The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflowe...The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflower oil(SO), with a focus on understanding the critical importance of edible oil stability for predicting quality deterioration during storage. Bearing this in mind, our research was designed to compare the efficacy of three concentrations of dried SS(at 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) against tocobiol(a synthetic antioxidant) as a positive control(at 0.3% concentration). This comparison was conducted under three distinct storage conditions namely accelerated ageing(60 ℃), exposure to light at ambient temperature, and darkness, to evaluate their impact on preventing severe oxidation and extending oil shelf-life. Oxidation state evolution was evaluated through peroxide value(PV), free fatty acid(FFA), anisidine value(p-AV), K_(270)value(conjugated trienes), total oxidation index(TOTOX), iodine value(IV), and fatty acid composition(FA). Our results revealed notable differences in stability tracking parameters. Specifically, these parameters were higher in samples stored under accelerated conditions, followed by the samples stored in ambient light, while those stored in darkness showed the highest stability among the three storage conditions. Supplementation of sunflower oil with SS and tocobiol significantly enhanced its oxidation stability. Notably, SS exhibited exceptional effectiveness in stabilizing sunflower oil regardless of SS dose, with the highest efficacy observed at 0.6%. This was evidenced by the slower rate of oxidation parameters under various storage conditions, highlighting a superior antioxidant activity compared to both the non-enriched oil and tocobiol-enriched oil. Furthermore, saffron stigmas, used as a natural supplement,contributed to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating its potential as a robust source of natural antioxidants in sunflower oil. These attributes position SS as a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering opportunities to enhance the nutritional quality and extend edible oil shelf-life.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Local and systemic inflammation models we...Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Local and systemic inflammation models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C.sativus.A xyleneinduced inflammation model or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model was used in this study.C.sativus petal and stamen extracts were each administered to the mice in the xylene and LPS models by gavage for 14 d at 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg doses,respectively.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin mouse serum.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and in the spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)protein levels within the nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway were assessed using western blotting.RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS(5μg/mL)and LPS+C.sativus(0.05,0.1,and 0.2 mg/mL)for 24 h,and a Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation.Changes in NLRP3 and NF-κB levels were evaluated by western blotting.Results:Petal and stamen extracts of C.sativus attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects in local or systemic inflammatory models and repaired pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.These extracts also decreased the concentrations of TNF-αand IL-1βin the mouse serum in the LPS-induced inflammation model.C.sativus downregulated NLRP3 protein level through the NF-κB pathway and downregulated LC-3 and BECLIN1 in vivo and in vitro.Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone(CCCP)weakened the effects of C.sativus on the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway.Conclusion:C.sativus has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3-NF-κB pathway.展开更多
This paper introduces the biological characteristics,medicinal value,chemical component,and pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus L.,and explores its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disea...This paper introduces the biological characteristics,medicinal value,chemical component,and pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus L.,and explores its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and coronary heart disease.展开更多
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unc...Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,researchers investigated the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa in the treatment of CHD by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques,collected target information with the help of TCMSP,GEO,GeneCards,and other databases,constructed protein-protein interaction(PPI)network diagrams by STRING database,performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on common targets,and finally molecularly docked the active ingredients with core targets.C.sativus-R.rugosa have a variety of polyphenol compounds,a total of 12 active ingredients,including quercetin and kaempferol,were screened.The first three targets intersected with the core targets of CHD as AKT1,TNF,and IL-1B.Enrichment results of KEGG pathway showed that C.sativus-R.rugosa against CHD involved atherosclerosis pathways.The molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol were well bound to the core targets,and it was speculated that these components might be the main active ingredients for the treatment of CHD.The potential mechanism of action of C.sativus-R.rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease was initially revealed.展开更多
Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament styl...Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament style-stigma-like structure. Auxin NAA of higher concentration can lead to higher induction rate. Temperature and light have different effects on the induction of style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus with exogenous hormones at different levels. Ultraviolet tests show that style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus contains crocin, safranal and picrocrocin, contents of which are obviously more than those contained in the style-stigma-like from style. Floral reversion was observed in the induction of style-stigma-like structure from petals, ovaries and styles.展开更多
