Within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC),the Dulong-Ir-rawaddy(Ayeyarwady)River,an international river among China,India and Myanmar,plays a significant role...Within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC),the Dulong-Ir-rawaddy(Ayeyarwady)River,an international river among China,India and Myanmar,plays a significant role as both a valuable hydro-power resource and an essential ecological passageway.However,the water resources and security exhibit a high degree of vulnerabil-ity to climate change impacts.This research evaluates climate impacts on the hydrology of the Dulong-Irrawaddy River Basin(DIRB)by using a physical-based hydrologic model.We crafted future climate scenarios using the three latest global climate models(GCMs)from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6(CMIP6)under two shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5)for the near(2025-2049),mid(2050-2074),and far future(2075-2099).The regional model using MIKE SHE based on historical hydrologic processes was developed to further project future streamflow,demonstrating reliable performance in streamflow simulations with a val-idation Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE)of 0.72.Results showed that climate change projections showed increases in the annual precip-itation and potential evapotranspiration(PET),with precipitation increasing by 11.3%and 26.1%,and PET increasing by 3.2%and 4.9%,respectively,by the end of the century under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.These changes are projected to result in increased annual streamflow at all stations,notably at the basin’s outlet(Pyay station)compared to the baseline period(with an increase of 16.1%and 37.0%at the end of the 21st century under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,respectively).Seasonal analysis for Pyay station forecasts an in-crease in dry-season streamflow by 31.3%-48.9%and 22.5%-76.3%under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,respectively,and an increase in wet-season streamflow by 5.8%-12.6%and 2.8%-33.3%,respectively.Moreover,the magnitude and frequency of flood events are pre-dicted to escalate,potentially impacting hydropower production and food security significantly.This research outlines the hydrological response to future climate change during the 21st century and offers a scientific basis for the water resource management strategies by decision-makers.展开更多
In the northern Tarim River Basin,the Weigan River Basin is a critical endorheic system characterized by extreme aridity,where drought poses a major natural hazard to agricultural production and ecological stability.T...In the northern Tarim River Basin,the Weigan River Basin is a critical endorheic system characterized by extreme aridity,where drought poses a major natural hazard to agricultural production and ecological stability.This study assessed the future evolution of drought under climate change by employing the standardized moisture anomaly index(SZI)on the basis of multi-model the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)simulations under historical conditions(1970–2014)and future scenarios(shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 for 2015–2100).The results show that precipitation–evapotranspiration anomalies are projected to first decline but then increase over time,with increased fluctuations and uncertainty under high-emission scenarios(SSP5-8.5).These trends indicate intensifying drought risks and reveal a strong influence of emission pathways on regional water cycling.Temporal analysis of SZI indicates a transition from wetting to drying under lowand medium-emission pathways(SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5),whereas high-emission scenarios are characterized by persistent drying and increased variability.The significant lower-tail dependence(0.271)observed under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 suggests that extreme droughts may be subject to nonlinear co-amplification across scenarios.The frequency of moderate and more severe drought events is expected to increase substantially,especially under SSP5-8.5,where drought occurrence is predicted to extend into spring and autumn and become more evenly distributed throughout the year.Spatially,drought duration shows significant positive autocorrelation across all scenarios,with hot spots consistently concentrated in the southern and southeastern regions of the basin.Random forest analysis,interpreted as association-based pattern attribution,indicates that meteorological variables(precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(PET))make the greatest contributions to the hot spot pattern,followed by topography and soil moisture.Among land use categories,farmland generally shows higher drought sensitivity than other land use types,as reflected by its relative contribution patterns across scenarios.The spatial pattern of drought is statistically structured by climatic forcing,surface conditions,and soil moisture status,reflecting their coupled associations with hot spot occurrence.In addition,a drought spatial uncertainty index was constructed from multi-scenario hot spot maps,revealing spatially heterogeneous structural variability throughout the basin.Correlation analysis further highlights strong internal couplings among environmental variables(e.g.,elevation-linked hydroclimatic gradients and grassland–bare soil contrasts).These findings offer a scientific basis for developing region-specific drought monitoring and adaptation strategies under future climate change conditions.展开更多
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2.00℃and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.50℃.However,the response of climate change to unbalanced global warming is affected by sp...The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2.00℃and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.50℃.However,the response of climate change to unbalanced global warming is affected by spatial and temporal sensitivities.To better understand the regional warming response to global warming at 1.50℃and 2.00℃,we detected the 1.50℃and 2.00℃warming threshold-crossing time(WTT)above pre-industrial levels globally using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6)models.Our findings indicate that the 1.50℃or 2.00℃WTT differs substantially worldwide.The warming rate of land would be approximately 1.35–1.46 times that of the ocean between 60°N–60°S in 2015–2100.Consequently,the land would experience a 1.50℃(2.00℃)warming at least 10–20 yr earlier than the time when the global mean near-surface air temperature reaches 1.50℃(2.00℃)WTT.Meanwhile,the Southern Ocean between 0°and 60°S considerably slows down the global 1.50℃and 2.00℃WTT.In 2040–2060,over 98.70%(77.50%),99.70%(89.30%),99.80%(93.40%),and 100.00%(98.00%)of the land will have warmed by over 1.50℃(2.00℃)under SSP(Shared Socioeconomic Pathway)1–2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5,respectively.We conclude that regional 1.50℃(2.00℃)WTT should be fully considered,especially in vulnerable high-latitude and high-altitude regions.展开更多
