The effects of neodymium application mode on the disease index, PAL, POD and PPO activity, content of lignin and generation rate of ·O2^- in cucumbers were investigated by pot experiment. The results suggest that...The effects of neodymium application mode on the disease index, PAL, POD and PPO activity, content of lignin and generation rate of ·O2^- in cucumbers were investigated by pot experiment. The results suggest that the disease index decreases after spraying Nd^3＋. Relative protection effects of at-the-same-time-group, induced-group and therapy-group are 7.51%, 27.14% and 11.51%. The PAL activity of Nd ＋ Fo treatment in at-the-same-time-group, induced-group and therapy-group increases by 9.86%, 48.57% and 4.97% respectively compared with that of Fo treatment. The POD activity decreases by 27.52%, 35.87% and 7.67%. The PPO activity increases by 5.75%, 36.58% and 52.19%. The ·O2^- generation rate decreases by 9.49%, 28.08% and 25. 21%.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of glycine betaine（GB） on oxidation metabolism in cucumbers under low-temperature stress and to investigate the possible mechanism of l...[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of glycine betaine（GB） on oxidation metabolism in cucumbers under low-temperature stress and to investigate the possible mechanism of low-temperature resistance in cucumber during low-temperature storage. [Method] Cucumber cultivar Zhongnong No.8 was treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/L GB solutions for 15 min and stored at 4 ℃. Changes in oxidative metabolism-related parameters were observed. [Result] Increasing exogenous GB concentration could enhance GB content in cucumbers, decline lipoxygenase（LOX） activity, improve peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities, remove effectively hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA）. [Conclusion] Treating cucumbers with10 mmol/L GB exhibited the most remarkable effect.展开更多
In the entire world, about 200 million populations are exposed to arsenic poisoning in groundwater. Arsenic is a very poisonous metalloid and has three allotropic forms. The toxic inorganic arsenic is converted and ut...In the entire world, about 200 million populations are exposed to arsenic poisoning in groundwater. Arsenic is a very poisonous metalloid and has three allotropic forms. The toxic inorganic arsenic is converted and utilized metabolically into organic form. It is primarily eliminated out from the human body through metabolic wastes like urine and is also deposited in the hair, nails and skin of the affected ones. Arsenic is known to be a carcinogen as Carcinogen category 1 in the forms of arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide, arsenous acids, arsenic acid and their salts. The arsenic also affects the epidermal system, the nervous system and the vascular system of humans. In the present investigation for toxicological evaluation of arsenic Liver Function Tests & Kidney Function Tests have been considered. It is presumed that medicinal plants have significance in the present day in view of the lethal diseases like AIDS, cancer, hepatitis, nephritis sterility too for which no effective drugs are found till today in modern system of medicine. Medicinal plant based drugs generally have no side effects or the least side effect. Thus to evaluate an ameliorating effect, if any, to mitigate the arsenic toxicity in mice, for which Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) has been taken as curative measure. Sodium arsenite at the dose of 3 mg/kg body weight was administered for 4 weeks followed by the administration of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) for 4 and 6 weeks at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Their biochemical levels like liver and kidney function tests were assayed and were found with elevated levels. But, after administration of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers), there was significant amelioration in the biochemical levels. The protective effect of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) was shown in the form of normalization of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities represented by normalization of liver and kidney functions.展开更多
Abstract Sea cucumbers belong to the Class Holothuroidea of marine invertebrates. They are commercially valuable and prized as a food and folk medicine in Asia. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile ...Abstract Sea cucumbers belong to the Class Holothuroidea of marine invertebrates. They are commercially valuable and prized as a food and folk medicine in Asia. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and amino acids. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities/properties, including anticancer, anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertension and radioprotective, have been ascribed to various compounds isolated from sea cucumbers. The therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array ofbioactives, especially triterpene glycosides, acid mucopolysaccharide, sphingoid bases, glycolipids, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, polysaccharides, phospholipids, cerebrosides, phosphatidylcholines, and other extracts and hydrolysates. This review highlights the valuable bioactive components as well as the multiple therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with a view to exploring their potential uses as functional foods and a natural source of new multifunctional drugs.展开更多
To assess the risks of forchlorfenuron after application, a residue analysis method for ferchlorfenuron in cucumbers and the red soil of Southern China was established, and the dissipation behavior and residue charact...To assess the risks of forchlorfenuron after application, a residue analysis method for ferchlorfenuron in cucumbers and the red soil of Southern China was established, and the dissipation behavior and residue characteristics of forchlorfenuron were studied under field conditions. The field trials, including dissipation and residue experiments, were conducted in Hunan, Yunnan and Hainan Provinces. Forchlorfenuron was applied at 32 a.i.g ha^-1 rate for the dissipation study and both 21 and 32 a.i.g ha^-1 for the residue study. Representative cucumbers and soil samples were collected at predetermined intervals for HPLC for UV- detector analysis. The average recoveries of the method were 80.8%-92.0% with coefficients variation （CV） between 0.4% and 11.8%. The detection limit of forchlorfenuron in cucumbers and soil samples was 0.003 mg·kg^-1 and the minimum detectable amount was 3.0× 10^-10 g. The half life of forchlorfenuron in cucumbers in the three provinces changed as： Yunnan （5.50 days）, Hunan （5.88 days）, and Hainan （6.53 days） and in the soil was observed： Hainan （6.54 days）, Hunan （7.64 days）, and Yunnan （8.39 days）. The maximum terminal residue in cucumbers at 32 a.i.g ha^-1 rate after 5 days was 0.009 mg·kg^-1 （Yunnan） followed by 0.0085 mg·kg^-1 （Hainan） and 0.0082 mg·kg^-1（Hunan） which was below MRL value of 0.01 mg·kg^-1 established by the USA, EPA. So a waiting period of 5 days should be established after spaying on cucumbers to avoid hazard to human beings.展开更多
