results provide a new technology for improving apple fruit harvest and postharvest quality by preharvest application of sprayable 1-MCP.展开更多
Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reti...Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reticulata)has a significantly higher postharvest water loss rate than ZK(Poncirus trifoliata).Here,we investigated the fruit water loss rate of the HJ×ZK F1pseudo-testcross population in 2016 and 2019.QTL mapping for fruit water loss rate was performed by high-density genetic map and bulk segregant analysis,and QTL9 was identified to be associated with fruit water loss.The expression of NAC042 from QTL9 in ZK was 170-fold that in HJ.Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis showed that NAC042could reduce the water loss of leaves by increasing the cuticular wax content(especially alkanes).Further expression analysis revealed that NAC042 could enhance the expression of many wax-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves,including AtKCS1,AtKCS2,AtKCS9,AtKCS20,At CER1 and At CER3.Therefore,NAC042 might be involved in fruit cuticular wax synthesis to reduce fruit water loss.The findings provide new insights into the regulation of cuticular wax and fruit water loss as well as valuable information for breeding of citrus with better storability.展开更多
Cuticular wax plays a major role in the growth and storage of plant fruits.The cuticular wax coating,which covers the outermost layer of a fruit’s epidermal cells,is insoluble in water.Cuticular wax is mainly compose...Cuticular wax plays a major role in the growth and storage of plant fruits.The cuticular wax coating,which covers the outermost layer of a fruit’s epidermal cells,is insoluble in water.Cuticular wax is mainly composed of very long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs);their derivatives,including esters,primary alcohols,secondary alcohols,aldehydes,and ketones;and triterpenoids.This complex mixture of lipids is probably biosynthesized in the epidermal cells of most plants and exuded onto the surface.Cuticular wax not only makes the fruit less susceptible to microbial infection but also reduces mechanical damage to the fruit,thereby maintaining the fruit’s commodity value.To date,research has mostly focused on the changes,function,and regulation of fruit wax before harvest,while ignoring the changes and functions of wax in fruit storage.This paper reviews on the composition,structure,and metabolic regulation of cuticular wax in fruits.It also focuses on postharvest factors affecting wax composition,such as storage temperature,relative humidity(RH),gas atmosphere,and as exogenous hormones;and the effects of wax on fruit postharvest quality,including water dispersion,fruit softening,physiological disorders,and disease resistance.These summaries may be of assistance in better understanding the changes in cuticular wax in postharvest fruit and the resulting effects on fruit quality.展开更多
Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax f...Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax forms a protective barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants against environmental stresses.ABCG11encodes an ATP binding cassette(ABC) transporter that functions in the cuticular wax transport pathway.In this study,Zx ABCG11 from the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum was introduced into alfalfa by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Compared to the wild type(WT),transgenic alfalfa displayed faster growth,higher wax crystal density,and thicker cuticle on leaves under normal condition.Under either drought or heat treatment in greenhouse conditions,the plant height and shoot biomass of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of the WT.Transgenic alfalfa showed excellent growth and 50% greater hay yield than WT under field conditions in a hot,arid region.Overexpression of Zx ABCG11 up-regulated wax-related genes and resulted in more cuticular wax deposition,which contributed to reduction of cuticle permeability and thus increased water retention and photosynthesis capacity of transgenic alfalfa.Thus,overexpression of Zx ABCG11 can simultaneously improve biomass yield,drought and heat tolerance in alfalfa by increasing cuticular wax deposition.Our study provides a promising avenue for developing novel forage cultivars suitable for planting in hot,arid,marginal lands.展开更多
Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains under...Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied.In the present study,a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria,which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein R&R consensus(CPR)chitin-binding proteins.LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-,fourth-,and fifth-instar nymphs,with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings.Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein,which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L.migratoria.We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings.LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E)in vivo,however,its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39.Thus,the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.展开更多
Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resid...Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resident bacterial community are often ignored in animal behavior and behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to identify the nature of host-microbe interactions in a nonmodel organism, the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in situ and then exposed spiders to bacterial monocultures cultures via topical application or injection. We also topically inoculated spiders with a concomitant ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria and measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after inoculation. Lastly, we collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in the capture webs of spiders, and then fed spiders domestic crickets which had been injected with these bacteria. We also injected 1 species of prey-borne bacteria into the hemolymph of spiders. Only Bacillus thuringiensis caused increased mortality when injected into the hemolymph of spiders, whereas no bacterial monocultures caused increased mortality when applied topically, relative to control solutions. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss and mortality when applied topically, yet did not detectibly alter spider behavior. Consuming prey injected with prey-borne bacteria was associated with an elongated lifespan in spiders. Thus, indirect evidence from multiple experiments suggests that the effects of these bacteria on spider survivorship appear contingent on their mode of colonization and whether they are applied in monoculture or within a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe interactions across different social contexts to determine the role that microbes play in colony performance.展开更多
Objective:To elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti(W.bancrofti)cuticular collagen(COL-4)in BALB/c mice and filarial clinical samples.Methods:col-4 gene was PCR amplified from W.ban...Objective:To elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti(W.bancrofti)cuticular collagen(COL-4)in BALB/c mice and filarial clinical samples.Methods:col-4 gene was PCR amplified from W.bancrofti L3 cDNA library and cloned in pRSET B vector.Recombinant COL-4 was over expressed in salt inducible system and was purified by nickel afiinity chromatography.Humoral and cellular responses were measured by EUSA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)of various filarial clinical samples respectively using purified recombinant COL-4 antigen.Then the protective immune responses of COL-4 immunized BALB/c mice were characterized.Results:Sequence analysis of COL-4 with human host proteins reveals lack of homology.The recombinant COL-4 was found to be at 15 kDa fusion protein.The affinity purified COL-4 showed significant reactivity with putatively immune sere and in a similar fashion it demonstrated marked proliferation in PBMC samples.Immunization studies in experimental filarial host(mice)elicited significant liters with protective antibody isotype profile(IgM and IgG).Cellular immune responses were also significant in terms of splenocytes proliferation assay on mice samples.Conclusions:Our immunological findings in experimental host suggest Th2mediated immune response.Hence,we propose that W.bancrofti COL-4 could be an efficacious vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis.展开更多
Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong ...Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong consequences for host development,physiology,and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes,while the benign microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often ignored.Here,we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in situ.First,using culture-based methods,we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these spiders.Then,we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldness,aggressiveness,and activity level.We conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application,and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control treatment.We identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria.We found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their web.Since bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts,these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria,even non- pathogenic bacteria,could alter host behavior.展开更多
The Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri,is the primary vector of the HLB pathogen,Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas).The acquisition of CLas shortens the developmental period of nymphs,accelerating the emergenc...The Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri,is the primary vector of the HLB pathogen,Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas).The acquisition of CLas shortens the developmental period of nymphs,accelerating the emergence into adulthood and thereby facilitating the spread of CLas.Cuticular proteins(CPs)are involved in insect emergence.In this study,we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying CLas-promoted emergence in D.citri via CP mediation.Here,a total of 159 CP genes were first identified in the D.citri genome.Chromosomal location analysis revealed an uneven distribution of these CP genes across the 13 D.citri chromosomes.Proteomic analysis identified 54 differentially expressed CPs during D.citri emergence,with 14 CPs exhibiting significant differential expression after CLas acquisition.Five key genes,Dc18aa-1,Dc18aa-2,DcCPR-24,DcCPR-38 and DcCPR-58,were screened from the proteome and CLas acquisition.The silencing of these 5 genes through a modified feeding method significantly reduced the emergence rate and caused various abnormal phenotypes,indicating the crucial role that these genes play in D.citri emergence.This study provides a comprehensive overview of the role of CPs in D.citri and reveals that CLas can influence the emergence process of D.citri by regulating the expression of CPs.These key CPs may serve as potential targets for future research on controlling huanglongbing(HLB)transmission.展开更多
Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular ...Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular wax constitutes the first physical line of defense against herbivores.Here,we report the function of Glossy 8(ZmGL8),which encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase belonging to the fatty acid elongase complex,in orchestrating wax production and jasmonic acid(JA)-mediated defenses against herbivores in maize(Zea mays).The mutation of GL8 enhanced chemical defenses by activating the JA-dependent pathway.We observed a trade-off between wax accumulation and JA levels across maize glossy mutants and 24 globally collected maize inbred lines.In addition,we demonstrated that mutants defective in cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize exhibit enhanced chemical defenses.Comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that the gl8 mutant confers chemical resistance to herbivores by remodeling VLCFA-related lipid metabolism and subsequent JA biosynthesis and signaling.These results suggest that VLCFA-related lipid metabolism has a critical role in regulating the trade-offs between cuticular wax and JA-mediated chemical defenses.展开更多
Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a ric...Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a rice leaf wax-deficient mutant osgll-1 derived from a spontaneous mutation, which exhibited a wax-deficient and highly hydro- philic leaf phenotype. We cloned the OsGLI-1 gene by the map-based cloning method and performed a complementation test to confirm the function of the candidate gene. Molecular studies revealed that OsGLI-1 was a member of the OsGL1 family, and contained regions that were homologous to some regions in sterol desaturases and short-chain dehydro- genases/reductases. Compared to the wild-type, the osgll-1 mutant showed decreased cuticular wax deposition, thinner cuticular membrane, decreased chlorophyll leaching, increased rate of water loss, and enhanced sensitivity to drought. OsGL 1-1 is expressed ubiquitously in rice. The transient expression of OsGLl-l-green fluorescent protein fusion protein indicated that OsGLI-1 is localized in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372732,32072586,32372683,32460750,31500247)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2022NSFSC1689)+3 种基金Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(Grant No.SCCXTD-2024-05)Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project(Grant No.2023ZYD0090)the Joint research on mustard breeding in Sichuan Province(Grant No.2023YZ002)Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&D Program[(2021)No.207].
文摘Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)is an important enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis,and it catalyzes the conversion of lycopene precursors to lycopene in several plant species.However,the role of CRTISO in other biochemical processes during plant growth and development remains unclear.Here,we showed that Chinese kale boacrtiso mutants have distinctive characteristics,including a yellowgreen hue and glossy appearance,and this contrasts with the dark green and glaucous traits observed in wild-type(WT)plants.Analysis of pigments in mutants revealed that the reduction in the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls contributed to the yellow-green coloration observed in mutants.An examination of cuticular waxes in Chinese kale indicated that there was a decrease in both the total wax content and the content of individual waxes in boacrtiso mutants(bearing a mutation of BoaCRTISO),which may be caused by the decrease of abscisic acid(ABA)content.The expression of carotenoid,chlorophyll,ABA,and wax biosynthesis genes was downregulated in boacrtiso mutants.This finding confirms that BoaCRTISO regulates the biosynthesis of pigments,ABA,and cuticular waxes in Chinese kale.Our results provide new insights into the interplay between plant pigment and cuticular wax metabolic pathways in Brassica vegetables.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272621)the Key Project of Inter-Government International Science&Technology Innovation Cooperation,China(2019YFE0105800)+1 种基金the Major Special Projects for Green Pest Control,China(110202201017(LS-01))the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Mating behavior is crucial for most insects,as it is closely tied to reproduction and population growth and relies heavily on chemical communication via cuticular hydrocarbons(CHCs)between individuals.However,little is known about the mating behavior of Eupeodes corollae,a natural enemy insect,and how CHCs help it communicate.In this study,we performed a behavioral assay of the mating process of hoverfly E.corollae.The cuticular hydrocarbons of both male and female hoverflies were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The electrophysiological activities of these compounds on the antennae of hoverflies were further determined by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD)and electroantennogram(EAG).The effects of these compounds on the behavioral selection and mating of hoverflies were also determined.The results showed that the mating process of hoverflies was divided into five stages:orientation,approaching,wing fanning,mounting,and copulation.Fifth-aged individuals exhibited the highest copulation and mating success rates,the shortest male latency,and stable mating duration.The results of the determination of cuticular compounds showed that the CHCs of male and female hoverflies exhibited sexually monomorphic chemical profiles,and two compounds of(Z)-9-tricosene and n-tricosane could cause significant electrophysiological responses in both male and female hoverflies.Behavioral bioassay results showed that(Z)-9-tricosene can significantly induce the attraction response of male and female E.corollae and can effectively regulate the courtship behavior of male E.corollae.This finding provides a new perspective for a deeper understanding of hoverflies'chemical communication mechanism and a valuable scientific basis and potential application prospect for developing a pheromone-based behavior strategy to control pests.