Saffron(Crocus sativus L.)has been traditionally used in food preparation and as a medicinal plant.It currently has numerous therapeutic properties attributed to it,such as protection against ischemia,as well as antic...Saffron(Crocus sativus L.)has been traditionally used in food preparation and as a medicinal plant.It currently has numerous therapeutic properties attributed to it,such as protection against ischemia,as well as anticonvulsant,antidepressant,anxiolytic,hypolipidemic,anti-atherogenic,anti-hypertensive,antidiabetic,and anti-cancer properties.In addition,saffron has remarkable beneficial properties,such as anti-apoptotic,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities,due to its main metabolites,among which crocin and crocetin stand out.Furthermore,increasing evidence underwrites the possible neuroprotective role of the main bioactive saffron constituents in neurodegenerative diseases,such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases,both in experimental models and in clinical studies in patients.Currently,saffron supplementation is being tested for ocular neurodegenerative pathologies,such as diabetic retinopathy,retinitis pigmentosa,age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma,among others,and shows beneficial effects.The present article provides a comprehensive and up to date report of the investigations on the beneficial effects of saffron extracts on the main neurodegenerative ocular pathologies and other ocular diseases.This review showed that saffron extracts could be considered promising therapeutic agents to help in the treatment of ocular neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Due to safety concerns and side effects of many antidepressant medications, herbal psychopharmacology research has increased, and herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to prescribed medicat...Due to safety concerns and side effects of many antidepressant medications, herbal psychopharmacology research has increased, and herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to prescribed medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder （MDD）. Of these, accumulating trials reveal positive effects of the spice saffron （Crocus sativus L.） for the treatment of depression. A comprehensive and statistical review of the clinical trials examining the effects of saffron for treatment of MDD is warranted. OBJECTIVE： The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials examining the effects of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression among participants with MDD. SEARCH STRATEGY： We conducted electronic and non-electronic searches to identify all relevant randomized, double-blind controlled trials. Reference lists of all retrieved articles were searched for relevant studies. INCLUSION CRITERIA： The criteria for study selection included the following： （1） adults （aged 18 and older） with symptoms of depression, （2） randomized controlled trial, （3） effects of saffron supplementation on depressive symptoms examined, and （4） study had either a placebo control or antidepressant comparison group. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS： Using random effects modeling procedures, we calculated weighted mean effect sizes separately for the saffron supplementation vs placebo control groups, and for the saffron supplementation vs antidepressant groups. The methodological quality of all studies was assessed using the Jadad score. The computer software Comprehensive Meta- analysis 2 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS： Based on our pre-specified criteria, five randomized controlled trials （n = 2 placebo controlled trials, n = 3 antidepressant controlled trials） were included in our review. A large effect size was found for saffron supplementation vs placebo control in treating depressive symptoms （M ES = 1.62, P 〈 0.001）, revealing that saffron supplementation significantly reduced depression symptoms compared to the placebo control. A null effect size was evidenced between saffron supplementation and the antidepressant groups （M ES = -0.15） indicating that both treatments were similarly effective in reducing depression symptoms. The mean Jadad score was 5 indicating high quality of trials. CONCLUSION： Findings from clinical trials conducted to date indicate that saffron supplementation can improve symptoms of depression in adults with MDD. Larger clinical trials, conducted by research teams outside of Iran, with long-term follow-ups are needed before firm conclusions can be made regarding saffron＇s efficacy and safety for treating depressive symptoms.展开更多
Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, is got by Crocus sativus L. stigmas. The production of this substance has attracted human interest, since ancient cultures, for its medicinal and culinary properties. Be...Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, is got by Crocus sativus L. stigmas. The production of this substance has attracted human interest, since ancient cultures, for its medicinal and culinary properties. Because of saffron high economic value, sometimes, since Middle Ages, it is adulterated with other vegetal materials, dyes or synthetic molecules. Object of this work was the study of one of the best world saffron: Civitaretenga (AQ, Central Italy) C. sativus. Taste, color and aroma of Civitaretenga spice were determined, according to international standards (ISO/Technical Specification 3632), to define its high quality. A biochemical approach was then applied to obtain a secondary metabolite profile of this product. So, crocins, total phenolic content, flavonoids and phenolic acids were detected by HPLC-DAD and spectrophotometric analysis. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant properties and in vivo antineoplastic effects, on highly metastatic murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line, were successfully revealed in Civitaretenga C. sativus extract. All these data confirmed the elevated quality of Civitaretenga saffron and its highly reducing and chemopreventive activity.展开更多
The numerous studies indicate leaves of plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be a valuable source of compounds used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Aim of this study was to investigat...The numerous studies indicate leaves of plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be a valuable source of compounds used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and the antioxidant property of Crocus speciosus leaves.Primary phytochemical screening of C.speciosus leaves revealed the presence of some following compound categories such as phenolic compounds,aminoacids,saponins,proteins,tannins,triterpenoids,glycosides,polysaccharides.The total flavonoids and phenolic compounds content were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS.Antiradical activity was determined by ABTS radical-cation scavenging method,spectrophotometrically.The total amount of flavonoids in C.speciosus leaves was 1.07±0.02 mg RE/g(p<0.05),the total amount of phenolic compounds was 0.41±0.01 mg GAE/g(p<0.05).By HPLC-DAD-MS analysis the presence of the mangiferin,chlorogenic acid,isoorientin,kaempferol,hyperoside,and isoquercitin was established for the first time in Crocus leaves.The antiradical activity of C.speciosus leaves extracts was 150.08±4.5μmol/g(p<0.05)and its was mainly attributed to phenolic compounds content.The high amounts of flavonoids and antiradical activity in C.speciosus leaves suggests promising phytochemical and pharmacological study of this Crocus species.展开更多