Sea cucumbers play an important role in sediment bioturbation in coral reef and rocky intertidal ecosystems,and bacteria were a commonly-reported component of holothuroid diets.Bacterial community composition in the f...Sea cucumbers play an important role in sediment bioturbation in coral reef and rocky intertidal ecosystems,and bacteria were a commonly-reported component of holothuroid diets.Bacterial community composition in the foregut and hindgut of two common tropical sea cucumbers(Holothuria atra and H.leucospilota)and the ambient surface sediment were investigated using high throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene analysis.A total of 5584 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from 25 samples based on a 97%threshold,and more than half of the OTUs(n=3694,66.2%)were shared by the gut contents of two species of sea cucumbers and surrounding sediments.Bacterial richness and diversity in sediment samples were signifi cantly higher than those in the gut content samples(P<0.05).Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in most samples showing 45.69%±8.61%,70.09%±4.03%,45.88%±5.38%,and 55.19%±0.79%reads in the foregut of H.leucospilota,hindgut of H.leucospilota,hindgut of H.atra,and sediment libraries,respectively,but Bacteroidetes was the predominant phylum with the relative content of 34.98%±5.52%in the foregut of H.atra.Among the dominant genera,reads related to the genera Anderseniella,Ilumatobacter,and Ruegeria were detected in all the gut contents and sediment libraries.A comparison of gut bacteria community between the two species of sea cucumbers suggested that H.atra had stronger feeding preference than H.leucospilota,and the same types of microbes escaped digestion of the two sea cucumber species.Obvious diff erent bacterial community composition in the foreguts of the two species of sea cucumbers and the surrounding sediments might result from the animal’s selective feeding for sediment patches.Bacterial community structure in hindgut contents of H.atra and H.leucospilota both diff ered clearly from adjacent sediments,which indicated feeding activity of deposit-feeding sea cucumbers could change the sedimental bacterial composition.In conclusion,from the perspective of bacteria,sea cucumber H.atra and H.leucospilota had diff erent feeding preferences,yet they could both aff ect bacterial composition in sediments by feeding activity.The motivation for selective feeding and sea cucumber-sediment interaction might be explored in the future.展开更多
Cucumber is an important vegetable worldwide,and powdery mildew(PM)is a common and serious disease of cucumbers.Breeding disease-resistant cucumber varieties is the most advantageous strategy to control this disease.I...Cucumber is an important vegetable worldwide,and powdery mildew(PM)is a common and serious disease of cucumbers.Breeding disease-resistant cucumber varieties is the most advantageous strategy to control this disease.In recent years,exploration and identification of cucumber PM resistance genes have achieved great advancement,and many genes have been cloned and verified using different methods.However,the resistance mechanism of cucumber PM is still unclear,and many ambiguities need to be elucidated urgently.In this review,we summarized the research advances in PM resistance in cucumbers,including genetic analysis,quantitative trait locus mapping,map-based cloning,transcriptomics,mlo-mediated PM resistance,and mining of noncoding RNAs involved in resistance.Finally,the research directions and the problems that need to be solved in the future were discussed.展开更多
Thirty-five new microsatellite loci from the sea cucumbers Holothurian scabra(Jaeger,1833)and Apostichopus japonicas(Selenka,1867)were screened and characterized using the method of magnetic bead enrichment.Of the twe...Thirty-five new microsatellite loci from the sea cucumbers Holothurian scabra(Jaeger,1833)and Apostichopus japonicas(Selenka,1867)were screened and characterized using the method of magnetic bead enrichment.Of the twenty-four polymorphic loci tested,eighteen were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after a modified false discovery rate(B-Y FDR)correction,whereas six showed statistically significant deviations(CHS2 and CHSll:P〈0.014790;FCS1,FCS6,FCS8 and FCS14:P〈0.015377).Furthermore,four species ofplesiomorphous and related sea cucumbers(Holothurian scabra,Holothuria leucospilota,Stichopus horrens and Apostichopus japonicas)were tested for mutual cross-amplification using a total of ninety microsatellite loci.Although transferability and universality of all loci were generally low,the results of the cross-species study showed that the markers can be applied to identify individuals to species according to the presence or absence of specific microsatellite alleles.The microsatellite markers reported here will contribute to the study of genetic diversity,assisted breeding,and population conservation in sea cucumbers,as well as allow for the identification of individuals to closely related species.展开更多
Dwarfism is one of the most important traits in crop breeding. In this study, a dwarf cucumber D0462 and a vine NA129 were taken as experimental materials. The metabolism of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and superoxide a...Dwarfism is one of the most important traits in crop breeding. In this study, a dwarf cucumber D0462 and a vine NA129 were taken as experimental materials. The metabolism of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and superoxide anion radical （O2-·, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the levels of endogenous hormones of the two cultivars were compared. In the whole growth period, D0462 maintained higher H2O2 and O2-· levels than NA129. The activities of SOD （superoxide dismutase）, CAT （catalase）, APX （ascorbate peroxidase） and IAAO （indoleacetic acid oxidase） in D0462 were found higher than those in NA129. The contents of gibberellic acid （GA3）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and jasmonic acid （JA） in intemode were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The intemode ofD0462 remained lower levels of GA3, IAA, and ZR. In contrast, JA level in internode of D0462 was higher than that of NA129. Compared with NA129, the cell mumbers in intemode of D0462 did not change, but cell size evidently decreased. The chloroplasts in mature mesophyll D0462 exhibited swollen filled with starch grains instead of regular oval ones, and thylakoids of chloroplast swelled and became ambiguous.展开更多