基金supported by Professor Zhukuan Cheng from Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciencessupported by the Funds of Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2022LZGC006)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2023LZGC006)。
文摘The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively correlated with plant drought tolerance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32172954,32373121)the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province(No.22323201D)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(No.ZD 2022093)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.D2022201003,D2023201002)the Hangzhou Qianjiang Special Expert fund for Prof.Jiquan ZHANG。
文摘The body surface of crustaceans is covered with a sturdy shell.The growth and development of crustaceans are realized through molting.Neocaridina denticulata sinensis is a suitable candidate for crustacean scientific research.Two calcium-associated cuticular protein genes,named NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2,were obtained from N.denticulata sinensis.Molecular docking simulated the binding effect of both proteins and calcium ions.Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR results show that NdCAP-1 is expressed in D_(2-4) stage,NdCAP-2 expressed in D_(2-4) and A-B stages,and both were significantly expressed in the cephalothorax cuticle and pereiopods.Then,it was revealed that NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2 are regulated by NdEcR-mediated 20 E signaling pathways.Knockdown of NdCAP-1 and NdCAP-2 was observed to cause surface defects.The recombinant proteins(rNdCAP-1 and rNdCAP-2),obtained by prokaryotic expression,had calcium-binding and chitin-binding ability,inhibited formation of calcium carbonate precipitate.These results show that calcium-associated cuticular proteins play important roles in cuticle formation and calcification.
基金supported by grants from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2021JD02)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000607)。
文摘Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (30960243 and 31260494)the Fuxi Distinguished Young Talent Cultivation Project of Gansu Agricultural University, China
文摘Effects of different polarity solvents on the ultrastructure and chemical composition of cuticular wax in Pingguoli pear as well as their bioactive role against Alternaria alternate were studied and the results showed that the highest wax content was extracted with chloroform, and its wax content was up to 322.2 gg cm2. Long-chain fatty acids predominated in menthol extracts and n-alkanes were predominant in wax extracted with ether, chloroform and n-hexane. Pingguoli pear fruit surface was covered by a smooth and amorphous wax layer with small, scattered crystal. The morphology of recrystallized wax in vitro after removal with different solvents was not similar to that of the intact fruit surface. Removal of cuticular wax with various solvents significantly enhanced A. alternata infection, except for wax removed by methanol. The solvent extracts of methanol and chloroform stimulated the spore germination and mycelium growth ofA. alternata, but the ether and n-hexane extracts showed antifungal activity.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(31771694,31670407)the Chongqing Basic and Advanced Research Project(cstc2018jcyj AX0263,cstc2016jcyj A0170)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(XDJK2017B028)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12)
文摘Higher amounts of cuticular wax in plants have been associated with improved plant stress tolerance and increased potential for industrial use.In this study,orthologs of KCS1 and CER1 in Arabidopsis,designated BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2,were isolated from Brassica napus.Transcription of BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 in B.napus were induced by abscisic acid(ABA)and drought treatment,while transcription of BnCER1-2 was induced only by drought treatment.All three gene transcripts decreased significantly when plants were treated with methyl jasmonate(MeJA)or subjected to cold stress.Overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax on transgenic B.napus leaves.BnKCS1-1 and BnKCS1-2 overexpression led to similar differences from non-transformed plants,with significantly higher levels of aldehydes(C29 and C30),alkanes(C28,C29,and C31)and secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and a significantly lower level of C29 ketone.Overexpression of BnCER1-2 led to an increase in alkanes(C27,C28,C29,and C31),a decrease in secondary alcohols(C28 and C29),and insignificant changes in other wax components.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that overexpression of BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 in B.napus resulted in a higher density of wax crystals on the leaf surface than observed in non-transformed plants.Transgenic plants showed a reduced rate of water loss and increased drought tolerance compared to non-transformed plants.These results suggest that BnKCS1-1,BnKCS1-2,and BnCER1-2 gene products can modify the cuticular wax of B.napus.Changing cuticular waxes using transgenic approaches is a new strategy for genetic improvement of plant drought tolerance and provides an opportunity for development of B.napus as a surface-wax crop.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772024)。
