Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of...Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of cotton,farmers always adopt salt leaching during winter and spring seasons.However,excessive amount of salt leaching might result in the waste of water resources and unsuitable irrigation seasons might further increase soil salinization.In this study,a field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkaline soil in 2020 and 2021 to determine the effects of leaching amount and period on water-salinity dynamics and cotton yield.Five leaching amounts(0.0(W0),75.0(W1),150.0(W2),225.0(W3),and 300.0(W4)mm)and three leaching periods(seedling stage(P1),seedling and squaring stages(P2),and seedling,squaring,flowering,and boll setting stages(P3))were used.In addition,a control treatment(CK)with a leaching amount of 300.0 mm in spring was performed.The soil water-salt dynamics,cotton growth,seed cotton yield,water productivity(WP),and irrigation water productivity(WPI)were analyzed.Results showed that leaching significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity(EC),and W3P2 treatment reduced EC by 11.79%in the 0-100 cm soil depth compared with CK.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,and yield under W3 and W4 treatments were greater than those under W1 and W2 treatments.Compared with W3P1 and W3P3 treatments,seed cotton yield under W3P2 treatment significantly enhanced and reached 6621 kg/hm^(2)in 2020 and 5340 kg/hm^(2)in 2021.Meanwhile,WP and WPI under W3P2 treatment were significantly higher than those under other leaching treatments.In conclusion,the treatment of 225.0 mm leaching amount and seedling and squaring stages-based leaching period was beneficial for the salt control,efficient water utilization,and yield improvement of cotton in southern Xinjiang,China.展开更多
Increasing nitrogen(N)rate could accelerate the decomposition of crop residues,and then improve crop yield by increasing N availability of soil and N uptake of crops.However,it is not clear whether N rate and plant de...Increasing nitrogen(N)rate could accelerate the decomposition of crop residues,and then improve crop yield by increasing N availability of soil and N uptake of crops.However,it is not clear whether N rate and plant density should be modified after a long period of cotton stubble return with high N rate.This study seeks to assess the effects of N rate and plant density on cotton yield,N use efficiency,leaf senescence,soil inorganic N,and apparent N balance in cotton stubble return fields in Liaocheng,China,in 2016 and 2017.Three plant densities 5.25(D_(5.25)),6.75(D_(6.75))and 8.25(D_(8.25))plants m^(-2) and five N rates 0(N_(0)),105(N_(105)),210(N_(210)),315(N315),and 420(N420)kg ha^(-1) were investigated.Compared to the combination used by local farmers(D_(5.25)N_(315)),a 33.3%N reduction and a 28.6%increase in plant density(D_(6.75)N_(210))can maintain high cotton yield,while a 66.7%N reduction at 6.75 plants m^(-2)(D_(6.75)N_(105))can only achieve high yield in the first year.Biological yield increased with the increase of N rate and plant density,and the highest yield was obtained under 420 kg N ha^(-1) at 8.25 plants m^(-2)(D_(8.25)N_(420))across the two years under investigation.Compared to D5.25N315,N agronomic efficiency(NAE)and N recovery efficiency(NRE)in D_(6.75)N_(210) increased by 30.2 and 54.1%,respectively,and NAE and NRE in D6.75N105 increased by 104.8 and 88.1%,respectively.Soil inorganic N decreased sharply under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but no change was found under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).N deficit occurred under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but it did not occurr under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).Net photosynthetic rate and N concentration of leaves under N rate ranging from 210 to 420 kg ha^(-1) were higher than those under N rate of 0 or 105 kg N ha^(-1) at all three densities.The findings suggest that D6.75N210 is a superior combination in cotton stubble retaining fields in the Yellow River Valley and other areas with similar ecologies.展开更多
Cotton is a revenue source for cotton-producing countries;as the second-largest crop in Pakistan,it significantly contributes to its economy.Over the past few decades,cotton productivity has become unstable in Pakista...Cotton is a revenue source for cotton-producing countries;as the second-largest crop in Pakistan,it significantly contributes to its economy.Over the past few decades,cotton productivity has become unstable in Pakistan,and climate change is one of the main factors that impact cotton yield.Due to climate change,it becomes very important to understand the change trend and its impact on cotton yield at the regional level.Here,we investigate the relationship of standardized cotton yield variability with the variability of climate factors using a 15-yr moving window.The piecewise regression was fitted to obtain the trend-shifting point of climate factors.The results show that precipitation has experienced an overall decreasing trend of–0.64 mm/yr during the study period,with opposing trends of–1.39 mm/yr and 1.52 mm/yr before and after the trend-shifting point,respectively.We found that cotton yield variability increased at a rate of 0.17%/yr,and this trend was highly correlated with the variability of climate factors.The multiple regression analysis explains that climate variability is a dominant factor and controlled 81%of the cotton production in the study area from 1990 to 2019,while it controlled 73%of the production from 1990 to 2002 and 84%from 2002 to 2019.These findings reveal that climate factors affact the distinct spatial pattern of changes in cotton yield variability at the tehsil level.展开更多
Yield and ifber quality of cotton even varies within locules in a bol, but it is not clear how yield components and quality parameters are altered across seed positions of a locule （SPL）. A ifeld experiment was arra...Yield and ifber quality of cotton even varies within locules in a bol, but it is not clear how yield components and quality parameters are altered across seed positions of a locule （SPL）. A ifeld experiment was arranged in a split plot design with transgenic insect resistant Bt （Bacilus thuringiensis） cotton hybrid cultivar CRI75 and conventional cultivar SCRC28 as the main plots, and three plant densities （15000, 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1） as the subplots in 2012 and 2013 at Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cotton was hand harvested by node and fruiting position, and then seeds of the ifrst fruiting posi-tion bols from nodes 6–10 were separated by SPL. The effects of plant density on lint yield, ifber quality, especialy across SPL were determined. It was showed that plant densities of 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1 increased lint yield by 61.3 and 65.3% in 2012 and 17.8 and 15.5% in 2013 relative to low plant density （15000 plants ha–1）, however, no signiifcant differ-ence was observed between 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1. The number of bols （bol density） increased while bol weight decreased as plant density raised, and no signiifcant changes occured in lint percentage in 2013 but increased with plant density in 2012. The number of bols in upper nodes and distal fruiting positions, the number of seeds per bol, seed area （SA） and seed vigor index increased with decreasing plant density. Seed area was found to be greater from the base to the middle compared to the apex of a locule. Mote frequency （MF） increased as plant density increased, and ifber quality was the best at the middle of the locule regardless of plant density. As the number of ifbers per seed area is geneticaly determined, adjusting plant density to produce more seeds and greater seed area can be a potentialy promising alternative to improve lint yield in cotton. These ifndings might be of great importantance to cotton breeding and ifled management.展开更多