BACKGROUND：Throughout the past three decades,increased scientifi c attention has been given to examining saffron’s（Crocus sativus L.）use as a potential therapeutic or preventive agent for a number of health condit...BACKGROUND：Throughout the past three decades,increased scientifi c attention has been given to examining saffron’s（Crocus sativus L.）use as a potential therapeutic or preventive agent for a number of health conditions,including cancer,cardiovascular disease,and depression.OBJECTIVE：The purpose of this systematic review is to examine and categorize the current state of scientifi c evidence from randomized controlled trials（RCTs）regarding the effi cacy of saffron on psychological/behavioral outcomes.SEARCH STRATEGY：Electronic and non-electronic systematic searches were conducted to identify all relevant human clinical research on saffron.The search strategy was extensive and was designed according to the＂Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses（PRISMA）.＂Reference lists of articles that met the inclusion criteria were searched.Only English language studies were reviewed.INCLUSION CRITERIA：Saffron trials in combination with other substances and saffron safety studies were considered,in accordance with the PRISMA statement.Included studies must have a control group.Included studies must measure a physiological and/or a behavioral outcome.DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS：The methodological quality of all included studies was independently evaluated by two reviewers using the Jadad score.Mean scores and P-values of measures were compared both inter-and intra-study for each parameter（i.e.,depression）.RESULTS：Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria.These studies examined the effects of saffron on psychological/behavioral outcomes of：major depressive disorder（n=6）,premenstrual syndrome（n=1）,sexual dysfunction and infertility（n=4）,and weight loss/snacking behaviors（n=1）.The data from these studies support the effi cacy of saffron as compared to placebo in improving the following conditions：depressive symptoms（compared to anti-depressants and placebo）,premenstrual symptoms,and sexual dysfunction.In addition,saffron use was also effective in reducing excessive snacking behavior.CONCLUSION：Findings from initial clinical trials suggest that saffron may improve the symptoms and the effects of depression,premenstrual syndrome,sexual dysfunction and infertility,and excessive snacking behaviors.Larger multi-site clinical trials are needed to extend these preliminary fi ndings.展开更多
ITS(Internal Transcription Spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA)regions method was applied to identify and study the phylogenetic relationships existing between 41 individuals of Crocus,including 8 species collected in Ira...ITS(Internal Transcription Spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA)regions method was applied to identify and study the phylogenetic relationships existing between 41 individuals of Crocus,including 8 species collected in Iran(4 crop and 8 wild individuals)and 16 species(2 crop and 27 wild individuals)already registered in GenBank(NCBI).PCR amplifications were performed using the primer designed on the nucleotide sequence of nuclear region(ITS).A total of 12 sequences were obtained and registered in NCBI database.In particular,4 of these sequences were not already present in the scientific library.Nucleotide polymorphic sites were counted for ITS(N=97).The results showed that,the Cytosine base is the most abundant nucleotide.Relatively high conservation was observed in the ITS regions of the populations(0.761).Each sample could be distinguished from the others in the phylogenic trees developed based on the data obtained by ITS barcode genes.In general,ITS sequence indicating high resolution at the species level is very suitable for phylogenetic studies in the Crocus family.Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the genetic relationship between crop saffron and wild Crocus species.According to the results of this study,the wild species of C.cartwrightianus and C.oreocreticus were considered as the closest relatives of the saffron.The results of the study also indicated that,the different ecotypes of C.sativus may have evolved through independent events probably due to the geographic and environmental pressures.展开更多
The results of the study Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw, were introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Bioecological features, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Crocus korolkovii were studied. P...The results of the study Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw, were introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Bioecological features, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Crocus korolkovii were studied. Phenology was studied by I.N. Beideman, biology bloom by A.P. Ponomarev, breeding and seed production of plants by T.T. Rakhimova. The study of the biology of flowering determined the optimal humidity, air temperature and soil surface. The anatomic study used fresh tissue samples which were fixed in 70% alcohol. A cross-section of the sheet and the structure of the flower in the introduction of conditions were studied.展开更多
Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to i...Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.展开更多
Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, G...Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, Gardenia (eudicot) and Crocus (monocot), and the evolution of crocin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. With the chromosome-level Crocus genome assembly, we revealed that two rounds of lineage-specific whole genome triplication occurred, contributing important roles in the production of carotenoids and apocarotenoids. According to the kingdom-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and functional assays of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), we deduced that the duplication, site positive selection, and neofunctionalization of Crocus-specific CCD2 from CCD1 members are responsible for the crocin biosynthesis. In addition, site mutation of CsCCD2 revealed the key amino acids, including I143, L146, R161, E181, T259, and S292 related to the catalytic activity of zeaxanthin cleavage. Our study provides important insights into the origin and evolution of plant specialized metabolites, which are derived by duplication events of biosynthetic genes.