利用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中的18个模式,基于欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析资料(ERA5)再分析数据对青藏高原夏季降水数据进行了偏差校正,并从平均降水和极端降水两方面评估了校正前后的CMIP6数据以及单个模式在1979-2...利用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中的18个模式,基于欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析资料(ERA5)再分析数据对青藏高原夏季降水数据进行了偏差校正,并从平均降水和极端降水两方面评估了校正前后的CMIP6数据以及单个模式在1979-2014年的表现。研究结果表明,该校正方法高度依赖于用于偏差校正的ERA5再分析数据在研究区域的质量,尽管偏差校正后的青藏高原夏季平均降水的误差和误差率上有所改善,但在年际时间变化特征方面却不如偏差校正前的数据。大多数CMIP6模式能够较好地模拟1979-2014年青藏高原上由西北至东南逐渐递增的平均降水空间变化特征。偏差校正前的降水数据在高原上会出现显著的高估,误差率为60.4%,经过偏差校正后的数据相对观测数据误差降低,误差率为-13.9%,并且偏差校正后的数据与ERA5的平均误差仅为0.003 mm·d^(-1),与ERA5的空间相关性高达0.999。空间趋势方面,观测数据表明青藏高原大部分地区夏季降水在1979-2014年呈现轻微增加的趋势,只有东缘出现明显降低的趋势。偏差校正前后的数据都能够大致刻画出这一空间分布特征,然而,未经偏差校正的大多数单个CMIP6模式与ERA5的空间相关系数未超过0.5。与由独立观测降水数据的年际变化特征相比,偏差校正前的数据高估了高原上的降水量,而偏差校正后的数据相比观测结果则偏低。通过确定95%分位阈值选取了极端降水个例,其集合平均极端降水空间分布与年平均降水类似,也呈西北向东南递增的趋势。部分CMIP6模式较好地模拟了这一特征,如MRI-ESM2-0(The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0)和ACCESSCM2(Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Climate Model Version 2),与观测结果的空间相关系数分别为0.851和0.821。但偏差校正后的数据在空间相关性方面下降,由偏差校正前的0.861降为0.730,未能准确刻画高原极端降水阶梯式递增的特点。偏差校正后的极端降水数据误差分布与偏差校正前相似,偏低区域主要集中在高原南部腹地和东部。进一步的极端降水贡献率分析结果表明,观测结果与CMIP6降水数据均显示1979-2014年期间极端降水贡献率变化趋势不明显。单个CMIP6模式中,EC-Earth3-Veg(European Community Earth-Vegetation model version 3)和EC-Earth3(European Community Earth Model version 3)及CanESM5(The Canadian Earth System Model version 5)在多个统计评估指标上排名靠前,展示出较好的模拟能力;IPSL-CM6A-LR(Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Climate Model 6A Low Resolution)在平均降水误差和极端降水的误差指标上表现出色。展开更多
Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate...Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate models to project future changes in precipitation extremes.The present study aims to assess the future changes in precipitation extremes over South Asia from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Global Climate Models(GCMs).The results were derived using the modified Mann-Kendall test,Sen's slope estimator,student's t-test,and probability density function approach.Eight extreme precipitation indices were assessed,including wet days(RR1mm),heavy precipitation days(RR10mm),very heavy precipitation days(RR20mm),severe precipitation days(RR50mm),consecutive wet days(CWD),consecutive dry days(CDD),maximum 5-day precipitation amount(RX5day),and simple daily intensity index(SDII).The future changes were estimated in two time periods for the 21^(st) century(i.e.,near future(NF;2021-2060)and far future(FF;2061-2100))under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).The results suggest increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation indices under the SSP5-8.5 scenario towards the end of the 21^(st) century(2061-2100).Moreover,from the results of multimodel ensemble means(MMEMs),extreme precipitation indices of RR1mm,RR10mm,RR20mm,CWD,and SDII demonstrate remarkable increases in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indices shows intensification over the eastern part of South Asia compared to the western part.The probability density function of extreme precipitation indices suggests a frequent(intense)occurrence of precipitation extremes in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,with values up to 35.00 d for RR1mm and 25.00-35.00 d for CWD.The potential impacts of heavy precipitation can pose serious challenges to the study area regarding flooding,soil erosion,water resource management,food security,and agriculture development.展开更多
The ocean could profoundly modulate the ever-increasing atmospheric CO_(2) by air-sea CO_(2) exchange process,which is also able to cause signifi cant changes of physical and biogeochemical properties in return.In thi...The ocean could profoundly modulate the ever-increasing atmospheric CO_(2) by air-sea CO_(2) exchange process,which is also able to cause signifi cant changes of physical and biogeochemical properties in return.In this study,we assessed the long-term average and spatial-temporal variability of global air-sea CO_(2) exchange fl ux(F CO_(2))since 1980s basing on the results of 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Earth System Models(ESMs).Our fi ndings indicate that the CMIP6 ESMs simulated global CO_(2) sink in recent three decades ranges from 1.80 to 2.24 Pg C/a,which is coincidence with the results of cotemporaneous observations.What’s more,the CMIP6 ESMs consistently show that the global oceanic CO_(2) sink has gradually intensifi ed since 1980s as well as the observations.This study confi rms the simulated F CO_(2) could reach agreements with the observations in the aspect of primary climatological characteristics,however,the simulation skills of CIMP6 ESMs in diverse open-sea biomes are unevenness.None of the 18 CMIP6 ESMs could reproduce the observed F CO_(2) increasement in the central-eastern tropical Pacifi c and the midlatitude Southern Ocean.Defi ciencies of some CMIP6 ESMs in reproducing the atmospheric pressure systems of the Southern Hemisphere and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)mode of the tropical Pacifi c are probably the major causes.展开更多
The Pacific subtropical cells(STCs)are shallow meridional overturning circulations connecting the tropics and subtropics,and are assumed to be an important driver of the tropical Pacific decadal variability.The variab...The Pacific subtropical cells(STCs)are shallow meridional overturning circulations connecting the tropics and subtropics,and are assumed to be an important driver of the tropical Pacific decadal variability.The variability of STCs under global warming is investigated using multimodal outputs from the latest phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP6)and ocean reanalysis products.Firstly,the volume transport diagnostic analysis is employed to evaluate how coupled models and ocean reanalysis products reproduce interior STC transport.The variation of heat transport by the interior STC under the high-emissions warming scenarios is also analyzed.The results show that the multimodal-mean linear trends of the interior STC transport along 9°S and 9°N are-0.02 Sv/a and 0.04 Sv/a under global warming,respectively,which is mainly due to the combined effect of the strengthened upper oceanic stratification and the weakening of wind field.There is a compensation relationship between the interior STC and the western boundary transport in the future climate,and the compensation relationship of 9°S is more significant than that of 9°N.In addition,compared with ocean reanalysis products,the coupled models tend to underestimate the variability of the interior STC transport convergence,and thus may lose some sea surface temperature(SST)driving force,which may be the reason for the low STC-SST correlation simulated by the model.The future scenario simulation shows that the heat transport of interior STC is weakened under global warming,with a general agreement across models.展开更多
本文基于观测和再分析资料,采用Brubaker二元模型评估了第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中19个模式对中国东部季风区气候态水循环过程的模拟能力,并分析了模拟误差来源。结果表明,CMIP6模式集合平均(MME)能够合理再现观测降水和蒸发...本文基于观测和再分析资料,采用Brubaker二元模型评估了第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中19个模式对中国东部季风区气候态水循环过程的模拟能力,并分析了模拟误差来源。结果表明,CMIP6模式集合平均(MME)能够合理再现观测降水和蒸发的年平均气候态空间分布及年循环特征,与观测值的空间相关系数分别为0.92和0.87。较之观测,MME高估了华北地区降水(0.55 mm d^(−1)),低估了华南沿海地区降水(−0.3 mm d^(−1))。所有CMIP6模式均高估蒸发强度(偏差0.03~0.98 mm d^(−1)),使得模拟的降水与蒸发之差偏少。模式整体能够模拟出我国东部季风区降水再循环率及不同边界水汽来源的贡献率,但低估了由南边界进入季风区的水汽贡献,导致东亚季风区偏干。通过分析模式对影响水汽通量的两个气象要素(风速和大气比湿)的模拟能力,发现研究区南边界的风速大小决定了模式间水汽输送差异。南边界风速越大的模式,由南边界进入的水汽通量越大,模式模拟的降水越多。西北太平洋辐合带的东西位置是影响南边界南风速的重要系统之一,辐合带位置偏东的模式模拟的南风强度较弱,使得水汽输送偏弱、降水偏少;反之,南边界水汽输送偏强、降水偏多。本文通过评估最新一代CMIP6模式在东亚水循环方面的模拟性能,指出了当前气候模式在模拟西太平洋辐合带位置方面存在的偏差及其对东亚水循环的影响。展开更多