The distribution, diversity, and abundance of sea cucumbers in intertidal zones of Aurora were studied from February to June 2013 to obtain baseline data. A one-hour timed-search survey covering an approximate one kil...The distribution, diversity, and abundance of sea cucumbers in intertidal zones of Aurora were studied from February to June 2013 to obtain baseline data. A one-hour timed-search survey covering an approximate one kilometer over a ten-meter wide area was conducted in six coastal municipalities to obtain a comprehensive list of sea cucumber species found in the zones. Only four sampling stations (Baler, Dipaculao, Dilasag, and Dingalan) were selected for belt transect survey, 50 × 50 m, based on the availability of coralline, sandy, muddy sand, and rocky habitats which were laid perpendicular and parallel to each intertidal zone. Timed-search survey revealed a total of 15 species of sea cucumbers distributed among two Orders (Order Aspidochirotida and Order Apodida) and four Families (Family Holothuriidae, Family Stichopodidae, Family Synaptidae, and Family Chirotidae) were recorded. Synapta maculata is most common and has widespread distribution. Belt-tranect surveys showed Holothuria leucospilota is among the most frequently occurring species both during day time (58%) and night time (75%). The Dilasag sampling station had the most diverse species (0.71) while the Dipaculao sampling station had the densest species of Holothuria leucospilota (10,014 in<span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙ha<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−1</sup>) and abundant (95.91%) species.展开更多
At the early stage,the transcriptome sequencing technique was used to detect the differentially expressed gene CsFK111 between vine cucumber and dwarf cucumber D0462.The gene was cloned,and bioinformatics software too...At the early stage,the transcriptome sequencing technique was used to detect the differentially expressed gene CsFK111 between vine cucumber and dwarf cucumber D0462.The gene was cloned,and bioinformatics software tools were used to analyze and predict the gene family and this gene.There were 30 members of the cucumber F-box gene family.The coding region of the cucumber CsFK111 gene was full-length 1314 bp,which encoded 437 amino acids and was predicted to be located in the nucleus.The protein encoded by this gene was a non-transmembrane protein,and the prediction of the secondary structure showed thatβ-lamellar structure and irregular crimp were dominant.A comparison of the phylogenetic tree showed that it was closest to cantaloupe and belonged to the same branch.The results provided a basis for future study on the regulation mechanism of the CsFK111 gene on cucumber dwarfing and also laid a foundation for further study of FBK family proteins.展开更多
Marine collagen has been known to have lower immunogenicity compared to bovine collagen.The primary component in the body wall of sea cucumbers is collagen.This study aimed to investigate the density,bundle organizati...Marine collagen has been known to have lower immunogenicity compared to bovine collagen.The primary component in the body wall of sea cucumbers is collagen.This study aimed to investigate the density,bundle organization,and yield of collagen in the two sea cucumber species,Acaudina rosettis and Phyllophorus sp.collected from the Madura Strait,Indonesia.The body wall parts,including the dorsal anterior,dorsal median,dorsal posterior,ventral anterior,ventral median,and ventral posterior,from five samples of each species,were fixed and decalcified.They were histologically processed using the paraffin method before staining them with Van Gieson to visualize collagen in the cross-sections of body wall tissue.Collagen density was determined using the ImageJ software,while collagen bundle organization was examined negatively by utilizing the image editing application.Collagen density data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA(α=0.05).Collagen content in the body wall of each species was examined using acid solubilization-based collagen extraction,which did not significantly differ between different parts of the body wall in each species(p=0.161 for A.rosettis,p=0.095 for Phyllophorus sp.).However,Phyllophorus sp.exhibited a higher collagen density and collagen bundles,which were larger and more organized compared to A.rosettis.The collagen content was higher in A.rosettis(10.07%)compared to Phyllophorus sp.(8.07%).Further study can be performed to explore the potential of collagen from these sea cucumber species for commercial use.展开更多
Sea cucumbers usually live in an environment where lighting and visibility are generally not controllable,which cause the underwater image of sea cucumbers to be distorted,blurred,and severely attenuated.Therefore,the...Sea cucumbers usually live in an environment where lighting and visibility are generally not controllable,which cause the underwater image of sea cucumbers to be distorted,blurred,and severely attenuated.Therefore,the valuable information from such an image cannot be fully extracted for further processing.To solve the problems mentioned above and improve the quality of the underwater images of sea cucumbers,pre-processing of a sea cucumber image is attracting increasing interest.This paper presents a newmethod based on contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization and wavelet transform(CLAHE-WT)to enhance the sea cucumber image quality.CLAHE was used to process the underwater image for increasing contrast based on the Rayleigh distribution,and WTwas used for de-noising based on a soft threshold.Qualitative analysis indicated that the proposed method exhibited better performance in enhancing the quality and retaining the image details.For quantitative analysis,the test with 120 underwater images showed that for the proposed method,the mean square error(MSE),peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR),and entropy were 49.2098,13.3909,and 6.6815,respectively.The proposed method outperformed three established methods in enhancing the visual quality of sea cucumber underwater gray image.展开更多