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore the potential of combining natural herbs like chamomile and saffron for the management of anxiety and depression.METHODS:A rodent model of Major Depressive Disorder(MDD)and anxiety,secondary to st...OBJECTIVE:To explore the potential of combining natural herbs like chamomile and saffron for the management of anxiety and depression.METHODS:A rodent model of Major Depressive Disorder(MDD)and anxiety,secondary to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus was made.A total of 6 rat groups were chosen;healthy and diseased controls;and diseased test groups of fluoxetine,saffron,chamomile,and combined saffron and chamomile treated(n=6/group).Activity by forced swim test(FST),elevated plus maze test(EPMT),and correlations with biochemical markers like serum glucose,tryptophan,C-reactive protein(CRP),brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor(5HT2CR)expression,were assessed at the end of the 3rd week of the treatment.A one-way analysis of variance with a post-hoc Tukey's test was applied.RESULTS:The combined herbal treatment group showed significantly better(P<0.05)than all other groups in terms of anti-hyperglycemic effect.All treatments improved the CRP levels;however,the combination group was also significantly better than fluoxetine and the individual herb groups.Only the herb groups showed efficacy in the FST with added benefits of the combination group over the healthy controls and similar trends in the EPMT.However,expression of 5HT2CR was repressed while BDNF was elevated through treatment.CONCLUSION:This study shows that in comparison to treatment with a SSRI,and individual herbs,the combination of chamomile and saffron showed overall improved outcomes.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical and the long-term anti-neuropathic potentials of Crocus sativus cultivated in the University botanical garden,and explore its most bioactive compound...Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical and the long-term anti-neuropathic potentials of Crocus sativus cultivated in the University botanical garden,and explore its most bioactive compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action.Methods:Phytochemical analysis and bio-guided isolation-procedures including RP-HPLC and1 H and13 C NMR utilizing biological models of diabetes,inflammation,and diabetic-neuropathy were used.Cultivated saffron(S-RCED)and Spanish-saffron stigma(S-SP)alone or in combination with Camellia sinus(CS)were investigated.Results:The RP-HPLC analyses showed the presence of picrocrocin,crocin I,crocin II,crocin I’,crocin II’,and safranal(SAF)in both S-SP and S-RCED extracts with higher-concentrations.It had been shown that SAF was the most bioactive-compound in Crocus sativus.Both S-SP and S-RCED possessed significant(P<0.05)anti-diabetic activities in acute(6 h),subchronic(8 d)and chronic(8 weeks)models.S-RCED had been proven with more hypoglycemic potentials when compared to S-SP and SAF.S-SP,S-RCED,and SAF produced significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities against carrageenan-induced inflammatory,hyperalgesic and tactile diabetic-neuropathy models,respectively.S-SP,S-RCED,and SAF elevated serum catalase,reduced glutathione,and insulin serum levels,ameliorated lipid peroxidation and Hb A1 c levels,and histopathologically regenerated the pancreatic beta-cells.Combinations with CS showed more significant efficacy than the single component.Conclusion:The oxidative stress reduction,insulin secretagogue,and pancreatic beta-cells regeneration potentials might be responsible for the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic neuropathy activities.Thus,the cultivated Crocus sativus might be clinically useful for protecting against many serious-disorders.展开更多
Crocus sativus L.,a member of the Iridaceae family,commonly known as saffron has very much popular as both medicine and spice.Earlier saffron was used as one of the important constituents in opioid preparations for pa...Crocus sativus L.,a member of the Iridaceae family,commonly known as saffron has very much popular as both medicine and spice.Earlier saffron was used as one of the important constituents in opioid preparations for pain relief.Its uses in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression are well documented.Depression can affect the quality of life of individuals by causing headaches,difficulty in thinking,and loss of interest.Many clinical trials have been conducted for evaluating the efficacy of saffron in depression cases.Almost fifty constituents of C.sativus L are well known.Few of the major constituents include crocin,picrocrocin,and safranal.In the present review,the main focus is on the antidepressant effects of saffron and its major constituents,in which it was found that saffron has substantial effects on depression and anxiety because of double-blind study the data can be trusted.展开更多
Saffron,the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L.,findsnumerous applications in TCM.Here,a novel HPLC protocol was established and applied for the analysis of saffron samples,not only from different places of origin but a...Saffron,the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L.,findsnumerous applications in TCM.Here,a novel HPLC protocol was established and applied for the analysis of saffron samples,not only from different places of origin but also from several harvest seasons.One of the main active constituents of saffron,crocin,is also contained in展开更多
文摘The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflower oil(SO), with a focus on understanding the critical importance of edible oil stability for predicting quality deterioration during storage. Bearing this in mind, our research was designed to compare the efficacy of three concentrations of dried SS(at 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) against tocobiol(a synthetic antioxidant) as a positive control(at 0.3% concentration). This comparison was conducted under three distinct storage conditions namely accelerated ageing(60 ℃), exposure to light at ambient temperature, and darkness, to evaluate their impact on preventing severe oxidation and extending oil shelf-life. Oxidation state evolution was evaluated through peroxide value(PV), free fatty acid(FFA), anisidine value(p-AV), K_(270)value(conjugated trienes), total oxidation index(TOTOX), iodine value(IV), and fatty acid composition(FA). Our results revealed notable differences in stability tracking parameters. Specifically, these parameters were higher in samples stored under accelerated conditions, followed by the samples stored in ambient light, while those stored in darkness showed the highest stability among the three storage conditions. Supplementation of sunflower oil with SS and tocobiol significantly enhanced its oxidation stability. Notably, SS exhibited exceptional effectiveness in stabilizing sunflower oil regardless of SS dose, with the highest efficacy observed at 0.6%. This was evidenced by the slower rate of oxidation parameters under various storage conditions, highlighting a superior antioxidant activity compared to both the non-enriched oil and tocobiol-enriched oil. Furthermore, saffron stigmas, used as a natural supplement,contributed to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating its potential as a robust source of natural antioxidants in sunflower oil. These attributes position SS as a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering opportunities to enhance the nutritional quality and extend edible oil shelf-life.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81873063)High-level talents Research project of Hefei Normal University(2020rcjj30)+2 种基金Key Project of Provincial Scientific Research Platform of Hefei Normal University in 2020(2020PTZD14)Key Project of Universities Natural Science Foundation of Anhui province(KJ2021A0935,KJ2021A0932)Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-C-202009).