基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(the coupled model intercomparison program in phase 6,CMIP6)的全球气候模式模拟数据,评估分析了全球气候模式对中国主要地区1979―2014年极端气温与极端降水特征的模拟能力。通过泰勒图及各种统计参数...基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(the coupled model intercomparison program in phase 6,CMIP6)的全球气候模式模拟数据,评估分析了全球气候模式对中国主要地区1979―2014年极端气温与极端降水特征的模拟能力。通过泰勒图及各种统计参数的对比表明,全球气候模式对中国各个地区的极端降水/气温的模拟存在显著差异,对中国地区极端气温与降水模拟最好的模式是EC-Earth3。对EC-Earth3在4种未来情景下的气温/降水数据进行偏差校正,并对中国地区未来时期极端降水/气温进行了预估。结果表明:2021—2100年,中国地区升温趋势和极端降水的增加趋势显著,4种情景下的极端气温指标和极端降水指标在21世纪50年代之前是相似的,但之后变化趋势差异增加;SSP1-2.6情景下,2021—2100年升温速率和极端降水速率增加趋势较为平缓;SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.53种情景下,升温速率和极端降水增加速率随着模式和时间增加逐渐增大。展开更多
Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan M...Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan Mountains(CTM)have a high climate sensitivity,rendering the region particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate warming.In this study,we used monthly average temperature and monthly precipitation data from the CN05.1 gridded dataset(1961-2014)and 24 global climate models(GCMs)of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)to assess the applicability of the CMIP6 GCMs in the CTM at the regional scale.Based on this,we conducted a systematic review of the interannual trends,dry-wet transitions(based on the standardized precipitation index(SPI)),and spatial distribution patterns of climate change in the CTM during 1961-2014.We further projected future temperature and precipitation changes over three terms(near-term(2021-2040),mid-term(2041-2060),and long-term(2081-2100))relative to the historical period(1961-2014)under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).It was found that the CTM had experienced significant warming and wetting from 1961 to 2014,and will also experience warming in the future(2021-2100).Substantial warming in 1997 was captured by both the CN05.1 derived from interpolating meteorological station data and the multi-model ensemble(MME)from the CMIP6 GCMs.The MME simulation results indicated an apparent wetting in 2008,which occurred later than the wetting observed from the CN05.1 in 1989.The GCMs generally underestimated spring temperature and overestimated both winter temperature and spring precipitation in the CTM.Warming and wetting are more rapid in the northern part of the CTM.By the end of the 21st century,all the four SSP scenarios project warmer and wetter conditions in the CTM with multiple dry-wet transitions.However,the rise in precipitation fails to counterbalance the drought induced by escalating temperature in the future,so the nature of the drought in the CTM will not change at all.Additionally,the projected summer precipitation shows negative correlation with the radiative forcing.This study holds practical implications for the awareness of climate change and subsequent research in the CTM.展开更多
The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relat...The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.展开更多
Model simulations show that drought may become more severe and widespread in the 21st century due to humaninduced global warming. However, the contributions from the key factors to the model-projected drought changes ...Model simulations show that drought may become more severe and widespread in the 21st century due to humaninduced global warming. However, the contributions from the key factors to the model-projected drought changes in China have not yet been examined in detail. We used the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index with Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration(scPDSIpm) based on 10 model simulations selected from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6). We investigated the contributions from precipitation(P), near-surface air temperature and specific humidity [Δ(T + q)], net surface longwave radiation(LW), net surface shortwave radiation(SW), and wind speed(WS) to the future changes in scPDSIpm, including the long-term mean, drying area,probability distribution function(PDF), drought frequency, and drought duration based on the scPDSIpm over China.Our results show that model-projected drying mainly occurs over southern China, whereas the dry areas under drought conditions increase from 20% to about 23%/30% under the two scenarios of the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP2-4.5/SSP5-8.5) from 1985 to 2100, despite large uncertainties in individual projections partly due to internal variability. Drought frequency is projected to increases by about 10%–54%(15%–88%) under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5) scenario by the late 21st century, along with increases in drought duration. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the mean scPDSIpm and flattening of the PDFs. The changes in drying over southern China are mainly attributed to surface warming and the increased surface vapor pressure deficit(VPD), with small contributions from changes in the surface net radiation. The changes in wetting over northern China mostly result from increased precipitation along with a small wetting effect from the changes in wind speed.展开更多
Eleven climate system models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)were evaluated based on an assessment of their simulated meridional transports in comparison with the Sverdrup t...Eleven climate system models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)were evaluated based on an assessment of their simulated meridional transports in comparison with the Sverdrup transports.The analyses show that the simulated North Pacifi c Ocean circulation is essentially in Sverdrup balance in most of the 11 models while the Argo geostrophic meridional transports indicate signifi cant non-Sverdrup gyre circulation in the tropical North Pacifi c Ocean.The climate models overestimated the observed tropical and subtropical volume transports signifi cantly.The non-Sverdrup gyre circulation leads to non-Sverdrup heat and salt transports,the absence of which in the CMIP5 simulations suggests defi ciencies of the CMIP5 model dynamics in simulating the realistic meridional volume,heat,and salt transports of the ocean.展开更多
The Earth–Climate System Model(ECSM)is an important platform for multi-disciplinary and multi-sphere integration research,and its development is at the frontier of international geosciences,especially in the field of...The Earth–Climate System Model(ECSM)is an important platform for multi-disciplinary and multi-sphere integration research,and its development is at the frontier of international geosciences,especially in the field of global change.The research and development(R&D)of ECSM in China began in the 1980 s and have achieved great progress.In China,ECSMs are now mainly developed at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,ministries,and universities.Following a brief review of the development history of Chinese ECSMs,this paper summarized the technical characteristics of nine Chinese ECSMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and preliminarily assessed the basic performances of four Chinese models in simulating the global climate and the climate in East Asia.The projected changes of global precipitation and surface air temperature and the associated relationship with the equilibrium climate sensitivity under four shared socioeconomic path scenarios were also discussed.Finally,combined with the international situation,from the perspective of further improvement,eight directions were proposed for the future development of Chinese ECSMs.展开更多