文摘To investigate the roles of Harvista(a sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP,available component is 150 g·hm^(-2))and Ethephon(1 mL·L^(-1))applied at preharvest in apple(Malus domestica Borkh.'Golden Delicious')fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis,the expression of genes related to fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,ethylene production rate,respiration rate,wax constituents and structure,and fruit quality were determined at harvest and during cold storage.The results showed that 1-MCP inhibited the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling-related genes,decreased fruit ethylene production,and inhibited the expression of Md LACS1,Md CER6,Md CER4 and Md WSD1,which resulted in decreases in alcohols,acids,and esters content in fruit cuticular wax.1-MCP also reduced fruit dropping rate from 17.17%to 12%;maintained fruit firmness,soluble solids,titratable acidity during cold storage;showed about as one fifth in the total length and one third in the widest width of wax crack as that in control at harvest.In contrast,Ethephon produced the opposite effects.In conclusion,1-MCP inhibited fruit ethylene biosynthesis and signaling,and influenced fruit cuticular wax biosynthesis.Thus,the fruit cuticular wax constituents and structure was altered,and the fruit quality were maintained at harvest and during cold storage.The results provide a new technology for improving apple fruit harvest and postharvest quality by preharvest application of sprayable 1-MCP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31772368,31972473)China Agriculture Research System of MOFMARA。
文摘Postharvest water loss is a critical factor that determines the quality and shelf life of fresh fruit.Cuticular wax constitutes a key barrier to reduce fruit water loss.Our previous study has shown that HJ(Citrus reticulata)has a significantly higher postharvest water loss rate than ZK(Poncirus trifoliata).Here,we investigated the fruit water loss rate of the HJ×ZK F1pseudo-testcross population in 2016 and 2019.QTL mapping for fruit water loss rate was performed by high-density genetic map and bulk segregant analysis,and QTL9 was identified to be associated with fruit water loss.The expression of NAC042 from QTL9 in ZK was 170-fold that in HJ.Heterologous expression in Arabidopsis showed that NAC042could reduce the water loss of leaves by increasing the cuticular wax content(especially alkanes).Further expression analysis revealed that NAC042 could enhance the expression of many wax-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves,including AtKCS1,AtKCS2,AtKCS9,AtKCS20,At CER1 and At CER3.Therefore,NAC042 might be involved in fruit cuticular wax synthesis to reduce fruit water loss.The findings provide new insights into the regulation of cuticular wax and fruit water loss as well as valuable information for breeding of citrus with better storability.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772042)Ramóny Cajal grant(RYC2020-030365-I)+1 种基金Xunta de Galicia for supporting the program(Excelencia-ED431F2022/01)the Key Research&Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C02015).
文摘Cuticular wax plays a major role in the growth and storage of plant fruits.The cuticular wax coating,which covers the outermost layer of a fruit’s epidermal cells,is insoluble in water.Cuticular wax is mainly composed of very long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs);their derivatives,including esters,primary alcohols,secondary alcohols,aldehydes,and ketones;and triterpenoids.This complex mixture of lipids is probably biosynthesized in the epidermal cells of most plants and exuded onto the surface.Cuticular wax not only makes the fruit less susceptible to microbial infection but also reduces mechanical damage to the fruit,thereby maintaining the fruit’s commodity value.To date,research has mostly focused on the changes,function,and regulation of fruit wax before harvest,while ignoring the changes and functions of wax in fruit storage.This paper reviews on the composition,structure,and metabolic regulation of cuticular wax in fruits.It also focuses on postharvest factors affecting wax composition,such as storage temperature,relative humidity(RH),gas atmosphere,and as exogenous hormones;and the effects of wax on fruit postharvest quality,including water dispersion,fruit softening,physiological disorders,and disease resistance.These summaries may be of assistance in better understanding the changes in cuticular wax in postharvest fruit and the resulting effects on fruit quality.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFF1003200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31730093)。
文摘Drought and heat stresses cause yield losses in alfalfa,a forage crop cultivated worldwide.Improving its drought and heat tolerance is desirable for maintaining alfalfa productivity in hot,arid regions.Cuticular wax forms a protective barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants against environmental stresses.ABCG11encodes an ATP binding cassette(ABC) transporter that functions in the cuticular wax transport pathway.In this study,Zx ABCG11 from the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum was introduced into alfalfa by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Compared to the wild type(WT),transgenic alfalfa displayed faster growth,higher wax crystal density,and thicker cuticle on leaves under normal condition.Under either drought or heat treatment in greenhouse conditions,the plant height and shoot biomass of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of the WT.Transgenic alfalfa showed excellent growth and 50% greater hay yield than WT under field conditions in a hot,arid region.Overexpression of Zx ABCG11 up-regulated wax-related genes and resulted in more cuticular wax deposition,which contributed to reduction of cuticle permeability and thus increased water retention and photosynthesis capacity of transgenic alfalfa.Thus,overexpression of Zx ABCG11 can simultaneously improve biomass yield,drought and heat tolerance in alfalfa by increasing cuticular wax deposition.Our study provides a promising avenue for developing novel forage cultivars suitable for planting in hot,arid,marginal lands.