For important economic crops such as cucumbers,abiotic and biotic stress conditions have had an adverse effect.This study aimed to observe the effects of water stress and powdery mildew stress on cucumber plants.Bioti...For important economic crops such as cucumbers,abiotic and biotic stress conditions have had an adverse effect.This study aimed to observe the effects of water stress and powdery mildew stress on cucumber plants.Biotic stress at two levels,B0(no powdery mildew stress)and B1(powdery mildew stress)with three fertigation requirement levels(T1:Full fertigation,T2:Moderate nutrient solution deficit,T3:Severe nutrient solution deficit).Therefore,set up six treatments of B0T1,B1T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.Leaf gas-exchange parameter first decreases and then increases under B1T1,B1T2,and B1T2.The leaf gas exchange parameter was significantly decreased under B0T2 and B0T3.Compared to the control experiment(CK,B0T1:no disease infestation and full irrigation),the plant height of cucumber decreased by 7.55%,10.62%,15.28%,23.27%,and 35.16%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2 and B1T3;the stem diameter of cucumber decreased by 9.46%,15.74%,5.47%,13.45%,and 23.72%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3;the leaf area of cucumber decreased by 13.76%,29.96%,13.43%,38.21%,and 66.83%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.The root-shoot ratio of cucumber was 3.92%,3.13%,3.63%,3.84%,4.41%,and 3.82%,respectively,under the B0T1,B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.Therefore,this study can provide a basis for the research on greenhouse environmental control and cucumber cultivation management.展开更多
With the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects in China,Huang Sanwen’s group from the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academ...With the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects in China,Huang Sanwen’s group from the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences revealed that a recent copy number variation(CNV)of a particular DNA segment gives rise to cucumbers bearing only female flowers by collaborating with several international labs such as Fei Zhangjun’s lab from the Boyce Thompson Institute,Cornell University.展开更多
The effect of fungicides on the plant-rhizosphere microbiome is a subject of ongoing debate,but whether any alteration in the rhizosphere microbiome could affect plant health is an issue that has not been thoroughly i...The effect of fungicides on the plant-rhizosphere microbiome is a subject of ongoing debate,but whether any alteration in the rhizosphere microbiome could affect plant health is an issue that has not been thoroughly investigated.To address this deficiency,we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiome of wilt disease—resistant and disease-susceptible cucumber cultivars to determine whether(and which)plantassociated microorganisms have a role in disease resistance.We further assessed whether the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim affect the rhizosphere microbiome,which may contribute to the plant’s immune response.Based on results acquired with both radicle-inoculation and soil-inoculation methods,cultivars Longyuanxiuchun(LYXC)and Shuyan2(SY2)were identified as being disease resistant,whereas Zhongnong6(ZN6)and Zhongnong38(ZN38)were susceptible.The microbiome structure differed substantially between the resistant and susceptible plants,with LYXC and SY2 each having a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38.These results revealed that the disease-resistant cucumber cultivars recruited more beneficial bacteria,i.e.,Bacillus,in their rhizosphere soil;as such,Bacillus was identified as a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network.Thus,the presence of Bacillus may help cucumbers defend against fungal pathogens within the rhizosphere.Bacillus subtilis strain LD15,which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil,could suppress pathogen growth,in vitro,and reduce disease severity in pot assays.Moreover,evidence also confirmed the accumulation of LD1 in the rhizosphere soil of resistant cucumber cultivars.For LYXC,application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure,decreased bacterial diversity,and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species.Finally,pot assays verified that fungicide application decreased the proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soil.From a microbial perspective,thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim may weaken the rhizobacteria-mediated defense response of cucumbers against cucumber Fusarium wilt disease.Our findings reveal a role for the rhizosphere microbiome in protecting plants from pathogens and constitute a reference for assessing the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to non-target soil microorganisms.展开更多
The sea cucumber is a highly esteemed source of nourishment,recognized as one of the“Eight Treasures of the Sea.”The bioactive compounds derived from sea cucumbers exhibit diverse physiological activities,including ...The sea cucumber is a highly esteemed source of nourishment,recognized as one of the“Eight Treasures of the Sea.”The bioactive compounds derived from sea cucumbers exhibit diverse physiological activities,including anti-tumor,antioxidant,anti-coagulation,anti-viral,anti-fatigue,immune enhancement,cognitive improvement,and metabolic regulation.Notably,within the skincare sector,these compounds demonstrate significant anti-aging,moisturizing,whitening,wrinkle reduction,repair and inhibition of melanin production properties.This article assesses the current state of sea cucumber aquaculture in China and the utilization of its bioactive ingredients in skincare formulations.The objective is to furnish additional raw materials and semi-finished products for China’s skincare and pharmaceutical industries,to advance the integration of sea cucumber bioactive components within these sectors,and to invigorate the rapid development of the tropical sea cucumber breeding industry.展开更多