Climate projections by global climate models(GCMs)are subject to considerable and multi-source uncertainties.This study aims to compare the uncertainty in projection of precipitation and temperature extremes between C...Climate projections by global climate models(GCMs)are subject to considerable and multi-source uncertainties.This study aims to compare the uncertainty in projection of precipitation and temperature extremes between Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP)phase 5(CMIP5)and phase 6(CMIP6),using 24 GCMs forced by 3 emission scenarios in each phase of CMIP.In this study,the total uncertainty(T)of climate projections is decomposed into the greenhouse gas emission scenario uncertainty(S,mean inter-scenario variance of the signals over all the models),GCM uncertainty(M,mean inter-model variance of signals over all emission scenarios),and internal climate variability uncertainty(V,variance in noises over all models,emission scenarios,and projection lead times);namely,T=S+M+V.The results of analysis demonstrate that the magnitudes of S,M,and T present similarly increasing trends over the 21 st century.The magnitudes of S,M,V,and T in CMIP6 are 0.94-0.96,1.38-2.07,1.04-1.69,and 1.20-1.93 times as high as those in CMIP5.Both CMIP5 and CMIP6 exhibit similar spatial variation patterns of uncertainties and similar ranks of contributions from different sources of uncertainties.The uncertainty for precipitation is lower in midlatitudes and parts of the equatorial region,but higher in low latitudes and the polar region.The uncertainty for temperature is higher over land areas than oceans,and higher in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere.For precipitation,T is mainly determined by M and V in the early 21 st century,by M and S at the end of the 21 st century;and the turning point will appear in the 2070 s.For temperature,T is dominated by M in the early 21 st century,and by S at the end of the 21 st century,with the turning point occuring in the 2060 s.The relative contributions of S to T in CMIP6(12.5%-14.3%for precipitation and 31.6%-36.2%for temperature)are lower than those in CMIP5(15.1%-17.5%for precipitation and 38.6%-43.8%for temperature).By contrast,the relative contributions of M in CMIP6(50.6%-59.8%for precipitation and 59.4%-60.3%for temperature)are higher than those in CMIP5(47.5%-57.9%for precipitation and 51.7%-53.6%for temperature).The higher magnitude and relative contributions of M in CMIP6 indicate larger difference among projections of various GCMs.Therefore,more GCMs are needed to ensure the robustness of climate projections.展开更多
The Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia,highly sensitive to climate change,has been comprehensively assessed for its ecosystem vulnerability across multiple aspects.However,studies on the region's main river system...The Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia,highly sensitive to climate change,has been comprehensively assessed for its ecosystem vulnerability across multiple aspects.However,studies on the region's main river systems and hydropower resources remain limited.Thus,examining the impact of climate change on the runoff and gross hydropower potential(GHP)of this region is essential for promoting sustainable development and effective management of water and hydropower resources.This study focused on the Kaidu River Basin that is situated above the Dashankou Hydropower Station on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,China.By utilizing an ensemble of bias-corrected global climate models(GCMs)from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)and the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model coupled with a glacier module(VIC-Glacier),we examined the variations in future runoff and GHP during 2017-2070 under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5)compared to the baseline period(1985-2016).The findings indicated that precipitation and temperature in the Kaidu River Basin exhibit a general upward trend under the four SSP scenarios,with the fastest rate of increase in precipitation under the SSP2-4.5 scenario and the most significant changes in mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,compared to the baseline period(1980-2016).Future runoff in the basin is projected to decrease,with rates of decline under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios being 3.09,3.42,7.04,and 7.20 m^(3)/s per decade,respectively.The trends in GHP are consistent with runoff,with rates of decline in GHP under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios at 507.74,563.33,1158.44,and 1184.52 MW/10a,respectively.Compared to the baseline period(1985-2016),the rates of change in GHP under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios are-20.66%,-20.93%,-18.91%,and-17.49%,respectively.The Kaidu River Basin will face significant challenges in water and hydropower resources in the future,underscoring the need to adjust water resource management and hydropower planning within the basin.展开更多
Establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources is a pivotal step toward achieving a globally sustainable transition to green and low-carbon energy.This study focuses on low-output wind power ...Establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources is a pivotal step toward achieving a globally sustainable transition to green and low-carbon energy.This study focuses on low-output wind power that affects the generation capacity of power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources.Utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 datasets,a predictive model for low-output wind power was employed to investigate regional trends worldwide.The frequency and duration of low-output wind-power events exhibited increasing trends globally,particularly in East Asia and South America,but not in North America.By 2060,the annual total days with low-output wind power in East Asia and South America could rise to 13 and 5 d,and the maximum continuous duration of low-output wind power could reach 5 and 2 d,respectively.As wind power becomes a primary elec-tricity source,such low output could lead to shortages in energy supply within the power system,trig-gering large-scale power outages.This issue calls for critical attention when establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources.The conclusions provide a basis for analyzing power supply risks and configuring flexible power sources for scenarios with a high share of renewable energy.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Yunnan Scientist Workstation on International River Research of Daming He(No.KXJGZS-2019-005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42201040)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2016YFA0601601)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733006)。