Nine kinds of biodegradable plastic film and one kind of conventional PE film are used to conduct experiment in the field,and study the effect of degradable plastic film on cotton yield. The results show that there is...Nine kinds of biodegradable plastic film and one kind of conventional PE film are used to conduct experiment in the field,and study the effect of degradable plastic film on cotton yield. The results show that there is no difference in cotton yield between Treatment II,III,and ordinary PE film,and other kinds of degradable plastic film significantly reduce yield,with yield reduction of 6. 5%-16. 7%. The yield differences among treatments are mainly affected by the number of plants harvested.展开更多
Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated s...Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the experimental site of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with the objective, to find out the weed control efficacy and yield of transgenic cotton hybrid with the application of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied as post-emergence application on 25 and 65 DAS at 900, 1350, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha in MRC 7347 BG-II RRF test hybrid. These treatments were compared with hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS and unweeded control. In both sprays, post-emergence application of glyphosate 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency in transgenic cotton hybrid compared with other treatments. Seed cotton yield (3195 and 3092 kg·ha-1 during 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively) was significantly higher in post-emergence application of glyphosate at 2700 g a.e./ha. Increased use of transgenic cotton with herbicide and pest resistance has resulted in more efficient insect and weed management practices.展开更多
More information is needed on the spatial variability of soil properties and plant characteristics at the field strip plot experiment scale for accurate evaluation of treatment effect significance. The objective of th...More information is needed on the spatial variability of soil properties and plant characteristics at the field strip plot experiment scale for accurate evaluation of treatment effect significance. The objective of this study was to examine the pattern and degree of field spatial variability of cotton yield and the relationship between cotton yield and canopy Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A strip plot trial was carried out on a private farm near Brazil, Gibson County, TN from 2009 to 2011. Five side dress N treatments of 0, 45, 90, 134, and 179 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> were imposed on cotton in strip plots under a RCB design with three replications after 45 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> was applied as pre-plant N in the form of chicken litter. Spatial variability was high in lint yield although its pattern and degree varied with year. The correlation of lint yield with NDVI was almost always statistically significant but not strong during early square to late bloom irrespective of year. There was significant global spatial autocorrelation of residual lint yield (N treatment effects on yield excluded) within the test field in 2010 and 2011 based on the Moran’s I statistic. The Localized Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) cluster map showed that there were some significant local clusters of residual lint yield within the field each year. In conclusion, spatial variability needs to be included in data analyses of N treatment effects on cotton yield in strip plot field studies. Cotton yield from farmers’ fields could be expected to have noticeable annual and within field spatial variations in the region, which will significantly influence cotton yields.展开更多
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different emitter discharge rates under drip irrigation on soil salinity distribution and cotton yield in an extreme arid region of Tarim River catchmen...A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different emitter discharge rates under drip irrigation on soil salinity distribution and cotton yield in an extreme arid region of Tarim River catchment in Northwest China. Four treatments of emitter discharge rates, i.e. 1.8, 2.2, 2.6 and 3.2 L/h, were designed under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in this paper. The salt distribution in the range of 70-cm horizontal distance and 100-cm vertical distance from the emitter was measured and analyzed during the cotton growing season. The soil salinity is expressed in terms of electrical conductivity （dS/m） of the saturated soil extract （ECe）, which was measured using Time Domain Reflector （TDR） 20 times a year, including 5 irrigation events and 4 measured times before/after an irrigation event. All the treatments were repeated 3 times. The groundwater depth was observed by SEBA MDS Dipper 3 automatically at three experimental sites. The results showed that the order of reduction in averaged soil salinity was 2.6 L/h 〉 2.2 L/h 〉 1.8 L/h 〉 3.2 L/h after the completion of irrigation for the 3-year cotton growing season. Therefore, the choice of emitter discharge rate is considerably important in arid silt loam. Usually, the ideal emitter discharge rate is 2.4-3.0 L/h for soil desalinization with plastic mulch, which is advisable mainly because of the favorable salt leaching of silt loam and the climatic conditions in the studied arid area. Maximum cotton yield was achieved at the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in silty soil at the study site. Hence, the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h is recommended for drip irrigation with plastiic mulch applied in silty soil in arid regions.展开更多
To develop scientific countermeasures, the impacts of climate change on cotton yield during 1961-2010 in three major cotton-producing regions of China were studied by using the available provincial data. The results i...To develop scientific countermeasures, the impacts of climate change on cotton yield during 1961-2010 in three major cotton-producing regions of China were studied by using the available provincial data. The results indicate that （1） a rise in average temperature increased the cotton yield in most provinces of Northwest China and the Yellow River valley; however, the rise in average temperature decreased the cotton yield in the Yangtze River valley. Moreover, cotton production across the entire study region was reduced by approximately 0.1% relative to the average during 1961-2010. （2） A decrease in diurnal temperature range （DTR） reduced cotton yield in some provinces, while a beneficial DTR effect was observed in the other provinces. Changes in DTR resulted in an average decrease in production by approximatly 5.5% across the entire study region. （3） A change in the amount of precipitation increased the cotton yield in some provinces; however, it caused a decrease in other provinces. The decrease in average production due to the change in precipitation was approximately 1.1%. We concluded that the changes in temperature and precipitation decreased cotton yields in China, while beneficial effects of temperature and precipitation existed in the cotton-growing regions of Northwest China during 1961-2010.展开更多
The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and ...The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.展开更多
Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are ...Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage （CT） is more productive than zero tillage （ZT）/reduced tillage （RT）. Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC （108 g a.i. ha^-1）, lactofen 24 EC （168 g a.i. ha^-1）, haloxyfop 10.8 EC ＋ lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop ＋ lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides x CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides x CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.展开更多