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0200900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702067 and 31970469)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China–Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft of Germany(31761133021)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi,China(2019L0033)。
文摘Cuticular proteins(CPs)are major components of the insect cuticle-associated organs such as integument and wings,although the importance of CPs for wing development and function in hemimetabolous insects remains understudied.In the present study,a wing cuticular protein LmACP8 was identified from Locusta migratoria,which belongs to the RR-2 subfamily of cuticular protein R&R consensus(CPR)chitin-binding proteins.LmACP8 was mainly expressed in the wing pads and showed high expression levels before ecdysis of third-,fourth-,and fifth-instar nymphs,with its encoded protein located in the procuticle of wing pads and adult wings.Depletion of LmACP8 by RNA interference markedly reduced the amount of its protein,which consequently caused abnormal wing morphogenesis in the transition from nymph to adult of L.migratoria.We further demonstrated that the abnormal morphogenesis was caused by severe damage of the endocuticle in the wings.LmACP8 was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone(20 E)in vivo,however,its expression was significantly up-regulated after knocking down the hormone receptor gene LmHR39.Thus,the LmACP8 that is negatively regulated by the LmHR39-mediated 20 E signaling pathway is involved in wing development during the nymph to adult transition.
文摘Much of an animal＇s health status, life history, and behavior are dictated by interactions with its endogenous and exogenous bacterial communities. Unfortunately, interactions between hosts and members of their resident bacterial community are often ignored in animal behavior and behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to identify the nature of host-microbe interactions in a nonmodel organism, the African social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in situ and then exposed spiders to bacterial monocultures cultures via topical application or injection. We also topically inoculated spiders with a concomitant ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria and measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after inoculation. Lastly, we collected and identified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in the capture webs of spiders, and then fed spiders domestic crickets which had been injected with these bacteria. We also injected 1 species of prey-borne bacteria into the hemolymph of spiders. Only Bacillus thuringiensis caused increased mortality when injected into the hemolymph of spiders, whereas no bacterial monocultures caused increased mortality when applied topically, relative to control solutions. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss and mortality when applied topically, yet did not detectibly alter spider behavior. Consuming prey injected with prey-borne bacteria was associated with an elongated lifespan in spiders. Thus, indirect evidence from multiple experiments suggests that the effects of these bacteria on spider survivorship appear contingent on their mode of colonization and whether they are applied in monoculture or within a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe interactions across different social contexts to determine the role that microbes play in colony performance.
基金supported by Department of Biotechnology(DBT),(Grant No:BT/01/COE/06/13)New Delhi.Government of India
文摘Objective:To elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti(W.bancrofti)cuticular collagen(COL-4)in BALB/c mice and filarial clinical samples.Methods:col-4 gene was PCR amplified from W.bancrofti L3 cDNA library and cloned in pRSET B vector.Recombinant COL-4 was over expressed in salt inducible system and was purified by nickel afiinity chromatography.Humoral and cellular responses were measured by EUSA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)of various filarial clinical samples respectively using purified recombinant COL-4 antigen.Then the protective immune responses of COL-4 immunized BALB/c mice were characterized.Results:Sequence analysis of COL-4 with human host proteins reveals lack of homology.The recombinant COL-4 was found to be at 15 kDa fusion protein.The affinity purified COL-4 showed significant reactivity with putatively immune sere and in a similar fashion it demonstrated marked proliferation in PBMC samples.Immunization studies in experimental filarial host(mice)elicited significant liters with protective antibody isotype profile(IgM and IgG).Cellular immune responses were also significant in terms of splenocytes proliferation assay on mice samples.Conclusions:Our immunological findings in experimental host suggest Th2mediated immune response.Hence,we propose that W.bancrofti COL-4 could be an efficacious vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis.