文摘Within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC),the Dulong-Ir-rawaddy(Ayeyarwady)River,an international river among China,India and Myanmar,plays a significant role as both a valuable hydro-power resource and an essential ecological passageway.However,the water resources and security exhibit a high degree of vulnerabil-ity to climate change impacts.This research evaluates climate impacts on the hydrology of the Dulong-Irrawaddy River Basin(DIRB)by using a physical-based hydrologic model.We crafted future climate scenarios using the three latest global climate models(GCMs)from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6(CMIP6)under two shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5)for the near(2025-2049),mid(2050-2074),and far future(2075-2099).The regional model using MIKE SHE based on historical hydrologic processes was developed to further project future streamflow,demonstrating reliable performance in streamflow simulations with a val-idation Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE)of 0.72.Results showed that climate change projections showed increases in the annual precip-itation and potential evapotranspiration(PET),with precipitation increasing by 11.3%and 26.1%,and PET increasing by 3.2%and 4.9%,respectively,by the end of the century under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5.These changes are projected to result in increased annual streamflow at all stations,notably at the basin’s outlet(Pyay station)compared to the baseline period(with an increase of 16.1%and 37.0%at the end of the 21st century under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,respectively).Seasonal analysis for Pyay station forecasts an in-crease in dry-season streamflow by 31.3%-48.9%and 22.5%-76.3%under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5,respectively,and an increase in wet-season streamflow by 5.8%-12.6%and 2.8%-33.3%,respectively.Moreover,the magnitude and frequency of flood events are pre-dicted to escalate,potentially impacting hydropower production and food security significantly.This research outlines the hydrological response to future climate change during the 21st century and offers a scientific basis for the water resource management strategies by decision-makers.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China(2022B02049)the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China(2024A03007-5).
文摘In the northern Tarim River Basin,the Weigan River Basin is a critical endorheic system characterized by extreme aridity,where drought poses a major natural hazard to agricultural production and ecological stability.This study assessed the future evolution of drought under climate change by employing the standardized moisture anomaly index(SZI)on the basis of multi-model the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)simulations under historical conditions(1970–2014)and future scenarios(shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 for 2015–2100).The results show that precipitation–evapotranspiration anomalies are projected to first decline but then increase over time,with increased fluctuations and uncertainty under high-emission scenarios(SSP5-8.5).These trends indicate intensifying drought risks and reveal a strong influence of emission pathways on regional water cycling.Temporal analysis of SZI indicates a transition from wetting to drying under lowand medium-emission pathways(SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5),whereas high-emission scenarios are characterized by persistent drying and increased variability.The significant lower-tail dependence(0.271)observed under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 suggests that extreme droughts may be subject to nonlinear co-amplification across scenarios.The frequency of moderate and more severe drought events is expected to increase substantially,especially under SSP5-8.5,where drought occurrence is predicted to extend into spring and autumn and become more evenly distributed throughout the year.Spatially,drought duration shows significant positive autocorrelation across all scenarios,with hot spots consistently concentrated in the southern and southeastern regions of the basin.Random forest analysis,interpreted as association-based pattern attribution,indicates that meteorological variables(precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(PET))make the greatest contributions to the hot spot pattern,followed by topography and soil moisture.Among land use categories,farmland generally shows higher drought sensitivity than other land use types,as reflected by its relative contribution patterns across scenarios.The spatial pattern of drought is statistically structured by climatic forcing,surface conditions,and soil moisture status,reflecting their coupled associations with hot spot occurrence.In addition,a drought spatial uncertainty index was constructed from multi-scenario hot spot maps,revealing spatially heterogeneous structural variability throughout the basin.Correlation analysis further highlights strong internal couplings among environmental variables(e.g.,elevation-linked hydroclimatic gradients and grassland–bare soil contrasts).These findings offer a scientific basis for developing region-specific drought monitoring and adaptation strategies under future climate change conditions.
基金Under the auspices of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019QZKK020104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41571062,42101122)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020TS100)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2023-JC-YB-259)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M610622)。
文摘The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2.00℃and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.50℃.However,the response of climate change to unbalanced global warming is affected by spatial and temporal sensitivities.To better understand the regional warming response to global warming at 1.50℃and 2.00℃,we detected the 1.50℃and 2.00℃warming threshold-crossing time(WTT)above pre-industrial levels globally using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6)models.Our findings indicate that the 1.50℃or 2.00℃WTT differs substantially worldwide.The warming rate of land would be approximately 1.35–1.46 times that of the ocean between 60°N–60°S in 2015–2100.Consequently,the land would experience a 1.50℃(2.00℃)warming at least 10–20 yr earlier than the time when the global mean near-surface air temperature reaches 1.50℃(2.00℃)WTT.Meanwhile,the Southern Ocean between 0°and 60°S considerably slows down the global 1.50℃and 2.00℃WTT.In 2040–2060,over 98.70%(77.50%),99.70%(89.30%),99.80%(93.40%),and 100.00%(98.00%)of the land will have warmed by over 1.50℃(2.00℃)under SSP(Shared Socioeconomic Pathway)1–2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5,respectively.We conclude that regional 1.50℃(2.00℃)WTT should be fully considered,especially in vulnerable high-latitude and high-altitude regions.