The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching ...The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching one-by-one plants for the management of RKN.However,as a common non-fumigation nematicide,its distribution in soil was often the key limiting factor that determined the efficacy and efficiency.To optimize the utilization of fluopyram against RKN,the control efficacy of application methods including blending-of-soil,rootirrigation,drip-irrigation,and furrow-irrigation and the correlation between nematicide distribution and efficacy were studied.The toxicities of fluopyram and abamectin to nematodes collected from different sources and backgrounds exhibited limited differences from crop and region.Compared to the control,all nematicide treatments reduced root galling by M.incognita in cucumber and increased the yield of cucumber.Blending-of-soil treatment and root-irrigation treatment were more beneficial for increasing the distribution area of nematicides in soil,then promoting the control efficacy of nematicides against RKN and improving cucumber production.This work showed that the application of fluopyram by blending-of-soil has the same efficacy as by rootirrigation in controlling RKN in cucumber production,moreover is more efficient and can be an alternative option.展开更多
主题语境:挑战自我篇幅:311词建议用时:6分钟。1 On June 14th of this year, Vitomir Maričić took one last breath of pure oxygen, lay down in a pool, and stayed there calmly—like a sea cucumber—for 29 minutes and 3 secon...主题语境:挑战自我篇幅:311词建议用时:6分钟。1 On June 14th of this year, Vitomir Maričić took one last breath of pure oxygen, lay down in a pool, and stayed there calmly—like a sea cucumber—for 29 minutes and 3 seconds. According to Guinness World Records, this is officially the longest time a male has voluntarily held his breath, with Maričić beating the former record holder by nearly 5 minutes.展开更多
文摘The effects of neodymium application mode on the disease index, PAL, POD and PPO activity, content of lignin and generation rate of ·O2^- in cucumbers were investigated by pot experiment. The results suggest that the disease index decreases after spraying Nd^3＋. Relative protection effects of at-the-same-time-group, induced-group and therapy-group are 7.51%, 27.14% and 11.51%. The PAL activity of Nd ＋ Fo treatment in at-the-same-time-group, induced-group and therapy-group increases by 9.86%, 48.57% and 4.97% respectively compared with that of Fo treatment. The POD activity decreases by 27.52%, 35.87% and 7.67%. The PPO activity increases by 5.75%, 36.58% and 52.19%. The ·O2^- generation rate decreases by 9.49%, 28.08% and 25. 21%.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of glycine betaine（GB） on oxidation metabolism in cucumbers under low-temperature stress and to investigate the possible mechanism of low-temperature resistance in cucumber during low-temperature storage. [Method] Cucumber cultivar Zhongnong No.8 was treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/L GB solutions for 15 min and stored at 4 ℃. Changes in oxidative metabolism-related parameters were observed. [Result] Increasing exogenous GB concentration could enhance GB content in cucumbers, decline lipoxygenase（LOX） activity, improve peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities, remove effectively hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde（MDA）. [Conclusion] Treating cucumbers with10 mmol/L GB exhibited the most remarkable effect.
文摘In the entire world, about 200 million populations are exposed to arsenic poisoning in groundwater. Arsenic is a very poisonous metalloid and has three allotropic forms. The toxic inorganic arsenic is converted and utilized metabolically into organic form. It is primarily eliminated out from the human body through metabolic wastes like urine and is also deposited in the hair, nails and skin of the affected ones. Arsenic is known to be a carcinogen as Carcinogen category 1 in the forms of arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide, arsenous acids, arsenic acid and their salts. The arsenic also affects the epidermal system, the nervous system and the vascular system of humans. In the present investigation for toxicological evaluation of arsenic Liver Function Tests & Kidney Function Tests have been considered. It is presumed that medicinal plants have significance in the present day in view of the lethal diseases like AIDS, cancer, hepatitis, nephritis sterility too for which no effective drugs are found till today in modern system of medicine. Medicinal plant based drugs generally have no side effects or the least side effect. Thus to evaluate an ameliorating effect, if any, to mitigate the arsenic toxicity in mice, for which Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) has been taken as curative measure. Sodium arsenite at the dose of 3 mg/kg body weight was administered for 4 weeks followed by the administration of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) for 4 and 6 weeks at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Their biochemical levels like liver and kidney function tests were assayed and were found with elevated levels. But, after administration of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers), there was significant amelioration in the biochemical levels. The protective effect of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) was shown in the form of normalization of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities represented by normalization of liver and kidney functions.
文摘Abstract Sea cucumbers belong to the Class Holothuroidea of marine invertebrates. They are commercially valuable and prized as a food and folk medicine in Asia. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and amino acids. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities/properties, including anticancer, anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertension and radioprotective, have been ascribed to various compounds isolated from sea cucumbers. The therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array ofbioactives, especially triterpene glycosides, acid mucopolysaccharide, sphingoid bases, glycolipids, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, polysaccharides, phospholipids, cerebrosides, phosphatidylcholines, and other extracts and hydrolysates. This review highlights the valuable bioactive components as well as the multiple therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with a view to exploring their potential uses as functional foods and a natural source of new multifunctional drugs.