Background Boron(B)deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality.However,it is often missing in the plant nutrition program,particularly in developing countries.The current study inves...Background Boron(B)deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality.However,it is often missing in the plant nutrition program,particularly in developing countries.The current study investigated B’s effect on growth,yield,and fiber quality of Bt(CIM-663)and non-Bt(Cyto-124)cotton cultivars.The experimental plan consisted of twelve treatments:Control(CK);B at 1 mg·kg^(−1) soil application(SB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB3);0.2%B foliar spray(FB1);0.4%B foliar spray(FB2);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB1+FB1);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB1+FB2);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB2+FB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB2+FB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB3+FB1);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB3+FB2).Each treat-ment has three replications,one pot having two plants per replication.Results B nutrition at all levels and methods of application significantly(P≤0.05)affected the growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.However,SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray showed superiority over others,particularly in the non-Bt cultivar which responded better to B nutrition.Maxi-mum improvement in monopodial branches(345%),sympodial branches(143%),chlorophyll-a(177%),chlorophyll-b(194%),photosynthesis(169%),and ginning out turn(579%)in the non-Bt cultivar was found with SB2 compared with CK.In Bt cultivar,although no consistent trend was found but integrated use of SB3 with foliar spray performed relatively better for improving cotton growth compared with other treatments.Fiber quality characteristics in both cultivars were improved markedly but variably with different B treatments.Conclusion B nutrition with SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray was found optimum for improving cotton’s growth and yield characteristics.展开更多
Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivati...Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.展开更多
Background:Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is grown for fiber and oil purposes in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world.Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton.It has a significant contribution in the GDP o...Background:Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is grown for fiber and oil purposes in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world.Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton.It has a significant contribution in the GDP of Pakistan.Therefore,the present study was performed to assess the genetic variations and genetic diversity of yield and fiber quality traits in cotton and to analyze the associations present among them.Results:Analysis of variance exhibited significant variation for all studied traits except total number of nodes and the height to node ratio.The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all studied traits.Plant height,monopodial branches,total number of bolls,lint index,seed index,and seed cotton yield displayed high heritabilities in a broad sense with maximum genetic advanee.Correlation analysis revealed that seed cotton yield had a significant positive association with plant height,the nu mber of monopodial branches,the nu mber of sympodia I branches,ginning outturn(GOT),the number of bolls,seed per boll,seed index,uniformity index,the number of sympodial branches,reflectance,and seed index at the genotypic level while a significant positive relationship was observed with plant height,the number of sympodial branches,boll number,and GOT.Plant height,monopodial branches,GOT,boll weight,seeds per boll,and short fiber index exerted direct positive effects on seed cotton yield.The first 6 principal component analysis(PCs)out of the total fourteen PCs displayed eigenvalues(>1)and had maximum share to total variability(82.79%).The attributes that had maximum share to total divergence in eluded plant height,uniformity index,the nu mber of sympodial branches,seed per boll,GOT,seed cotton yield,and short fiber index.Conclusion:The genotype AA-802,IUB-13,FH-159,FH-458,and CIM-595 were genetically diverse for most of the yield and fiber quality traits and could be utilized for the selection of better performing genotypes for further improvement.展开更多
The article presents the data of a long-term experience on the reproductive capacity of the soil during the permanent cultivation of cotton, which has been carried out for 96 years at the Institute of Breeding, Seed P...The article presents the data of a long-term experience on the reproductive capacity of the soil during the permanent cultivation of cotton, which has been carried out for 96 years at the Institute of Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnology for Growing Cotton in the Kibray district of the Tashkent region. The article presents the results of analyses by determining the content of humus, from which it can be seen that the decrease in humus was more marked on the control variant without fertilizers, and the amount of humus decreased after 20 years compared to the initial indicator by 11.4 t/ha, after 40 years 16 46 t/ha, after 60 years by 19.05 t/ha, after 80 years by 26.29 t/ha and after 96 years by 29.17 t/ha. It was also determined by the decrease in humus content in option 2, where NPK 250:175:125 kg/ha was applied annually, respectively: 6.487 t/ha;9.225 t/ha;10.09 t/ha;16.95 t/ha;19.65 t/ha;with an annual application of 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha of P<sub>2</sub>O in option 1, respectively: 0.335 t/ha;3.683 t/ha;11.40 t/ha;22.44 t/ha;32.58 t/ha. In addition, the article also provides data on the yield of cotton by options for permanent cultivation. It was determined that in the control variant, the yield decreased from 16.8 centners per hectare to 9.9 centners per hectare;in the variant where NPK was applied every year 250:175:125 kg/ha was 31 - 34 c/ha, where 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha P<sub>2</sub>O 29 - 32 c/ha were used every year.展开更多
Background Agroecological cropping systems are recognised as an alternative way to ensure the sustainability of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the context of climate change and degradation of soil fertili...Background Agroecological cropping systems are recognised as an alternative way to ensure the sustainability of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the context of climate change and degradation of soil fertility. A study was conducted in Benin from 2020 to 2023 to compare six different cotton cultivars in three agroecological cropping systems in two cotton-growing zones. Plough-based tillage plus incorporation of cover crop biomass(PTI), conservation agriculture with strip tillage(CA_ST), and conservation agriculture with no tillage(CA_NT) were compared with the reference plough-based tillage(PT). The objective was to identify morpho-physiological traits of cotton that increase yield in agroecological cropping systems. Our approach combined a field experiment and crop simulation model(CSM) of CROPGRO-Cotton to evaluate the effects of genotype(G) × environment(E) × management(M) interactions on seed cotton yield(SCY).Results Cultivars Tamcot_camde and Okp768 and simulated ideotypes performed best in CA systems. Increased seed mass, large and thick leaves, and later maturity were identified as beneficial for yield enhancement in CA systems. Cultivars and ideotypes that combine these traits also resulted in better nitrogen and water use efficiencies in CA systems. Under different climate scenarios up to 2050, ideotypes designed could increase SCY in Benin.Conclusion A set of morpho-physiological traits associated with vegetative vigour is required to ensure a good SCY in agroecological cropping systems. These results provide scientific evidence and useful knowledge for breeders and research programmes on cropping systems focused on the adaptation of cotton to climate change.展开更多
Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum produc...Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum productivity.The current study aimed to optimize Zn level and mode of application for better growth,yield,and fiber quality of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The experimental plan comprised a control group with no Zn application,three Zn levels through soil application,i.e.5 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn5),10 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn10),and 15 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn15),two levels of foliar application including 0.5%(FZn0.5)and 1%(FZn1)Zn solution,and various combinations of soil plus foliar application.Two cotton cultivars,CIM-663(Bt)and Cyto-124(non-Bt)were used,and each treatment was replicated thrice.Results Zinc nutrition caused a significant(P≤0.05)improvement in growth,yield,physiological,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.All levels and modes of Zn application were found effective in improving cotton productivity on alkaline calcareous soil.However,integrated soil application and foliar spray showed superiority over sole soil or foliar application.Among different treatments,SZn15+FZn1 caused the highest improvement in most of the observed growth and yield traits.The said treatment maximally increased the leaf Zn concentration by 270.5%and 218.4%with a subsequent increase in plant height 23.2%and 28.0%,monopodial branches 40.7%and 42.1%,sympodial branches 37.2%and 35.2%,seed cotton yield 32.5%and 36.6%,and lint yield 30.0%and 34.6%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.SZn15+FZn1 also caused the highest increase in relative water contents 32.6%and 22.4%,chlorophyll contents 92.0%and 67.1%,and stomatal conductance 112.8%and 100.8%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.Among the fiber quality characteristics,fiber fineness was maximally improved by 19.7%and 15.9%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,with SZn15+FZn1 compared with the control.Leaf Zn concentration was positively correlated with fiber length(R2=0.7173),fiber strength(R2=0.5483),and fiber fineness(R2=0.6379)of both cotton cultivars grown with different levels and application modes of Zn.The benefit-cost ratio was remarkably improved with Zn nutrition,and the highest value of 1.64 was found in CIM-663 at SZn10+FZn1 and SZn15+FZn1.Conclusion The plant growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of cotton cultivars were significantly improved with Zn supply at different levels and modes of application.SZn15+FZN1 could be recommended to get optimum seed cotton yield and fiber quality of cotton on alkaline calcareous soil.展开更多
To optimize the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and to increase the yield,the relationship between yield components and boll spatial distribution was investigated among different Bt(Bacillus thuringensis)cotton v...To optimize the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and to increase the yield,the relationship between yield components and boll spatial distribution was investigated among different Bt(Bacillus thuringensis)cotton varieties.A five-year field experiment was conducted to reveal the reasons for the differences in lint yield and fiber quality across three Bt cotton varieties with different yield formations from 2013 to 2017.The lint yield of Jiman 169(the average yield from 2013-2017 was 42.2 g/plant)was the highest,i.e.,16.3 and 36.9%higher than Lumianyan 21(L21)and Daizimian 99B(99B),respectively.And the differences in boll weight among the three cultivars were similar to the lint yield,while the others yield components were not.So the increase in lint yield was mainly attributed to the enlargement in boll weight.However,the change in fiber quality was inconsistent with the lint yield,and the quality of L21 was significantly better than that of Jimian 169(J169)and 99B,which was caused by the diversity of boll spatial distribution.Compared with 99B,the loose-type J169 had the highest number of large bolls in inner positions;the tight-type L21 had a few large bolls and the highest number of lower and middle bolls.And approximately 80.72%of the lint yield was concentrated on the inner nodes in Jiman 169,compared with 77.44%of L21 and 66.73%of 99B during the five-year experiment.Although lint yield was significantly affected by the interannual changes,the lint yield of J169 was the highest and the most stable,as well as its yield components.These observations demonstrated the increase in lint yield was due to the increase in boll weight,and the large bolls and high fiber quality were attributed to the optimal distribution of bolls within the canopies.展开更多
Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor,nutrients,and management)mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing,high density,and reduced fertilization ...Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor,nutrients,and management)mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing,high density,and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction.However,it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice.A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1),5(FT2),10(FT3),15(FT4),and 20(FT5)days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6),making six treatments altogether.Cotton growth period,biomass accumulation,yield,and its formation were quantified.The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6,however,the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter.FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1396 kg ha–1),which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments,and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage.Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated.FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1)and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1)rates during the fast biomass accumulation period.These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom,and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.展开更多
A rational plant population is an important attribute to high yield of cotton, because it can provide a beneficial micro environment within the canopy for plant growth and development as well as yield formation. A 2-y...A rational plant population is an important attribute to high yield of cotton, because it can provide a beneficial micro environment within the canopy for plant growth and development as well as yield formation. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal plant density based on cotton yield in relation to the canopy micro environment （canopy temperature, relative humidity and light transmittance）. Six plant densities （1.2-5.7 plants m^-2） were arranged with a completely randomized block design. The highest cotton yield （1 507 kg ha^-1） was obtained at 3.0 plants m^-2 due to more bolls per unit ground area （79 bolls m2）, while the lowest yield （1 091 kg ha1） was obtained at 1.2 plants m^-2. Under the moderate plant density （3.0 plants m^-2）, there was a lower mean daily temperature （MDT, 27. 1℃） attributing to medium daily minimum temperature （Train, 21.9℃） and the lowest daily maximum temperature （Tmax, 35.8℃）, a moderate mean canopy light transmittance of 0.51, and lower mean daily relative humidity （MRH） of 79.7% from June to October. The results suggest that 3.0 plants m^-2 would be the optimal plant density because it provides a better canopy micro environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900805,2022YFD1900401)the Science and Technology Project,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,China(2021AB009,2024AB030).