文摘Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Local and systemic inflammation models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C.sativus.A xyleneinduced inflammation model or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model was used in this study.C.sativus petal and stamen extracts were each administered to the mice in the xylene and LPS models by gavage for 14 d at 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg doses,respectively.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin mouse serum.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and in the spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)protein levels within the nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway were assessed using western blotting.RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS(5μg/mL)and LPS+C.sativus(0.05,0.1,and 0.2 mg/mL)for 24 h,and a Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation.Changes in NLRP3 and NF-κB levels were evaluated by western blotting.Results:Petal and stamen extracts of C.sativus attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects in local or systemic inflammatory models and repaired pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.These extracts also decreased the concentrations of TNF-αand IL-1βin the mouse serum in the LPS-induced inflammation model.C.sativus downregulated NLRP3 protein level through the NF-κB pathway and downregulated LC-3 and BECLIN1 in vivo and in vitro.Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone(CCCP)weakened the effects of C.sativus on the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway.Conclusion:C.sativus has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3-NF-κB pathway.
文摘This paper introduces the biological characteristics,medicinal value,chemical component,and pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus L.,and explores its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and coronary heart disease.
基金supported by Young and Middle Aged Teachers’Career Development Support Project of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(ZQN2019005).
文摘Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease(CHD)is the main type of cardiovascular disease.The efficacy of Uyghur drug compound Saffron formula in CHD has been clinically proven.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.In this study,researchers investigated the active ingredients and mechanism of action of Crocus sativus and Rosa rugosa in the treatment of CHD by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques,collected target information with the help of TCMSP,GEO,GeneCards,and other databases,constructed protein-protein interaction(PPI)network diagrams by STRING database,performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on common targets,and finally molecularly docked the active ingredients with core targets.C.sativus-R.rugosa have a variety of polyphenol compounds,a total of 12 active ingredients,including quercetin and kaempferol,were screened.The first three targets intersected with the core targets of CHD as AKT1,TNF,and IL-1B.Enrichment results of KEGG pathway showed that C.sativus-R.rugosa against CHD involved atherosclerosis pathways.The molecular docking results showed that quercetin and kaempferol were well bound to the core targets,and it was speculated that these components might be the main active ingredients for the treatment of CHD.The potential mechanism of action of C.sativus-R.rugosa for the treatment of coronary heart disease was initially revealed.
文摘Style-stigma-like structures were regenerated from stamens of Crocus sativus L. The age of the stamen explant has an obvious effect on the induction rate. Auxin NAA. has larger effect on the induction of filament style-stigma-like structure. Auxin NAA of higher concentration can lead to higher induction rate. Temperature and light have different effects on the induction of style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus with exogenous hormones at different levels. Ultraviolet tests show that style-stigma-like structure from anther's filament of C. sativus contains crocin, safranal and picrocrocin, contents of which are obviously more than those contained in the style-stigma-like from style. Floral reversion was observed in the induction of style-stigma-like structure from petals, ovaries and styles.