文摘To assess the risks of forchlorfenuron after application, a residue analysis method for ferchlorfenuron in cucumbers and the red soil of Southern China was established, and the dissipation behavior and residue characteristics of forchlorfenuron were studied under field conditions. The field trials, including dissipation and residue experiments, were conducted in Hunan, Yunnan and Hainan Provinces. Forchlorfenuron was applied at 32 a.i.g ha^-1 rate for the dissipation study and both 21 and 32 a.i.g ha^-1 for the residue study. Representative cucumbers and soil samples were collected at predetermined intervals for HPLC for UV- detector analysis. The average recoveries of the method were 80.8%-92.0% with coefficients variation （CV） between 0.4% and 11.8%. The detection limit of forchlorfenuron in cucumbers and soil samples was 0.003 mg·kg^-1 and the minimum detectable amount was 3.0× 10^-10 g. The half life of forchlorfenuron in cucumbers in the three provinces changed as： Yunnan （5.50 days）, Hunan （5.88 days）, and Hainan （6.53 days） and in the soil was observed： Hainan （6.54 days）, Hunan （7.64 days）, and Yunnan （8.39 days）. The maximum terminal residue in cucumbers at 32 a.i.g ha^-1 rate after 5 days was 0.009 mg·kg^-1 （Yunnan） followed by 0.0085 mg·kg^-1 （Hainan） and 0.0082 mg·kg^-1（Hunan） which was below MRL value of 0.01 mg·kg^-1 established by the USA, EPA. So a waiting period of 5 days should be established after spaying on cucumbers to avoid hazard to human beings.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41766005,31760757)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFD0901304)。
文摘Sea cucumbers play an important role in sediment bioturbation in coral reef and rocky intertidal ecosystems,and bacteria were a commonly-reported component of holothuroid diets.Bacterial community composition in the foregut and hindgut of two common tropical sea cucumbers(Holothuria atra and H.leucospilota)and the ambient surface sediment were investigated using high throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene analysis.A total of 5584 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from 25 samples based on a 97%threshold,and more than half of the OTUs(n=3694,66.2%)were shared by the gut contents of two species of sea cucumbers and surrounding sediments.Bacterial richness and diversity in sediment samples were signifi cantly higher than those in the gut content samples(P<0.05).Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in most samples showing 45.69%±8.61%,70.09%±4.03%,45.88%±5.38%,and 55.19%±0.79%reads in the foregut of H.leucospilota,hindgut of H.leucospilota,hindgut of H.atra,and sediment libraries,respectively,but Bacteroidetes was the predominant phylum with the relative content of 34.98%±5.52%in the foregut of H.atra.Among the dominant genera,reads related to the genera Anderseniella,Ilumatobacter,and Ruegeria were detected in all the gut contents and sediment libraries.A comparison of gut bacteria community between the two species of sea cucumbers suggested that H.atra had stronger feeding preference than H.leucospilota,and the same types of microbes escaped digestion of the two sea cucumber species.Obvious diff erent bacterial community composition in the foreguts of the two species of sea cucumbers and the surrounding sediments might result from the animal’s selective feeding for sediment patches.Bacterial community structure in hindgut contents of H.atra and H.leucospilota both diff ered clearly from adjacent sediments,which indicated feeding activity of deposit-feeding sea cucumbers could change the sedimental bacterial composition.In conclusion,from the perspective of bacteria,sea cucumber H.atra and H.leucospilota had diff erent feeding preferences,yet they could both aff ect bacterial composition in sediments by feeding activity.The motivation for selective feeding and sea cucumber-sediment interaction might be explored in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31701915)Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project(Grant No.LGN19C150007).
文摘Cucumber is an important vegetable worldwide,and powdery mildew(PM)is a common and serious disease of cucumbers.Breeding disease-resistant cucumber varieties is the most advantageous strategy to control this disease.In recent years,exploration and identification of cucumber PM resistance genes have achieved great advancement,and many genes have been cloned and verified using different methods.However,the resistance mechanism of cucumber PM is still unclear,and many ambiguities need to be elucidated urgently.In this review,we summarized the research advances in PM resistance in cucumbers,including genetic analysis,quantitative trait locus mapping,map-based cloning,transcriptomics,mlo-mediated PM resistance,and mining of noncoding RNAs involved in resistance.Finally,the research directions and the problems that need to be solved in the future were discussed.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Nos.2014J01133,2017J01638)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31272668)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University and the Foundation for Innovative Research Team of Jimei University,China(No.2010A004)
文摘Thirty-five new microsatellite loci from the sea cucumbers Holothurian scabra(Jaeger,1833)and Apostichopus japonicas(Selenka,1867)were screened and characterized using the method of magnetic bead enrichment.Of the twenty-four polymorphic loci tested,eighteen were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after a modified false discovery rate(B-Y FDR)correction,whereas six showed statistically significant deviations(CHS2 and CHSll:P〈0.014790;FCS1,FCS6,FCS8 and FCS14:P〈0.015377).Furthermore,four species ofplesiomorphous and related sea cucumbers(Holothurian scabra,Holothuria leucospilota,Stichopus horrens and Apostichopus japonicas)were tested for mutual cross-amplification using a total of ninety microsatellite loci.Although transferability and universality of all loci were generally low,the results of the cross-species study showed that the markers can be applied to identify individuals to species according to the presence or absence of specific microsatellite alleles.The microsatellite markers reported here will contribute to the study of genetic diversity,assisted breeding,and population conservation in sea cucumbers,as well as allow for the identification of individuals to closely related species.
基金Supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2012M520701)the Key Laboratory Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops(Northeast Region),Ministry of Agriculture(CVB2012-001)
文摘Dwarfism is one of the most important traits in crop breeding. In this study, a dwarf cucumber D0462 and a vine NA129 were taken as experimental materials. The metabolism of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and superoxide anion radical （O2-·, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the levels of endogenous hormones of the two cultivars were compared. In the whole growth period, D0462 maintained higher H2O2 and O2-· levels than NA129. The activities of SOD （superoxide dismutase）, CAT （catalase）, APX （ascorbate peroxidase） and IAAO （indoleacetic acid oxidase） in D0462 were found higher than those in NA129. The contents of gibberellic acid （GA3）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and jasmonic acid （JA） in intemode were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The intemode ofD0462 remained lower levels of GA3, IAA, and ZR. In contrast, JA level in internode of D0462 was higher than that of NA129. Compared with NA129, the cell mumbers in intemode of D0462 did not change, but cell size evidently decreased. The chloroplasts in mature mesophyll D0462 exhibited swollen filled with starch grains instead of regular oval ones, and thylakoids of chloroplast swelled and became ambiguous.