文摘Cotton,as one of important economic crops,is widely planted in the saline-alkaline soil of southern Xinjiang,China.Moreover,in order to control the saline-alkaline content for seed germination and seedlings survive of cotton,farmers always adopt salt leaching during winter and spring seasons.However,excessive amount of salt leaching might result in the waste of water resources and unsuitable irrigation seasons might further increase soil salinization.In this study,a field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkaline soil in 2020 and 2021 to determine the effects of leaching amount and period on water-salinity dynamics and cotton yield.Five leaching amounts(0.0(W0),75.0(W1),150.0(W2),225.0(W3),and 300.0(W4)mm)and three leaching periods(seedling stage(P1),seedling and squaring stages(P2),and seedling,squaring,flowering,and boll setting stages(P3))were used.In addition,a control treatment(CK)with a leaching amount of 300.0 mm in spring was performed.The soil water-salt dynamics,cotton growth,seed cotton yield,water productivity(WP),and irrigation water productivity(WPI)were analyzed.Results showed that leaching significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity(EC),and W3P2 treatment reduced EC by 11.79%in the 0-100 cm soil depth compared with CK.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,and yield under W3 and W4 treatments were greater than those under W1 and W2 treatments.Compared with W3P1 and W3P3 treatments,seed cotton yield under W3P2 treatment significantly enhanced and reached 6621 kg/hm^(2)in 2020 and 5340 kg/hm^(2)in 2021.Meanwhile,WP and WPI under W3P2 treatment were significantly higher than those under other leaching treatments.In conclusion,the treatment of 225.0 mm leaching amount and seedling and squaring stages-based leaching period was beneficial for the salt control,efficient water utilization,and yield improvement of cotton in southern Xinjiang,China.
基金The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601253)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(ZR2016CQ20)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M610438)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shandong Province,China(SDAIT-03-03/05).
文摘Increasing nitrogen(N)rate could accelerate the decomposition of crop residues,and then improve crop yield by increasing N availability of soil and N uptake of crops.However,it is not clear whether N rate and plant density should be modified after a long period of cotton stubble return with high N rate.This study seeks to assess the effects of N rate and plant density on cotton yield,N use efficiency,leaf senescence,soil inorganic N,and apparent N balance in cotton stubble return fields in Liaocheng,China,in 2016 and 2017.Three plant densities 5.25(D_(5.25)),6.75(D_(6.75))and 8.25(D_(8.25))plants m^(-2) and five N rates 0(N_(0)),105(N_(105)),210(N_(210)),315(N315),and 420(N420)kg ha^(-1) were investigated.Compared to the combination used by local farmers(D_(5.25)N_(315)),a 33.3%N reduction and a 28.6%increase in plant density(D_(6.75)N_(210))can maintain high cotton yield,while a 66.7%N reduction at 6.75 plants m^(-2)(D_(6.75)N_(105))can only achieve high yield in the first year.Biological yield increased with the increase of N rate and plant density,and the highest yield was obtained under 420 kg N ha^(-1) at 8.25 plants m^(-2)(D_(8.25)N_(420))across the two years under investigation.Compared to D5.25N315,N agronomic efficiency(NAE)and N recovery efficiency(NRE)in D_(6.75)N_(210) increased by 30.2 and 54.1%,respectively,and NAE and NRE in D6.75N105 increased by 104.8 and 88.1%,respectively.Soil inorganic N decreased sharply under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but no change was found under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).N deficit occurred under 105 kg N ha^(-1),but it did not occurr under 210 kg N ha^(-1) at 6.75 plants m^(-2).Net photosynthetic rate and N concentration of leaves under N rate ranging from 210 to 420 kg ha^(-1) were higher than those under N rate of 0 or 105 kg N ha^(-1) at all three densities.The findings suggest that D6.75N210 is a superior combination in cotton stubble retaining fields in the Yellow River Valley and other areas with similar ecologies.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFA0604403-3,2016YFA0602301)the Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U19A2023)。
文摘Cotton is a revenue source for cotton-producing countries;as the second-largest crop in Pakistan,it significantly contributes to its economy.Over the past few decades,cotton productivity has become unstable in Pakistan,and climate change is one of the main factors that impact cotton yield.Due to climate change,it becomes very important to understand the change trend and its impact on cotton yield at the regional level.Here,we investigate the relationship of standardized cotton yield variability with the variability of climate factors using a 15-yr moving window.The piecewise regression was fitted to obtain the trend-shifting point of climate factors.The results show that precipitation has experienced an overall decreasing trend of–0.64 mm/yr during the study period,with opposing trends of–1.39 mm/yr and 1.52 mm/yr before and after the trend-shifting point,respectively.We found that cotton yield variability increased at a rate of 0.17%/yr,and this trend was highly correlated with the variability of climate factors.The multiple regression analysis explains that climate variability is a dominant factor and controlled 81%of the cotton production in the study area from 1990 to 2019,while it controlled 73%of the production from 1990 to 2002 and 84%from 2002 to 2019.These findings reveal that climate factors affact the distinct spatial pattern of changes in cotton yield variability at the tehsil level.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31101118)
文摘Yield and ifber quality of cotton even varies within locules in a bol, but it is not clear how yield components and quality parameters are altered across seed positions of a locule （SPL）. A ifeld experiment was arranged in a split plot design with transgenic insect resistant Bt （Bacilus thuringiensis） cotton hybrid cultivar CRI75 and conventional cultivar SCRC28 as the main plots, and three plant densities （15000, 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1） as the subplots in 2012 and 2013 at Anyang, Henan Province, China. Cotton was hand harvested by node and fruiting position, and then seeds of the ifrst fruiting posi-tion bols from nodes 6–10 were separated by SPL. The effects of plant density on lint yield, ifber quality, especialy across SPL were determined. It was showed that plant densities of 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1 increased lint yield by 61.3 and 65.3% in 2012 and 17.8 and 15.5% in 2013 relative to low plant density （15000 plants ha–1）, however, no signiifcant differ-ence was observed between 51000 and 87000 plants ha–1. The number of bols （bol density） increased while bol weight decreased as plant density raised, and no signiifcant changes occured in lint percentage in 2013 but increased with plant density in 2012. The number of bols in upper nodes and distal fruiting positions, the number of seeds per bol, seed area （SA） and seed vigor index increased with decreasing plant density. Seed area was found to be greater from the base to the middle compared to the apex of a locule. Mote frequency （MF） increased as plant density increased, and ifber quality was the best at the middle of the locule regardless of plant density. As the number of ifbers per seed area is geneticaly determined, adjusting plant density to produce more seeds and greater seed area can be a potentialy promising alternative to improve lint yield in cotton. These ifndings might be of great importantance to cotton breeding and ifled management.