基金the Ophthalmological Network OFTARED(RD16/0008/0005,RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health of Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Economyby the PN I+D+i 2008–2011+4 种基金by the ISCIII-Subdireccion General de Redes y Centros de Investigacion Cooperativaby the European program FEDER.SAF-2014-53779-R:from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivenessby Articulo 83 118-2017(UCM-Pharmactive Biotech)supported by a Predoctoral Fellowship(FPU17/01023)from the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation,and Universitiessupported by a Predoctoral Fellowship(CT42/18-CT43/18)from the Complutense University of Madrid
文摘Saffron(Crocus sativus L.)has been traditionally used in food preparation and as a medicinal plant.It currently has numerous therapeutic properties attributed to it,such as protection against ischemia,as well as anticonvulsant,antidepressant,anxiolytic,hypolipidemic,anti-atherogenic,anti-hypertensive,antidiabetic,and anti-cancer properties.In addition,saffron has remarkable beneficial properties,such as anti-apoptotic,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities,due to its main metabolites,among which crocin and crocetin stand out.Furthermore,increasing evidence underwrites the possible neuroprotective role of the main bioactive saffron constituents in neurodegenerative diseases,such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases,both in experimental models and in clinical studies in patients.Currently,saffron supplementation is being tested for ocular neurodegenerative pathologies,such as diabetic retinopathy,retinitis pigmentosa,age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma,among others,and shows beneficial effects.The present article provides a comprehensive and up to date report of the investigations on the beneficial effects of saffron extracts on the main neurodegenerative ocular pathologies and other ocular diseases.This review showed that saffron extracts could be considered promising therapeutic agents to help in the treatment of ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
基金Support was provided by the University of Florida Claude D.Pepper Older Americans Independence Center(NIH/ NIA P30AG028740)Clinical and Translational Science Institute(NIH/NCRR UL1TR000064)+1 种基金Stephen Anton is supported by a K23 AT004251-01A2,an Early Career Investigator Award from the American Heart Association (09CRP2390173)Thomas H.Maren Foundation
文摘Due to safety concerns and side effects of many antidepressant medications, herbal psychopharmacology research has increased, and herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to prescribed medications for the treatment of major depressive disorder （MDD）. Of these, accumulating trials reveal positive effects of the spice saffron （Crocus sativus L.） for the treatment of depression. A comprehensive and statistical review of the clinical trials examining the effects of saffron for treatment of MDD is warranted. OBJECTIVE： The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials examining the effects of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression among participants with MDD. SEARCH STRATEGY： We conducted electronic and non-electronic searches to identify all relevant randomized, double-blind controlled trials. Reference lists of all retrieved articles were searched for relevant studies. INCLUSION CRITERIA： The criteria for study selection included the following： （1） adults （aged 18 and older） with symptoms of depression, （2） randomized controlled trial, （3） effects of saffron supplementation on depressive symptoms examined, and （4） study had either a placebo control or antidepressant comparison group. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS： Using random effects modeling procedures, we calculated weighted mean effect sizes separately for the saffron supplementation vs placebo control groups, and for the saffron supplementation vs antidepressant groups. The methodological quality of all studies was assessed using the Jadad score. The computer software Comprehensive Meta- analysis 2 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS： Based on our pre-specified criteria, five randomized controlled trials （n = 2 placebo controlled trials, n = 3 antidepressant controlled trials） were included in our review. A large effect size was found for saffron supplementation vs placebo control in treating depressive symptoms （M ES = 1.62, P 〈 0.001）, revealing that saffron supplementation significantly reduced depression symptoms compared to the placebo control. A null effect size was evidenced between saffron supplementation and the antidepressant groups （M ES = -0.15） indicating that both treatments were similarly effective in reducing depression symptoms. The mean Jadad score was 5 indicating high quality of trials. CONCLUSION： Findings from clinical trials conducted to date indicate that saffron supplementation can improve symptoms of depression in adults with MDD. Larger clinical trials, conducted by research teams outside of Iran, with long-term follow-ups are needed before firm conclusions can be made regarding saffron＇s efficacy and safety for treating depressive symptoms.
文摘Saffron, the most expensive spice in the world, is got by Crocus sativus L. stigmas. The production of this substance has attracted human interest, since ancient cultures, for its medicinal and culinary properties. Because of saffron high economic value, sometimes, since Middle Ages, it is adulterated with other vegetal materials, dyes or synthetic molecules. Object of this work was the study of one of the best world saffron: Civitaretenga (AQ, Central Italy) C. sativus. Taste, color and aroma of Civitaretenga spice were determined, according to international standards (ISO/Technical Specification 3632), to define its high quality. A biochemical approach was then applied to obtain a secondary metabolite profile of this product. So, crocins, total phenolic content, flavonoids and phenolic acids were detected by HPLC-DAD and spectrophotometric analysis. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant properties and in vivo antineoplastic effects, on highly metastatic murine B16-F10 melanoma cell line, were successfully revealed in Civitaretenga C. sativus extract. All these data confirmed the elevated quality of Civitaretenga saffron and its highly reducing and chemopreventive activity.
文摘The numerous studies indicate leaves of plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be a valuable source of compounds used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and the antioxidant property of Crocus speciosus leaves.Primary phytochemical screening of C.speciosus leaves revealed the presence of some following compound categories such as phenolic compounds,aminoacids,saponins,proteins,tannins,triterpenoids,glycosides,polysaccharides.The total flavonoids and phenolic compounds content were determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS.Antiradical activity was determined by ABTS radical-cation scavenging method,spectrophotometrically.The total amount of flavonoids in C.speciosus leaves was 1.07±0.02 mg RE/g(p<0.05),the total amount of phenolic compounds was 0.41±0.01 mg GAE/g(p<0.05).By HPLC-DAD-MS analysis the presence of the mangiferin,chlorogenic acid,isoorientin,kaempferol,hyperoside,and isoquercitin was established for the first time in Crocus leaves.The antiradical activity of C.speciosus leaves extracts was 150.08±4.5μmol/g(p<0.05)and its was mainly attributed to phenolic compounds content.The high amounts of flavonoids and antiradical activity in C.speciosus leaves suggests promising phytochemical and pharmacological study of this Crocus species.