文摘The distribution, diversity, and abundance of sea cucumbers in intertidal zones of Aurora were studied from February to June 2013 to obtain baseline data. A one-hour timed-search survey covering an approximate one kilometer over a ten-meter wide area was conducted in six coastal municipalities to obtain a comprehensive list of sea cucumber species found in the zones. Only four sampling stations (Baler, Dipaculao, Dilasag, and Dingalan) were selected for belt transect survey, 50 × 50 m, based on the availability of coralline, sandy, muddy sand, and rocky habitats which were laid perpendicular and parallel to each intertidal zone. Timed-search survey revealed a total of 15 species of sea cucumbers distributed among two Orders (Order Aspidochirotida and Order Apodida) and four Families (Family Holothuriidae, Family Stichopodidae, Family Synaptidae, and Family Chirotidae) were recorded. Synapta maculata is most common and has widespread distribution. Belt-tranect surveys showed Holothuria leucospilota is among the most frequently occurring species both during day time (58%) and night time (75%). The Dilasag sampling station had the most diverse species (0.71) while the Dipaculao sampling station had the densest species of Holothuria leucospilota (10,014 in<span style="white-space:nowrap;">∙ha<sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">−1</sup>) and abundant (95.91%) species.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272724)the National Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(LH2019C033)。
文摘At the early stage,the transcriptome sequencing technique was used to detect the differentially expressed gene CsFK111 between vine cucumber and dwarf cucumber D0462.The gene was cloned,and bioinformatics software tools were used to analyze and predict the gene family and this gene.There were 30 members of the cucumber F-box gene family.The coding region of the cucumber CsFK111 gene was full-length 1314 bp,which encoded 437 amino acids and was predicted to be located in the nucleus.The protein encoded by this gene was a non-transmembrane protein,and the prediction of the secondary structure showed thatβ-lamellar structure and irregular crimp were dominant.A comparison of the phylogenetic tree showed that it was closest to cantaloupe and belonged to the same branch.The results provided a basis for future study on the regulation mechanism of the CsFK111 gene on cucumber dwarfing and also laid a foundation for further study of FBK family proteins.
文摘Marine collagen has been known to have lower immunogenicity compared to bovine collagen.The primary component in the body wall of sea cucumbers is collagen.This study aimed to investigate the density,bundle organization,and yield of collagen in the two sea cucumber species,Acaudina rosettis and Phyllophorus sp.collected from the Madura Strait,Indonesia.The body wall parts,including the dorsal anterior,dorsal median,dorsal posterior,ventral anterior,ventral median,and ventral posterior,from five samples of each species,were fixed and decalcified.They were histologically processed using the paraffin method before staining them with Van Gieson to visualize collagen in the cross-sections of body wall tissue.Collagen density was determined using the ImageJ software,while collagen bundle organization was examined negatively by utilizing the image editing application.Collagen density data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA(α=0.05).Collagen content in the body wall of each species was examined using acid solubilization-based collagen extraction,which did not significantly differ between different parts of the body wall in each species(p=0.161 for A.rosettis,p=0.095 for Phyllophorus sp.).However,Phyllophorus sp.exhibited a higher collagen density and collagen bundles,which were larger and more organized compared to A.rosettis.The collagen content was higher in A.rosettis(10.07%)compared to Phyllophorus sp.(8.07%).Further study can be performed to explore the potential of collagen from these sea cucumber species for commercial use.
基金supported by the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(2015DFA00090)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201203017).
文摘Sea cucumbers usually live in an environment where lighting and visibility are generally not controllable,which cause the underwater image of sea cucumbers to be distorted,blurred,and severely attenuated.Therefore,the valuable information from such an image cannot be fully extracted for further processing.To solve the problems mentioned above and improve the quality of the underwater images of sea cucumbers,pre-processing of a sea cucumber image is attracting increasing interest.This paper presents a newmethod based on contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization and wavelet transform(CLAHE-WT)to enhance the sea cucumber image quality.CLAHE was used to process the underwater image for increasing contrast based on the Rayleigh distribution,and WTwas used for de-noising based on a soft threshold.Qualitative analysis indicated that the proposed method exhibited better performance in enhancing the quality and retaining the image details.For quantitative analysis,the test with 120 underwater images showed that for the proposed method,the mean square error(MSE),peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR),and entropy were 49.2098,13.3909,and 6.6815,respectively.The proposed method outperformed three established methods in enhancing the visual quality of sea cucumber underwater gray image.
基金This work was partially financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071905,No.32171895,No.61771224)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.PAPD-2018-87).