文摘Nine kinds of biodegradable plastic film and one kind of conventional PE film are used to conduct experiment in the field,and study the effect of degradable plastic film on cotton yield. The results show that there is no difference in cotton yield between Treatment II,III,and ordinary PE film,and other kinds of degradable plastic film significantly reduce yield,with yield reduction of 6. 5%-16. 7%. The yield differences among treatments are mainly affected by the number of plants harvested.
文摘Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the experimental site of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with the objective, to find out the weed control efficacy and yield of transgenic cotton hybrid with the application of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied as post-emergence application on 25 and 65 DAS at 900, 1350, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha in MRC 7347 BG-II RRF test hybrid. These treatments were compared with hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS and unweeded control. In both sprays, post-emergence application of glyphosate 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency in transgenic cotton hybrid compared with other treatments. Seed cotton yield (3195 and 3092 kg·ha-1 during 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively) was significantly higher in post-emergence application of glyphosate at 2700 g a.e./ha. Increased use of transgenic cotton with herbicide and pest resistance has resulted in more efficient insect and weed management practices.
文摘More information is needed on the spatial variability of soil properties and plant characteristics at the field strip plot experiment scale for accurate evaluation of treatment effect significance. The objective of this study was to examine the pattern and degree of field spatial variability of cotton yield and the relationship between cotton yield and canopy Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A strip plot trial was carried out on a private farm near Brazil, Gibson County, TN from 2009 to 2011. Five side dress N treatments of 0, 45, 90, 134, and 179 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> were imposed on cotton in strip plots under a RCB design with three replications after 45 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> was applied as pre-plant N in the form of chicken litter. Spatial variability was high in lint yield although its pattern and degree varied with year. The correlation of lint yield with NDVI was almost always statistically significant but not strong during early square to late bloom irrespective of year. There was significant global spatial autocorrelation of residual lint yield (N treatment effects on yield excluded) within the test field in 2010 and 2011 based on the Moran’s I statistic. The Localized Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) cluster map showed that there were some significant local clusters of residual lint yield within the field each year. In conclusion, spatial variability needs to be included in data analyses of N treatment effects on cotton yield in strip plot field studies. Cotton yield from farmers’ fields could be expected to have noticeable annual and within field spatial variations in the region, which will significantly influence cotton yields.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41071026,51069017)
文摘A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different emitter discharge rates under drip irrigation on soil salinity distribution and cotton yield in an extreme arid region of Tarim River catchment in Northwest China. Four treatments of emitter discharge rates, i.e. 1.8, 2.2, 2.6 and 3.2 L/h, were designed under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in this paper. The salt distribution in the range of 70-cm horizontal distance and 100-cm vertical distance from the emitter was measured and analyzed during the cotton growing season. The soil salinity is expressed in terms of electrical conductivity （dS/m） of the saturated soil extract （ECe）, which was measured using Time Domain Reflector （TDR） 20 times a year, including 5 irrigation events and 4 measured times before/after an irrigation event. All the treatments were repeated 3 times. The groundwater depth was observed by SEBA MDS Dipper 3 automatically at three experimental sites. The results showed that the order of reduction in averaged soil salinity was 2.6 L/h 〉 2.2 L/h 〉 1.8 L/h 〉 3.2 L/h after the completion of irrigation for the 3-year cotton growing season. Therefore, the choice of emitter discharge rate is considerably important in arid silt loam. Usually, the ideal emitter discharge rate is 2.4-3.0 L/h for soil desalinization with plastic mulch, which is advisable mainly because of the favorable salt leaching of silt loam and the climatic conditions in the studied arid area. Maximum cotton yield was achieved at the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in silty soil at the study site. Hence, the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h is recommended for drip irrigation with plastiic mulch applied in silty soil in arid regions.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201206022)Transgenic Major Project(2012ZX08013010)"948"Program(2011-G19)
文摘To develop scientific countermeasures, the impacts of climate change on cotton yield during 1961-2010 in three major cotton-producing regions of China were studied by using the available provincial data. The results indicate that （1） a rise in average temperature increased the cotton yield in most provinces of Northwest China and the Yellow River valley; however, the rise in average temperature decreased the cotton yield in the Yangtze River valley. Moreover, cotton production across the entire study region was reduced by approximately 0.1% relative to the average during 1961-2010. （2） A decrease in diurnal temperature range （DTR） reduced cotton yield in some provinces, while a beneficial DTR effect was observed in the other provinces. Changes in DTR resulted in an average decrease in production by approximatly 5.5% across the entire study region. （3） A change in the amount of precipitation increased the cotton yield in some provinces; however, it caused a decrease in other provinces. The decrease in average production due to the change in precipitation was approximately 1.1%. We concluded that the changes in temperature and precipitation decreased cotton yields in China, while beneficial effects of temperature and precipitation existed in the cotton-growing regions of Northwest China during 1961-2010.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0100400 and 2017YFD0201300)the Engineering Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016PCTS-1)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671613)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)
文摘The cotton direct seeding after wheat(rape) harvested is under trial and would be the future direction at the Yangtze River Valley region of China.The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of branch and stem architecture on cotton yield and identify the optimal cotton architecture to compensate the yield loss due to the reduction of individual production capacity under high planting density in the direst seeding after wheat harvested cropping system.The characteristics of the stem and branch architecture and the relationships between architecture of the stem and branch with yield formation were studied on eight short season cotton cultivars during 2015 and 2016 cotton growth seasons.Based on the two years results,three cultivars with different architectures of stem and branch were selected to investigate the effect of mepiquat chloride(MC) application on the architecture of the stem and branch,boll retention,and the yield in 2017.Significant differences were observed on plant height,all fruiting nodes to branches ratio(NBR) in the cotton plant,and the curvature of the fruiting branch(CFB) among the studied cultivars.There were three types of stem and fruiting branch structures: Zhong425 with stable and suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5,respectively),high CFB(more than 10.0),and high boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;Siyang 822 with excessive plant height and NBR,low CFB,and low boll retention speed and seed cotton yield;and other studied cultivars with unstable structure of stem and branch,boll retention speed,and seed cotton yield across years.And MC application could promote the appropriate plant height and NBR and high CFB and thus resulted in high boll retention speed and the yield.The results suggested that the suitable plant height and NBR(about 90 cm and 2.5 respectively),and high CFB(more than 10.0),which was related to both genotype and cultural practice,could promote the higher boll retention speed and seed cotton yield.