文摘利用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中的18个模式,基于欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析资料(ERA5)再分析数据对青藏高原夏季降水数据进行了偏差校正,并从平均降水和极端降水两方面评估了校正前后的CMIP6数据以及单个模式在1979-2014年的表现。研究结果表明,该校正方法高度依赖于用于偏差校正的ERA5再分析数据在研究区域的质量,尽管偏差校正后的青藏高原夏季平均降水的误差和误差率上有所改善,但在年际时间变化特征方面却不如偏差校正前的数据。大多数CMIP6模式能够较好地模拟1979-2014年青藏高原上由西北至东南逐渐递增的平均降水空间变化特征。偏差校正前的降水数据在高原上会出现显著的高估,误差率为60.4%,经过偏差校正后的数据相对观测数据误差降低,误差率为-13.9%,并且偏差校正后的数据与ERA5的平均误差仅为0.003 mm·d^(-1),与ERA5的空间相关性高达0.999。空间趋势方面,观测数据表明青藏高原大部分地区夏季降水在1979-2014年呈现轻微增加的趋势,只有东缘出现明显降低的趋势。偏差校正前后的数据都能够大致刻画出这一空间分布特征,然而,未经偏差校正的大多数单个CMIP6模式与ERA5的空间相关系数未超过0.5。与由独立观测降水数据的年际变化特征相比,偏差校正前的数据高估了高原上的降水量,而偏差校正后的数据相比观测结果则偏低。通过确定95%分位阈值选取了极端降水个例,其集合平均极端降水空间分布与年平均降水类似,也呈西北向东南递增的趋势。部分CMIP6模式较好地模拟了这一特征,如MRI-ESM2-0(The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0)和ACCESSCM2(Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Climate Model Version 2),与观测结果的空间相关系数分别为0.851和0.821。但偏差校正后的数据在空间相关性方面下降,由偏差校正前的0.861降为0.730,未能准确刻画高原极端降水阶梯式递增的特点。偏差校正后的极端降水数据误差分布与偏差校正前相似,偏低区域主要集中在高原南部腹地和东部。进一步的极端降水贡献率分析结果表明,观测结果与CMIP6降水数据均显示1979-2014年期间极端降水贡献率变化趋势不明显。单个CMIP6模式中,EC-Earth3-Veg(European Community Earth-Vegetation model version 3)和EC-Earth3(European Community Earth Model version 3)及CanESM5(The Canadian Earth System Model version 5)在多个统计评估指标上排名靠前,展示出较好的模拟能力;IPSL-CM6A-LR(Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Climate Model 6A Low Resolution)在平均降水误差和极端降水的误差指标上表现出色。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130405)the Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent Program of Jiangsu Province(R2020SC04)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2006030201)the Research Fund for International Young Scientists of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42150410381).
文摘Extreme precipitation events are one of the most dangerous hydrometeorological disasters,often resulting in significant human and socio-economic losses worldwide.It is therefore important to use current global climate models to project future changes in precipitation extremes.The present study aims to assess the future changes in precipitation extremes over South Asia from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Global Climate Models(GCMs).The results were derived using the modified Mann-Kendall test,Sen's slope estimator,student's t-test,and probability density function approach.Eight extreme precipitation indices were assessed,including wet days(RR1mm),heavy precipitation days(RR10mm),very heavy precipitation days(RR20mm),severe precipitation days(RR50mm),consecutive wet days(CWD),consecutive dry days(CDD),maximum 5-day precipitation amount(RX5day),and simple daily intensity index(SDII).The future changes were estimated in two time periods for the 21^(st) century(i.e.,near future(NF;2021-2060)and far future(FF;2061-2100))under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5).The results suggest increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation indices under the SSP5-8.5 scenario towards the end of the 21^(st) century(2061-2100).Moreover,from the results of multimodel ensemble means(MMEMs),extreme precipitation indices of RR1mm,RR10mm,RR20mm,CWD,and SDII demonstrate remarkable increases in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indices shows intensification over the eastern part of South Asia compared to the western part.The probability density function of extreme precipitation indices suggests a frequent(intense)occurrence of precipitation extremes in the FF period under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,with values up to 35.00 d for RR1mm and 25.00-35.00 d for CWD.The potential impacts of heavy precipitation can pose serious challenges to the study area regarding flooding,soil erosion,water resource management,food security,and agriculture development.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41806133)the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for the Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.2022QNLM040003-1)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0603204)the Fund of Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry,MNR(No.GCMAC1905)。
文摘The ocean could profoundly modulate the ever-increasing atmospheric CO_(2) by air-sea CO_(2) exchange process,which is also able to cause signifi cant changes of physical and biogeochemical properties in return.In this study,we assessed the long-term average and spatial-temporal variability of global air-sea CO_(2) exchange fl ux(F CO_(2))since 1980s basing on the results of 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)Earth System Models(ESMs).Our fi ndings indicate that the CMIP6 ESMs simulated global CO_(2) sink in recent three decades ranges from 1.80 to 2.24 Pg C/a,which is coincidence with the results of cotemporaneous observations.What’s more,the CMIP6 ESMs consistently show that the global oceanic CO_(2) sink has gradually intensifi ed since 1980s as well as the observations.This study confi rms the simulated F CO_(2) could reach agreements with the observations in the aspect of primary climatological characteristics,however,the simulation skills of CIMP6 ESMs in diverse open-sea biomes are unevenness.None of the 18 CMIP6 ESMs could reproduce the observed F CO_(2) increasement in the central-eastern tropical Pacifi c and the midlatitude Southern Ocean.Defi ciencies of some CMIP6 ESMs in reproducing the atmospheric pressure systems of the Southern Hemisphere and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)mode of the tropical Pacifi c are probably the major causes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41976027)。
文摘The Pacific subtropical cells(STCs)are shallow meridional overturning circulations connecting the tropics and subtropics,and are assumed to be an important driver of the tropical Pacific decadal variability.The variability of STCs under global warming is investigated using multimodal outputs from the latest phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP6)and ocean reanalysis products.Firstly,the volume transport diagnostic analysis is employed to evaluate how coupled models and ocean reanalysis products reproduce interior STC transport.The variation of heat transport by the interior STC under the high-emissions warming scenarios is also analyzed.The results show that the multimodal-mean linear trends of the interior STC transport along 9°S and 9°N are-0.02 Sv/a and 0.04 Sv/a under global warming,respectively,which is mainly due to the combined effect of the strengthened upper oceanic stratification and the weakening of wind field.There is a compensation relationship between the interior STC and the western boundary transport in the future climate,and the compensation relationship of 9°S is more significant than that of 9°N.In addition,compared with ocean reanalysis products,the coupled models tend to underestimate the variability of the interior STC transport convergence,and thus may lose some sea surface temperature(SST)driving force,which may be the reason for the low STC-SST correlation simulated by the model.The future scenario simulation shows that the heat transport of interior STC is weakened under global warming,with a general agreement across models.