文摘Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong consequences for host development,physiology,and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes,while the benign microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often ignored.Here,we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in situ.First,using culture-based methods,we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these spiders.Then,we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldness,aggressiveness,and activity level.We conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application,and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control treatment.We identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria.We found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their web.Since bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts,these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria,even non- pathogenic bacteria,could alter host behavior.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1400805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160625)the Science and Technology Projects in Jiangxi Province(20225BCJ22005)and the China Agriculture Research System:CARS-26.
文摘The Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri,is the primary vector of the HLB pathogen,Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas).The acquisition of CLas shortens the developmental period of nymphs,accelerating the emergence into adulthood and thereby facilitating the spread of CLas.Cuticular proteins(CPs)are involved in insect emergence.In this study,we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying CLas-promoted emergence in D.citri via CP mediation.Here,a total of 159 CP genes were first identified in the D.citri genome.Chromosomal location analysis revealed an uneven distribution of these CP genes across the 13 D.citri chromosomes.Proteomic analysis identified 54 differentially expressed CPs during D.citri emergence,with 14 CPs exhibiting significant differential expression after CLas acquisition.Five key genes,Dc18aa-1,Dc18aa-2,DcCPR-24,DcCPR-38 and DcCPR-58,were screened from the proteome and CLas acquisition.The silencing of these 5 genes through a modified feeding method significantly reduced the emergence rate and caused various abnormal phenotypes,indicating the crucial role that these genes play in D.citri emergence.This study provides a comprehensive overview of the role of CPs in D.citri and reveals that CLas can influence the emergence process of D.citri by regulating the expression of CPs.These key CPs may serve as potential targets for future research on controlling huanglongbing(HLB)transmission.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China to Chun-Peng Song (U21A20206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102187)+4 种基金Hainan Province Joint Cultivation Project (2021JJLH0014)to Xi Zhangthe Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (SCKJ-JYRC-2022-78) to Bao Zhu Lithe Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in the University of Henan Province (21IRTSTHN019) to Siyi Guothe Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (111 Project, number D16014)Henan Province Key Research and Development Project (221111112200) to Shutang Zhou and Xi Zhang
文摘Plants have evolved complex physical and chemical defense systems that allow them to withstand herbivory infestation.Composed of a complex mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids(VLCFAs)and their derivatives,cuticular wax constitutes the first physical line of defense against herbivores.Here,we report the function of Glossy 8(ZmGL8),which encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase belonging to the fatty acid elongase complex,in orchestrating wax production and jasmonic acid(JA)-mediated defenses against herbivores in maize(Zea mays).The mutation of GL8 enhanced chemical defenses by activating the JA-dependent pathway.We observed a trade-off between wax accumulation and JA levels across maize glossy mutants and 24 globally collected maize inbred lines.In addition,we demonstrated that mutants defective in cuticular wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize exhibit enhanced chemical defenses.Comprehensive transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that the gl8 mutant confers chemical resistance to herbivores by remodeling VLCFA-related lipid metabolism and subsequent JA biosynthesis and signaling.These results suggest that VLCFA-related lipid metabolism has a critical role in regulating the trade-offs between cuticular wax and JA-mediated chemical defenses.
文摘Cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic barrier on aerial plant organs; it plays an important role in protecting a plant from damage caused by many forms of environmental stress. In the present study, we characterized a rice leaf wax-deficient mutant osgll-1 derived from a spontaneous mutation, which exhibited a wax-deficient and highly hydro- philic leaf phenotype. We cloned the OsGLI-1 gene by the map-based cloning method and performed a complementation test to confirm the function of the candidate gene. Molecular studies revealed that OsGLI-1 was a member of the OsGL1 family, and contained regions that were homologous to some regions in sterol desaturases and short-chain dehydro- genases/reductases. Compared to the wild-type, the osgll-1 mutant showed decreased cuticular wax deposition, thinner cuticular membrane, decreased chlorophyll leaching, increased rate of water loss, and enhanced sensitivity to drought. OsGL 1-1 is expressed ubiquitously in rice. The transient expression of OsGLl-l-green fluorescent protein fusion protein indicated that OsGLI-1 is localized in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus.