文摘Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage （CT） is more productive than zero tillage （ZT）/reduced tillage （RT）. Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC （108 g a.i. ha^-1）, lactofen 24 EC （168 g a.i. ha^-1）, haloxyfop 10.8 EC ＋ lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop ＋ lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides x CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides x CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I.Khan.
文摘Background Boron(B)deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality.However,it is often missing in the plant nutrition program,particularly in developing countries.The current study investigated B’s effect on growth,yield,and fiber quality of Bt(CIM-663)and non-Bt(Cyto-124)cotton cultivars.The experimental plan consisted of twelve treatments:Control(CK);B at 1 mg·kg^(−1) soil application(SB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB3);0.2%B foliar spray(FB1);0.4%B foliar spray(FB2);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB1+FB1);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB1+FB2);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB2+FB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB2+FB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB3+FB1);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB3+FB2).Each treat-ment has three replications,one pot having two plants per replication.Results B nutrition at all levels and methods of application significantly(P≤0.05)affected the growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.However,SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray showed superiority over others,particularly in the non-Bt cultivar which responded better to B nutrition.Maxi-mum improvement in monopodial branches(345%),sympodial branches(143%),chlorophyll-a(177%),chlorophyll-b(194%),photosynthesis(169%),and ginning out turn(579%)in the non-Bt cultivar was found with SB2 compared with CK.In Bt cultivar,although no consistent trend was found but integrated use of SB3 with foliar spray performed relatively better for improving cotton growth compared with other treatments.Fiber quality characteristics in both cultivars were improved markedly but variably with different B treatments.Conclusion B nutrition with SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray was found optimum for improving cotton’s growth and yield characteristics.
文摘Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.
基金Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,University of Agriculture Faisalabad,Faisalabad-Pakistan.
文摘Background:Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is grown for fiber and oil purposes in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world.Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton.It has a significant contribution in the GDP of Pakistan.Therefore,the present study was performed to assess the genetic variations and genetic diversity of yield and fiber quality traits in cotton and to analyze the associations present among them.Results:Analysis of variance exhibited significant variation for all studied traits except total number of nodes and the height to node ratio.The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all studied traits.Plant height,monopodial branches,total number of bolls,lint index,seed index,and seed cotton yield displayed high heritabilities in a broad sense with maximum genetic advanee.Correlation analysis revealed that seed cotton yield had a significant positive association with plant height,the nu mber of monopodial branches,the nu mber of sympodia I branches,ginning outturn(GOT),the number of bolls,seed per boll,seed index,uniformity index,the number of sympodial branches,reflectance,and seed index at the genotypic level while a significant positive relationship was observed with plant height,the number of sympodial branches,boll number,and GOT.Plant height,monopodial branches,GOT,boll weight,seeds per boll,and short fiber index exerted direct positive effects on seed cotton yield.The first 6 principal component analysis(PCs)out of the total fourteen PCs displayed eigenvalues(>1)and had maximum share to total variability(82.79%).The attributes that had maximum share to total divergence in eluded plant height,uniformity index,the nu mber of sympodial branches,seed per boll,GOT,seed cotton yield,and short fiber index.Conclusion:The genotype AA-802,IUB-13,FH-159,FH-458,and CIM-595 were genetically diverse for most of the yield and fiber quality traits and could be utilized for the selection of better performing genotypes for further improvement.
文摘The article presents the data of a long-term experience on the reproductive capacity of the soil during the permanent cultivation of cotton, which has been carried out for 96 years at the Institute of Breeding, Seed Production and Agrotechnology for Growing Cotton in the Kibray district of the Tashkent region. The article presents the results of analyses by determining the content of humus, from which it can be seen that the decrease in humus was more marked on the control variant without fertilizers, and the amount of humus decreased after 20 years compared to the initial indicator by 11.4 t/ha, after 40 years 16 46 t/ha, after 60 years by 19.05 t/ha, after 80 years by 26.29 t/ha and after 96 years by 29.17 t/ha. It was also determined by the decrease in humus content in option 2, where NPK 250:175:125 kg/ha was applied annually, respectively: 6.487 t/ha;9.225 t/ha;10.09 t/ha;16.95 t/ha;19.65 t/ha;with an annual application of 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha of P<sub>2</sub>O in option 1, respectively: 0.335 t/ha;3.683 t/ha;11.40 t/ha;22.44 t/ha;32.58 t/ha. In addition, the article also provides data on the yield of cotton by options for permanent cultivation. It was determined that in the control variant, the yield decreased from 16.8 centners per hectare to 9.9 centners per hectare;in the variant where NPK was applied every year 250:175:125 kg/ha was 31 - 34 c/ha, where 30 t/ha of manure + 25 kg/ha P<sub>2</sub>O 29 - 32 c/ha were used every year.
基金supported by the Benin Cotton Research Institute (IRC)the Cotton Interprofessional Association (AIC)+1 种基金the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)the TAZCO_(2) project (Transition Agroécologique des Zones Cotonnières du Bénin),which is funded by the Republic of Benin and the French Development Agency (AFD)。
文摘Background Agroecological cropping systems are recognised as an alternative way to ensure the sustainability of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the context of climate change and degradation of soil fertility. A study was conducted in Benin from 2020 to 2023 to compare six different cotton cultivars in three agroecological cropping systems in two cotton-growing zones. Plough-based tillage plus incorporation of cover crop biomass(PTI), conservation agriculture with strip tillage(CA_ST), and conservation agriculture with no tillage(CA_NT) were compared with the reference plough-based tillage(PT). The objective was to identify morpho-physiological traits of cotton that increase yield in agroecological cropping systems. Our approach combined a field experiment and crop simulation model(CSM) of CROPGRO-Cotton to evaluate the effects of genotype(G) × environment(E) × management(M) interactions on seed cotton yield(SCY).Results Cultivars Tamcot_camde and Okp768 and simulated ideotypes performed best in CA systems. Increased seed mass, large and thick leaves, and later maturity were identified as beneficial for yield enhancement in CA systems. Cultivars and ideotypes that combine these traits also resulted in better nitrogen and water use efficiencies in CA systems. Under different climate scenarios up to 2050, ideotypes designed could increase SCY in Benin.Conclusion A set of morpho-physiological traits associated with vegetative vigour is required to ensure a good SCY in agroecological cropping systems. These results provide scientific evidence and useful knowledge for breeders and research programmes on cropping systems focused on the adaptation of cotton to climate change.