文摘本文基于观测和再分析资料,采用Brubaker二元模型评估了第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中19个模式对中国东部季风区气候态水循环过程的模拟能力,并分析了模拟误差来源。结果表明,CMIP6模式集合平均(MME)能够合理再现观测降水和蒸发的年平均气候态空间分布及年循环特征,与观测值的空间相关系数分别为0.92和0.87。较之观测,MME高估了华北地区降水(0.55 mm d^(−1)),低估了华南沿海地区降水(−0.3 mm d^(−1))。所有CMIP6模式均高估蒸发强度(偏差0.03~0.98 mm d^(−1)),使得模拟的降水与蒸发之差偏少。模式整体能够模拟出我国东部季风区降水再循环率及不同边界水汽来源的贡献率,但低估了由南边界进入季风区的水汽贡献,导致东亚季风区偏干。通过分析模式对影响水汽通量的两个气象要素(风速和大气比湿)的模拟能力,发现研究区南边界的风速大小决定了模式间水汽输送差异。南边界风速越大的模式,由南边界进入的水汽通量越大,模式模拟的降水越多。西北太平洋辐合带的东西位置是影响南边界南风速的重要系统之一,辐合带位置偏东的模式模拟的南风强度较弱,使得水汽输送偏弱、降水偏少;反之,南边界水汽输送偏强、降水偏多。本文通过评估最新一代CMIP6模式在东亚水循环方面的模拟性能,指出了当前气候模式在模拟西太平洋辐合带位置方面存在的偏差及其对东亚水循环的影响。
文摘基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(the coupled model intercomparison program in phase 6,CMIP6)的全球气候模式模拟数据,评估分析了全球气候模式对中国主要地区1979―2014年极端气温与极端降水特征的模拟能力。通过泰勒图及各种统计参数的对比表明,全球气候模式对中国各个地区的极端降水/气温的模拟存在显著差异,对中国地区极端气温与降水模拟最好的模式是EC-Earth3。对EC-Earth3在4种未来情景下的气温/降水数据进行偏差校正,并对中国地区未来时期极端降水/气温进行了预估。结果表明:2021—2100年,中国地区升温趋势和极端降水的增加趋势显著,4种情景下的极端气温指标和极端降水指标在21世纪50年代之前是相似的,但之后变化趋势差异增加;SSP1-2.6情景下,2021—2100年升温速率和极端降水速率增加趋势较为平缓;SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.53种情景下,升温速率和极端降水增加速率随着模式和时间增加逐渐增大。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42261026,41971094,42161025)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)+1 种基金the Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province(2022A041)the open foundation of Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone(XJYS0907-2023-01).
文摘Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan Mountains(CTM)have a high climate sensitivity,rendering the region particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate warming.In this study,we used monthly average temperature and monthly precipitation data from the CN05.1 gridded dataset(1961-2014)and 24 global climate models(GCMs)of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)to assess the applicability of the CMIP6 GCMs in the CTM at the regional scale.Based on this,we conducted a systematic review of the interannual trends,dry-wet transitions(based on the standardized precipitation index(SPI)),and spatial distribution patterns of climate change in the CTM during 1961-2014.We further projected future temperature and precipitation changes over three terms(near-term(2021-2040),mid-term(2041-2060),and long-term(2081-2100))relative to the historical period(1961-2014)under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).It was found that the CTM had experienced significant warming and wetting from 1961 to 2014,and will also experience warming in the future(2021-2100).Substantial warming in 1997 was captured by both the CN05.1 derived from interpolating meteorological station data and the multi-model ensemble(MME)from the CMIP6 GCMs.The MME simulation results indicated an apparent wetting in 2008,which occurred later than the wetting observed from the CN05.1 in 1989.The GCMs generally underestimated spring temperature and overestimated both winter temperature and spring precipitation in the CTM.Warming and wetting are more rapid in the northern part of the CTM.By the end of the 21st century,all the four SSP scenarios project warmer and wetter conditions in the CTM with multiple dry-wet transitions.However,the rise in precipitation fails to counterbalance the drought induced by escalating temperature in the future,so the nature of the drought in the CTM will not change at all.Additionally,the projected summer precipitation shows negative correlation with the radiative forcing.This study holds practical implications for the awareness of climate change and subsequent research in the CTM.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.41976027)。
文摘The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2020YFA0608904)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42275185, 41975115, and 41675094)。
文摘Model simulations show that drought may become more severe and widespread in the 21st century due to humaninduced global warming. However, the contributions from the key factors to the model-projected drought changes in China have not yet been examined in detail. We used the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index with Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration(scPDSIpm) based on 10 model simulations selected from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6). We investigated the contributions from precipitation(P), near-surface air temperature and specific humidity [Δ(T + q)], net surface longwave radiation(LW), net surface shortwave radiation(SW), and wind speed(WS) to the future changes in scPDSIpm, including the long-term mean, drying area,probability distribution function(PDF), drought frequency, and drought duration based on the scPDSIpm over China.Our results show that model-projected drying mainly occurs over southern China, whereas the dry areas under drought conditions increase from 20% to about 23%/30% under the two scenarios of the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP2-4.5/SSP5-8.5) from 1985 to 2100, despite large uncertainties in individual projections partly due to internal variability. Drought frequency is projected to increases by about 10%–54%(15%–88%) under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5) scenario by the late 21st century, along with increases in drought duration. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the mean scPDSIpm and flattening of the PDFs. The changes in drying over southern China are mainly attributed to surface warming and the increased surface vapor pressure deficit(VPD), with small contributions from changes in the surface net radiation. The changes in wetting over northern China mostly result from increased precipitation along with a small wetting effect from the changes in wind speed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(Nos.41421005,41720104008,91858204)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2012CB956001)+2 种基金the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.2016ASKJ04)the Chinese Academy of Science(No.XDA11010205)the Shandong Provincial Projects(Nos.2014GJJS0101,U1406401)。
文摘Eleven climate system models that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)were evaluated based on an assessment of their simulated meridional transports in comparison with the Sverdrup transports.The analyses show that the simulated North Pacifi c Ocean circulation is essentially in Sverdrup balance in most of the 11 models while the Argo geostrophic meridional transports indicate signifi cant non-Sverdrup gyre circulation in the tropical North Pacifi c Ocean.The climate models overestimated the observed tropical and subtropical volume transports signifi cantly.The non-Sverdrup gyre circulation leads to non-Sverdrup heat and salt transports,the absence of which in the CMIP5 simulations suggests defi ciencies of the CMIP5 model dynamics in simulating the realistic meridional volume,heat,and salt transports of the ocean.