文摘BACKGROUND：Throughout the past three decades,increased scientifi c attention has been given to examining saffron’s（Crocus sativus L.）use as a potential therapeutic or preventive agent for a number of health conditions,including cancer,cardiovascular disease,and depression.OBJECTIVE：The purpose of this systematic review is to examine and categorize the current state of scientifi c evidence from randomized controlled trials（RCTs）regarding the effi cacy of saffron on psychological/behavioral outcomes.SEARCH STRATEGY：Electronic and non-electronic systematic searches were conducted to identify all relevant human clinical research on saffron.The search strategy was extensive and was designed according to the＂Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses（PRISMA）.＂Reference lists of articles that met the inclusion criteria were searched.Only English language studies were reviewed.INCLUSION CRITERIA：Saffron trials in combination with other substances and saffron safety studies were considered,in accordance with the PRISMA statement.Included studies must have a control group.Included studies must measure a physiological and/or a behavioral outcome.DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS：The methodological quality of all included studies was independently evaluated by two reviewers using the Jadad score.Mean scores and P-values of measures were compared both inter-and intra-study for each parameter（i.e.,depression）.RESULTS：Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria.These studies examined the effects of saffron on psychological/behavioral outcomes of：major depressive disorder（n=6）,premenstrual syndrome（n=1）,sexual dysfunction and infertility（n=4）,and weight loss/snacking behaviors（n=1）.The data from these studies support the effi cacy of saffron as compared to placebo in improving the following conditions：depressive symptoms（compared to anti-depressants and placebo）,premenstrual symptoms,and sexual dysfunction.In addition,saffron use was also effective in reducing excessive snacking behavior.CONCLUSION：Findings from initial clinical trials suggest that saffron may improve the symptoms and the effects of depression,premenstrual syndrome,sexual dysfunction and infertility,and excessive snacking behaviors.Larger multi-site clinical trials are needed to extend these preliminary fi ndings.
文摘ITS(Internal Transcription Spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA)regions method was applied to identify and study the phylogenetic relationships existing between 41 individuals of Crocus,including 8 species collected in Iran(4 crop and 8 wild individuals)and 16 species(2 crop and 27 wild individuals)already registered in GenBank(NCBI).PCR amplifications were performed using the primer designed on the nucleotide sequence of nuclear region(ITS).A total of 12 sequences were obtained and registered in NCBI database.In particular,4 of these sequences were not already present in the scientific library.Nucleotide polymorphic sites were counted for ITS(N=97).The results showed that,the Cytosine base is the most abundant nucleotide.Relatively high conservation was observed in the ITS regions of the populations(0.761).Each sample could be distinguished from the others in the phylogenic trees developed based on the data obtained by ITS barcode genes.In general,ITS sequence indicating high resolution at the species level is very suitable for phylogenetic studies in the Crocus family.Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the genetic relationship between crop saffron and wild Crocus species.According to the results of this study,the wild species of C.cartwrightianus and C.oreocreticus were considered as the closest relatives of the saffron.The results of the study also indicated that,the different ecotypes of C.sativus may have evolved through independent events probably due to the geographic and environmental pressures.
文摘The results of the study Crocus korolkovii Regel & Maw, were introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Bioecological features, morphological and anatomical characteristics of Crocus korolkovii were studied. Phenology was studied by I.N. Beideman, biology bloom by A.P. Ponomarev, breeding and seed production of plants by T.T. Rakhimova. The study of the biology of flowering determined the optimal humidity, air temperature and soil surface. The anatomic study used fresh tissue samples which were fixed in 70% alcohol. A cross-section of the sheet and the structure of the flower in the introduction of conditions were studied.
文摘Background:Epidemiological studies have confirmed that longer exposure to insecticides like cypermethrin(CYP)significantly increases the risk of male reproductive toxicity.Crocus sativus L.has been recognized due to its therapeutic properties,but its exact role and molecular mechanisms in treatment of reproductive dysfunction remain unclear.Methods:During this study,36 rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=6):control,CYP-induced(60 mg/kg),standard(leuprolide 3 mg/kg)and three treatment groups receiving aqueous,ethanolic,and oil extracts(50 mg/kg or 20 mL/kg)for post-toxicity induction.Results:The finding represented that exposure of CYP significantly increased oxidative stress,disrupted testicular architecture,and markedly reduced testosterone levels(P<0.05).Importantly,Crocus sativus L.treatment alleviated these changes by increasing the expression of Nrf2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2),restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes,and enhancing testicular histomorphology.Surprisingly,molecular docking established a high binding affinity of Crocus sativus L.phytoconstituents such as gallic acid,cinnamic acid and quercetin to the Nrf2-Keap1 complex.It is worth noting that,Crocus sativus L.exhibited a high level of protection against reproductive toxicity caused by CYP in male rats,which was mediated by the activation of Nrf2 pathway,reduction of oxidative damage,and favorable ADMET characteristics.Conclusion:Notably,this research provides a more valid,safe,and effective method of developing new drugs for reproductive disorders,however,further investigation is needed to support the research findings and implement it in clinical practice.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973424,82073966,82204346)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(Grant No.2021-I2M-1-029,China)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3504800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central public welfare research institutes(ZZ16-YQ-047,ZZ16-ND-10-02,China)the Key Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province,China(KJ2021A0235).
