Belief-eliminativism is a theory of belief in the philosophy of science whose basic position is that there is no belief,and that belief,as an immature concept,should be eliminated along with the progress of human unde...Belief-eliminativism is a theory of belief in the philosophy of science whose basic position is that there is no belief,and that belief,as an immature concept,should be eliminated along with the progress of human understanding.The two different soils,philosophy of mind and epistemology,have nourished two kinds of belief-eliminativisms with different emphases:Belief-eliminativism based on neurobiology by cognitive scientists is an extreme view of naturalism;belief-eliminativism based on Bayesianism by epistemologists is a model used to describe the belief status of ideal subjects.However,these two types of belief-eliminationism have never been able to withstand the interrogation from psychology and common sense theory,and anti-realism is not a proper choice for human subjects after all.展开更多
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)have emerged as a revolutionary class of antidiabetic agents with demonstrated benefits extending beyond glycemic control.Dedicated renal outcome trials of SGLT2i have ...Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)have emerged as a revolutionary class of antidiabetic agents with demonstrated benefits extending beyond glycemic control.Dedicated renal outcome trials of SGLT2i have shown impressive renal protective effects,regardless of diabetes status.[1–3]In the CREDENCE study,canagliflozin led to a 30%reduction(P<0.001)in the primary composite renal outcome vs.placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D)and albuminuric chronic kidney disease(CKD).[1]The DAPA-CKD trial further expanded the evidence of the renal benefits of SGLT2i using dapagliflozin to CKD patients with and without T2D.In DAPA-CKD,dapagliflozin reduced the primary composite renal outcome by 39%(P<0.001).[2]Similar findings were seen with empagliflozin in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial,which included CKD patients with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR,down to a lower limit of 20 mL·min^(−1)·1.73 m^(−2)),a proportion of which had normoalbuminuria,compared with DAPA-CKD;the primary composite renal outcome was reduced by 28%(P<0.001).[3]展开更多
In a credence goods market,a consumer(he)is unaware of his true need,w hich can be either intense or minor.A n expert(she)designs a menu that either charges a u n iform price to both services,termed pooling pricing,or...In a credence goods market,a consumer(he)is unaware of his true need,w hich can be either intense or minor.A n expert(she)designs a menu that either charges a u n iform price to both services,termed pooling pricing,or varies charges according to service types,termed differential pricing.Learning the menu offered by the expert and anticipating her behavior in serving consumers,a consumer weighs the expected u tility of service provision against the cost incurred in transportation to decide w hether to visit the expert,termed entry decision.Upon arrival of a consumer,the expert discerns his true need and recommends a service along w ith the associated charge.Under the lia b ility assumption,the expert provides a service to satisfy the consumer's need.However,the consumer is unable to discern the nature of the service actually provided.This can induce the expert w ho adopts differential pricing to recommend intense service to a consumer w ith m inor need,termed overcharging.We investigate the effects of consumers'entry decision on the expert's optim al pricing strategy and the occurrence of overcharging,and study the robustness of the main results to practical features.展开更多
文摘Belief-eliminativism is a theory of belief in the philosophy of science whose basic position is that there is no belief,and that belief,as an immature concept,should be eliminated along with the progress of human understanding.The two different soils,philosophy of mind and epistemology,have nourished two kinds of belief-eliminativisms with different emphases:Belief-eliminativism based on neurobiology by cognitive scientists is an extreme view of naturalism;belief-eliminativism based on Bayesianism by epistemologists is a model used to describe the belief status of ideal subjects.However,these two types of belief-eliminationism have never been able to withstand the interrogation from psychology and common sense theory,and anti-realism is not a proper choice for human subjects after all.
基金funded by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.82170727,81870468,and 82270761)Star Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Key medical and industrial projects(No.YG2023ZD21)+2 种基金China International Medical Exchange Foundation(No.Z-2017-26-2202-2)Shanghai Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases(No.2022ZZ01002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2411802).
文摘Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)have emerged as a revolutionary class of antidiabetic agents with demonstrated benefits extending beyond glycemic control.Dedicated renal outcome trials of SGLT2i have shown impressive renal protective effects,regardless of diabetes status.[1–3]In the CREDENCE study,canagliflozin led to a 30%reduction(P<0.001)in the primary composite renal outcome vs.placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2D)and albuminuric chronic kidney disease(CKD).[1]The DAPA-CKD trial further expanded the evidence of the renal benefits of SGLT2i using dapagliflozin to CKD patients with and without T2D.In DAPA-CKD,dapagliflozin reduced the primary composite renal outcome by 39%(P<0.001).[2]Similar findings were seen with empagliflozin in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial,which included CKD patients with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR,down to a lower limit of 20 mL·min^(−1)·1.73 m^(−2)),a proportion of which had normoalbuminuria,compared with DAPA-CKD;the primary composite renal outcome was reduced by 28%(P<0.001).[3]
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.72001115Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China under Grant No.20KJB410006,Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.20YJC630041Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST under Grant No.2019r067.
文摘In a credence goods market,a consumer(he)is unaware of his true need,w hich can be either intense or minor.A n expert(she)designs a menu that either charges a u n iform price to both services,termed pooling pricing,or varies charges according to service types,termed differential pricing.Learning the menu offered by the expert and anticipating her behavior in serving consumers,a consumer weighs the expected u tility of service provision against the cost incurred in transportation to decide w hether to visit the expert,termed entry decision.Upon arrival of a consumer,the expert discerns his true need and recommends a service along w ith the associated charge.Under the lia b ility assumption,the expert provides a service to satisfy the consumer's need.However,the consumer is unable to discern the nature of the service actually provided.This can induce the expert w ho adopts differential pricing to recommend intense service to a consumer w ith m inor need,termed overcharging.We investigate the effects of consumers'entry decision on the expert's optim al pricing strategy and the occurrence of overcharging,and study the robustness of the main results to practical features.