基金Supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(134111KYSB20160031)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41875132).
文摘The Earth–Climate System Model(ECSM)is an important platform for multi-disciplinary and multi-sphere integration research,and its development is at the frontier of international geosciences,especially in the field of global change.The research and development(R&D)of ECSM in China began in the 1980 s and have achieved great progress.In China,ECSMs are now mainly developed at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,ministries,and universities.Following a brief review of the development history of Chinese ECSMs,this paper summarized the technical characteristics of nine Chinese ECSMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and preliminarily assessed the basic performances of four Chinese models in simulating the global climate and the climate in East Asia.The projected changes of global precipitation and surface air temperature and the associated relationship with the equilibrium climate sensitivity under four shared socioeconomic path scenarios were also discussed.Finally,combined with the international situation,from the perspective of further improvement,eight directions were proposed for the future development of Chinese ECSMs.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0603704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51779176)China 111 Project(B18037)。
文摘Climate projections by global climate models(GCMs)are subject to considerable and multi-source uncertainties.This study aims to compare the uncertainty in projection of precipitation and temperature extremes between Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP)phase 5(CMIP5)and phase 6(CMIP6),using 24 GCMs forced by 3 emission scenarios in each phase of CMIP.In this study,the total uncertainty(T)of climate projections is decomposed into the greenhouse gas emission scenario uncertainty(S,mean inter-scenario variance of the signals over all the models),GCM uncertainty(M,mean inter-model variance of signals over all emission scenarios),and internal climate variability uncertainty(V,variance in noises over all models,emission scenarios,and projection lead times);namely,T=S+M+V.The results of analysis demonstrate that the magnitudes of S,M,and T present similarly increasing trends over the 21 st century.The magnitudes of S,M,V,and T in CMIP6 are 0.94-0.96,1.38-2.07,1.04-1.69,and 1.20-1.93 times as high as those in CMIP5.Both CMIP5 and CMIP6 exhibit similar spatial variation patterns of uncertainties and similar ranks of contributions from different sources of uncertainties.The uncertainty for precipitation is lower in midlatitudes and parts of the equatorial region,but higher in low latitudes and the polar region.The uncertainty for temperature is higher over land areas than oceans,and higher in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere.For precipitation,T is mainly determined by M and V in the early 21 st century,by M and S at the end of the 21 st century;and the turning point will appear in the 2070 s.For temperature,T is dominated by M in the early 21 st century,and by S at the end of the 21 st century,with the turning point occuring in the 2060 s.The relative contributions of S to T in CMIP6(12.5%-14.3%for precipitation and 31.6%-36.2%for temperature)are lower than those in CMIP5(15.1%-17.5%for precipitation and 38.6%-43.8%for temperature).By contrast,the relative contributions of M in CMIP6(50.6%-59.8%for precipitation and 59.4%-60.3%for temperature)are higher than those in CMIP5(47.5%-57.9%for precipitation and 51.7%-53.6%for temperature).The higher magnitude and relative contributions of M in CMIP6 indicate larger difference among projections of various GCMs.Therefore,more GCMs are needed to ensure the robustness of climate projections.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42067062).
文摘The Tianshan Mountains of Central Asia,highly sensitive to climate change,has been comprehensively assessed for its ecosystem vulnerability across multiple aspects.However,studies on the region's main river systems and hydropower resources remain limited.Thus,examining the impact of climate change on the runoff and gross hydropower potential(GHP)of this region is essential for promoting sustainable development and effective management of water and hydropower resources.This study focused on the Kaidu River Basin that is situated above the Dashankou Hydropower Station on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains,China.By utilizing an ensemble of bias-corrected global climate models(GCMs)from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)and the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model coupled with a glacier module(VIC-Glacier),we examined the variations in future runoff and GHP during 2017-2070 under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5)compared to the baseline period(1985-2016).The findings indicated that precipitation and temperature in the Kaidu River Basin exhibit a general upward trend under the four SSP scenarios,with the fastest rate of increase in precipitation under the SSP2-4.5 scenario and the most significant changes in mean,maximum,and minimum temperatures under the SSP5-8.5 scenario,compared to the baseline period(1980-2016).Future runoff in the basin is projected to decrease,with rates of decline under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios being 3.09,3.42,7.04,and 7.20 m^(3)/s per decade,respectively.The trends in GHP are consistent with runoff,with rates of decline in GHP under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios at 507.74,563.33,1158.44,and 1184.52 MW/10a,respectively.Compared to the baseline period(1985-2016),the rates of change in GHP under the SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5 scenarios are-20.66%,-20.93%,-18.91%,and-17.49%,respectively.The Kaidu River Basin will face significant challenges in water and hydropower resources in the future,underscoring the need to adjust water resource management and hydropower planning within the basin.
基金supported by the Joint Research Fund in Smart Grid(U1966601)under cooperative agreement between the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and the State Grid Cor-poration of China(SGCC).
文摘Establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources is a pivotal step toward achieving a globally sustainable transition to green and low-carbon energy.This study focuses on low-output wind power that affects the generation capacity of power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources.Utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 datasets,a predictive model for low-output wind power was employed to investigate regional trends worldwide.The frequency and duration of low-output wind-power events exhibited increasing trends globally,particularly in East Asia and South America,but not in North America.By 2060,the annual total days with low-output wind power in East Asia and South America could rise to 13 and 5 d,and the maximum continuous duration of low-output wind power could reach 5 and 2 d,respectively.As wind power becomes a primary elec-tricity source,such low output could lead to shortages in energy supply within the power system,trig-gering large-scale power outages.This issue calls for critical attention when establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources.The conclusions provide a basis for analyzing power supply risks and configuring flexible power sources for scenarios with a high share of renewable energy.