文摘For important economic crops such as cucumbers,abiotic and biotic stress conditions have had an adverse effect.This study aimed to observe the effects of water stress and powdery mildew stress on cucumber plants.Biotic stress at two levels,B0(no powdery mildew stress)and B1(powdery mildew stress)with three fertigation requirement levels(T1:Full fertigation,T2:Moderate nutrient solution deficit,T3:Severe nutrient solution deficit).Therefore,set up six treatments of B0T1,B1T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.Leaf gas-exchange parameter first decreases and then increases under B1T1,B1T2,and B1T2.The leaf gas exchange parameter was significantly decreased under B0T2 and B0T3.Compared to the control experiment(CK,B0T1:no disease infestation and full irrigation),the plant height of cucumber decreased by 7.55%,10.62%,15.28%,23.27%,and 35.16%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2 and B1T3;the stem diameter of cucumber decreased by 9.46%,15.74%,5.47%,13.45%,and 23.72%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3;the leaf area of cucumber decreased by 13.76%,29.96%,13.43%,38.21%,and 66.83%,respectively,under B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.The root-shoot ratio of cucumber was 3.92%,3.13%,3.63%,3.84%,4.41%,and 3.82%,respectively,under the B0T1,B0T2,B0T3,B1T1,B1T2,and B1T3.Therefore,this study can provide a basis for the research on greenhouse environmental control and cucumber cultivation management.
文摘With the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Program on Key Basic Research Projects in China,Huang Sanwen’s group from the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences revealed that a recent copy number variation(CNV)of a particular DNA segment gives rise to cucumbers bearing only female flowers by collaborating with several international labs such as Fei Zhangjun’s lab from the Boyce Thompson Institute,Cornell University.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32172466)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.Y2022QC04).
文摘The effect of fungicides on the plant-rhizosphere microbiome is a subject of ongoing debate,but whether any alteration in the rhizosphere microbiome could affect plant health is an issue that has not been thoroughly investigated.To address this deficiency,we analyzed the rhizosphere microbiome of wilt disease—resistant and disease-susceptible cucumber cultivars to determine whether(and which)plantassociated microorganisms have a role in disease resistance.We further assessed whether the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim affect the rhizosphere microbiome,which may contribute to the plant’s immune response.Based on results acquired with both radicle-inoculation and soil-inoculation methods,cultivars Longyuanxiuchun(LYXC)and Shuyan2(SY2)were identified as being disease resistant,whereas Zhongnong6(ZN6)and Zhongnong38(ZN38)were susceptible.The microbiome structure differed substantially between the resistant and susceptible plants,with LYXC and SY2 each having a significantly greater Shannon index than Zhongnong38.These results revealed that the disease-resistant cucumber cultivars recruited more beneficial bacteria,i.e.,Bacillus,in their rhizosphere soil;as such,Bacillus was identified as a keystone genus in the microbial co-occurrence network.Thus,the presence of Bacillus may help cucumbers defend against fungal pathogens within the rhizosphere.Bacillus subtilis strain LD15,which was isolated from LYXC rhizosphere soil,could suppress pathogen growth,in vitro,and reduce disease severity in pot assays.Moreover,evidence also confirmed the accumulation of LD1 in the rhizosphere soil of resistant cucumber cultivars.For LYXC,application of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim altered the microbiome structure,decreased bacterial diversity,and reduced the abundance of Bacillus species.Finally,pot assays verified that fungicide application decreased the proportion of LD15 in rhizosphere soil.From a microbial perspective,thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim may weaken the rhizobacteria-mediated defense response of cucumbers against cucumber Fusarium wilt disease.Our findings reveal a role for the rhizosphere microbiome in protecting plants from pathogens and constitute a reference for assessing the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to non-target soil microorganisms.
文摘The sea cucumber is a highly esteemed source of nourishment,recognized as one of the“Eight Treasures of the Sea.”The bioactive compounds derived from sea cucumbers exhibit diverse physiological activities,including anti-tumor,antioxidant,anti-coagulation,anti-viral,anti-fatigue,immune enhancement,cognitive improvement,and metabolic regulation.Notably,within the skincare sector,these compounds demonstrate significant anti-aging,moisturizing,whitening,wrinkle reduction,repair and inhibition of melanin production properties.This article assesses the current state of sea cucumber aquaculture in China and the utilization of its bioactive ingredients in skincare formulations.The objective is to furnish additional raw materials and semi-finished products for China’s skincare and pharmaceutical industries,to advance the integration of sea cucumber bioactive components within these sectors,and to invigorate the rapid development of the tropical sea cucumber breeding industry.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272596)the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System for Vegetables in Shandong Province(SDAIT-05).
文摘The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching one-by-one plants for the management of RKN.However,as a common non-fumigation nematicide,its distribution in soil was often the key limiting factor that determined the efficacy and efficiency.To optimize the utilization of fluopyram against RKN,the control efficacy of application methods including blending-of-soil,rootirrigation,drip-irrigation,and furrow-irrigation and the correlation between nematicide distribution and efficacy were studied.The toxicities of fluopyram and abamectin to nematodes collected from different sources and backgrounds exhibited limited differences from crop and region.Compared to the control,all nematicide treatments reduced root galling by M.incognita in cucumber and increased the yield of cucumber.Blending-of-soil treatment and root-irrigation treatment were more beneficial for increasing the distribution area of nematicides in soil,then promoting the control efficacy of nematicides against RKN and improving cucumber production.This work showed that the application of fluopyram by blending-of-soil has the same efficacy as by rootirrigation in controlling RKN in cucumber production,moreover is more efficient and can be an alternative option.
文摘主题语境:挑战自我篇幅:311词建议用时:6分钟。1 On June 14th of this year, Vitomir Maričić took one last breath of pure oxygen, lay down in a pool, and stayed there calmly—like a sea cucumber—for 29 minutes and 3 seconds. According to Guinness World Records, this is officially the longest time a male has voluntarily held his breath, with Maričić beating the former record holder by nearly 5 minutes.