文摘Crocus sativus (saffron) is a globally autumn-flowering plant, and its stigmas are the most expensive spice and valuable herb medicine. Crocus specialized metabolites, crocins, are biosynthesized in distant species, Gardenia (eudicot) and Crocus (monocot), and the evolution of crocin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. With the chromosome-level Crocus genome assembly, we revealed that two rounds of lineage-specific whole genome triplication occurred, contributing important roles in the production of carotenoids and apocarotenoids. According to the kingdom-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and functional assays of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), we deduced that the duplication, site positive selection, and neofunctionalization of Crocus-specific CCD2 from CCD1 members are responsible for the crocin biosynthesis. In addition, site mutation of CsCCD2 revealed the key amino acids, including I143, L146, R161, E181, T259, and S292 related to the catalytic activity of zeaxanthin cleavage. Our study provides important insights into the origin and evolution of plant specialized metabolites, which are derived by duplication events of biosynthetic genes.
基金the Higher Education Commission,Islamabad,Pakistan(No.9447/Sindh/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017)Aga Khan University Dean's Startup Fund,Role of Natural Remedies on Psychoneurological Deficits in Murine Model as Preclinical Studies Associated with or without Diabetes(2017-2021)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To explore the potential of combining natural herbs like chamomile and saffron for the management of anxiety and depression.METHODS:A rodent model of Major Depressive Disorder(MDD)and anxiety,secondary to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus was made.A total of 6 rat groups were chosen;healthy and diseased controls;and diseased test groups of fluoxetine,saffron,chamomile,and combined saffron and chamomile treated(n=6/group).Activity by forced swim test(FST),elevated plus maze test(EPMT),and correlations with biochemical markers like serum glucose,tryptophan,C-reactive protein(CRP),brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor(5HT2CR)expression,were assessed at the end of the 3rd week of the treatment.A one-way analysis of variance with a post-hoc Tukey's test was applied.RESULTS:The combined herbal treatment group showed significantly better(P<0.05)than all other groups in terms of anti-hyperglycemic effect.All treatments improved the CRP levels;however,the combination group was also significantly better than fluoxetine and the individual herb groups.Only the herb groups showed efficacy in the FST with added benefits of the combination group over the healthy controls and similar trends in the EPMT.However,expression of 5HT2CR was repressed while BDNF was elevated through treatment.CONCLUSION:This study shows that in comparison to treatment with a SSRI,and individual herbs,the combination of chamomile and saffron showed overall improved outcomes.
文摘Objective:The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical and the long-term anti-neuropathic potentials of Crocus sativus cultivated in the University botanical garden,and explore its most bioactive compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action.Methods:Phytochemical analysis and bio-guided isolation-procedures including RP-HPLC and1 H and13 C NMR utilizing biological models of diabetes,inflammation,and diabetic-neuropathy were used.Cultivated saffron(S-RCED)and Spanish-saffron stigma(S-SP)alone or in combination with Camellia sinus(CS)were investigated.Results:The RP-HPLC analyses showed the presence of picrocrocin,crocin I,crocin II,crocin I’,crocin II’,and safranal(SAF)in both S-SP and S-RCED extracts with higher-concentrations.It had been shown that SAF was the most bioactive-compound in Crocus sativus.Both S-SP and S-RCED possessed significant(P<0.05)anti-diabetic activities in acute(6 h),subchronic(8 d)and chronic(8 weeks)models.S-RCED had been proven with more hypoglycemic potentials when compared to S-SP and SAF.S-SP,S-RCED,and SAF produced significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities against carrageenan-induced inflammatory,hyperalgesic and tactile diabetic-neuropathy models,respectively.S-SP,S-RCED,and SAF elevated serum catalase,reduced glutathione,and insulin serum levels,ameliorated lipid peroxidation and Hb A1 c levels,and histopathologically regenerated the pancreatic beta-cells.Combinations with CS showed more significant efficacy than the single component.Conclusion:The oxidative stress reduction,insulin secretagogue,and pancreatic beta-cells regeneration potentials might be responsible for the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic neuropathy activities.Thus,the cultivated Crocus sativus might be clinically useful for protecting against many serious-disorders.
文摘Crocus sativus L.,a member of the Iridaceae family,commonly known as saffron has very much popular as both medicine and spice.Earlier saffron was used as one of the important constituents in opioid preparations for pain relief.Its uses in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression are well documented.Depression can affect the quality of life of individuals by causing headaches,difficulty in thinking,and loss of interest.Many clinical trials have been conducted for evaluating the efficacy of saffron in depression cases.Almost fifty constituents of C.sativus L are well known.Few of the major constituents include crocin,picrocrocin,and safranal.In the present review,the main focus is on the antidepressant effects of saffron and its major constituents,in which it was found that saffron has substantial effects on depression and anxiety because of double-blind study the data can be trusted.
文摘Saffron,the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L.,findsnumerous applications in TCM.Here,a novel HPLC protocol was established and applied for the analysis of saffron samples,not only from different places of origin but also from several harvest seasons.One of the main active constituents of saffron,crocin,is also contained in