文摘Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum productivity.The current study aimed to optimize Zn level and mode of application for better growth,yield,and fiber quality of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The experimental plan comprised a control group with no Zn application,three Zn levels through soil application,i.e.5 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn5),10 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn10),and 15 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn15),two levels of foliar application including 0.5%(FZn0.5)and 1%(FZn1)Zn solution,and various combinations of soil plus foliar application.Two cotton cultivars,CIM-663(Bt)and Cyto-124(non-Bt)were used,and each treatment was replicated thrice.Results Zinc nutrition caused a significant(P≤0.05)improvement in growth,yield,physiological,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.All levels and modes of Zn application were found effective in improving cotton productivity on alkaline calcareous soil.However,integrated soil application and foliar spray showed superiority over sole soil or foliar application.Among different treatments,SZn15+FZn1 caused the highest improvement in most of the observed growth and yield traits.The said treatment maximally increased the leaf Zn concentration by 270.5%and 218.4%with a subsequent increase in plant height 23.2%and 28.0%,monopodial branches 40.7%and 42.1%,sympodial branches 37.2%and 35.2%,seed cotton yield 32.5%and 36.6%,and lint yield 30.0%and 34.6%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.SZn15+FZn1 also caused the highest increase in relative water contents 32.6%and 22.4%,chlorophyll contents 92.0%and 67.1%,and stomatal conductance 112.8%and 100.8%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.Among the fiber quality characteristics,fiber fineness was maximally improved by 19.7%and 15.9%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,with SZn15+FZn1 compared with the control.Leaf Zn concentration was positively correlated with fiber length(R2=0.7173),fiber strength(R2=0.5483),and fiber fineness(R2=0.6379)of both cotton cultivars grown with different levels and application modes of Zn.The benefit-cost ratio was remarkably improved with Zn nutrition,and the highest value of 1.64 was found in CIM-663 at SZn10+FZn1 and SZn15+FZn1.Conclusion The plant growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of cotton cultivars were significantly improved with Zn supply at different levels and modes of application.SZn15+FZN1 could be recommended to get optimum seed cotton yield and fiber quality of cotton on alkaline calcareous soil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601253)the Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System, China (SDAIT-03)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2016CQ20)
文摘To optimize the spatial distribution of cotton bolls and to increase the yield,the relationship between yield components and boll spatial distribution was investigated among different Bt(Bacillus thuringensis)cotton varieties.A five-year field experiment was conducted to reveal the reasons for the differences in lint yield and fiber quality across three Bt cotton varieties with different yield formations from 2013 to 2017.The lint yield of Jiman 169(the average yield from 2013-2017 was 42.2 g/plant)was the highest,i.e.,16.3 and 36.9%higher than Lumianyan 21(L21)and Daizimian 99B(99B),respectively.And the differences in boll weight among the three cultivars were similar to the lint yield,while the others yield components were not.So the increase in lint yield was mainly attributed to the enlargement in boll weight.However,the change in fiber quality was inconsistent with the lint yield,and the quality of L21 was significantly better than that of Jimian 169(J169)and 99B,which was caused by the diversity of boll spatial distribution.Compared with 99B,the loose-type J169 had the highest number of large bolls in inner positions;the tight-type L21 had a few large bolls and the highest number of lower and middle bolls.And approximately 80.72%of the lint yield was concentrated on the inner nodes in Jiman 169,compared with 77.44%of L21 and 66.73%of 99B during the five-year experiment.Although lint yield was significantly affected by the interannual changes,the lint yield of J169 was the highest and the most stable,as well as its yield components.These observations demonstrated the increase in lint yield was due to the increase in boll weight,and the large bolls and high fiber quality were attributed to the optimal distribution of bolls within the canopies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271665)the Pairing Program of Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group with Eminent Scholars in Elite Universities, China (201601)
文摘Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor,nutrients,and management)mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing,high density,and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction.However,it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice.A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1),5(FT2),10(FT3),15(FT4),and 20(FT5)days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6),making six treatments altogether.Cotton growth period,biomass accumulation,yield,and its formation were quantified.The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6,however,the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter.FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1396 kg ha–1),which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments,and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage.Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated.FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1)and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1)rates during the fast biomass accumulation period.These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom,and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.
基金supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(3-5-19)the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(Cotton 2007-2010)the National Transgenic Cotton Production Program,China(2009ZX08013-014B)
文摘A rational plant population is an important attribute to high yield of cotton, because it can provide a beneficial micro environment within the canopy for plant growth and development as well as yield formation. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal plant density based on cotton yield in relation to the canopy micro environment （canopy temperature, relative humidity and light transmittance）. Six plant densities （1.2-5.7 plants m^-2） were arranged with a completely randomized block design. The highest cotton yield （1 507 kg ha^-1） was obtained at 3.0 plants m^-2 due to more bolls per unit ground area （79 bolls m2）, while the lowest yield （1 091 kg ha1） was obtained at 1.2 plants m^-2. Under the moderate plant density （3.0 plants m^-2）, there was a lower mean daily temperature （MDT, 27. 1℃） attributing to medium daily minimum temperature （Train, 21.9℃） and the lowest daily maximum temperature （Tmax, 35.8℃）, a moderate mean canopy light transmittance of 0.51, and lower mean daily relative humidity （MRH） of 79.7% from June to October. The results suggest that 3.0 plants m^-2 would be the optimal plant density because it provides a better canopy micro environment.
