Burden sharing has been a perennial issue in the transatlantic alliance,primarily entailing cost sharing and responsibility sharing.During the first Trump administration,the dispute over cost sharing had been prominen...Burden sharing has been a perennial issue in the transatlantic alliance,primarily entailing cost sharing and responsibility sharing.During the first Trump administration,the dispute over cost sharing had been prominent,while the Biden administration placed more emphasis on responsibility sharing to facilitate its strategic goal of“outcompeting”China.The Ukraine crisis had prompted a US-Europe consensus on cost sharing,but the urgency of responsibility sharing subsequently increased.The shift from jointly providing the economic resources to extensively sharing the security responsibilities ref lects the recalibration of the US strategic focus and its higher expectations for the role of European allies.Nevertheless,Europe's response to the US call for responsibility sharing has been relatively limited.The responsibility sharing within the US-Europe alliance and their future relationship will be subject to the strategic coordination between the two sides and multiple complex factors.展开更多
This paper firstly constructs a multi-player snowdrift game with all players'cost sharing once the snowdrift is removed for a fairness.Secondly,an Aspiration-Fermi hybrid rule is proposed to derive an extended ave...This paper firstly constructs a multi-player snowdrift game with all players'cost sharing once the snowdrift is removed for a fairness.Secondly,an Aspiration-Fermi hybrid rule is proposed to derive an extended average abundance function via Markov chain evolutionary processes.Besides,extensive numerical simulations well verify theoretical results.Our findings show that both cost sharing and the Aspiration-Fermi hybrid rule significantly promote the cooperation by enhancing the average abundance in multi-person snowdrift game.By comparison with the existing woks,our proposed model and hybrid strategy-update rule provide novel insights into the evolution of cooperation in multi-person games.展开更多
The investment in green technology in the process of product design and production is viewed asa powerful tool for sustainable development and carbon emission reduction However,the substantial cost and pressure of com...The investment in green technology in the process of product design and production is viewed asa powerful tool for sustainable development and carbon emission reduction However,the substantial cost and pressure of competition weaken incentives for manufacturers to engage in green technology.In this paper,we consider two competitive manufacturer-retailer supply chains,where each manufacturer sells partially substitutable products through the exclusive retailer,study green technology investment selection by manufacturers,and examine the efficacy of retailer cost sharing scheme.Our analysis shows that a dominant equilibrium strategy for both manufacturers is to invest in green technologies,whether cost sharing is in place or not.Retailer sharing the cost of manufac turer green technology investment can avoid firms'preference confliction over the green technology investment and improve social welfare simultaneously when both the cost-sharing rate and the degree of product/channel competition are relatively low.We also find that green technology investment by manufacturers does not necessarily curb total carbon emission,and the cost sharing can either strengthen or weaken the carbon emission reduction of green technology investment.展开更多
China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiven...China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness well. The effects of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness are largely subject to the institutional design of environmental regulation. Despite numerous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness, a consensus has yet to be reached. Aside from differences in research methodology, these studies failed to give sufficient consideration to the impact of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness. Such effects can be negative or positive depending on the design of environmental regulatory policy. This paper has investigated the relationship between environmental regulation and the competitiveness of China＇s iron and steel industry and discovered that tighter environmental regulation does not diminish the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry since the policy design of environmental regulation accommodates the tolerance of advanced production capacity and includes a reasonable cost sharing mechanism. This discovery is of important reference for China to develop rational policy design to balance the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness.展开更多
According to design theories,alternatives result from a construct;it can be from an analyst or decision makers and stakeholders.The generation of alternatives for the development of an economic model on medical market...According to design theories,alternatives result from a construct;it can be from an analyst or decision makers and stakeholders.The generation of alternatives for the development of an economic model on medical markets was initiated with academic researchers,since medical and economic investigators also advised medical policies,especially at the time of the study on policy options to address shortages of critical drugs and to provide recommendations on controversial drugs in the TZD class.Global pharmaceutical pricing models have been so far driven by big life science companies in interaction with governments;the most common models discussed at a global level come from neo classical economic theory with adjustments of market prices,use of differentiated pricing to take into account adjustment of prices with GNPs differences or reference pricing to adjust access to consumers(e.g.in EU countries);other proposals include peak load pricing such as in Telecommunications.However,changes in international relation policies require now additional alternatives and objectives in a multi-stakeholder world for global health policies,the engagement of powerful non-state players,and the role of social medias into politics.In EWG-MCDA meeting at West Attica(Athens,2024),it was proposed to use a C-K design framework to expand policy alternatives,using expansion of the concept space,especially for a cost sharing research agenda;after the recent communications at Euro and ADA conferences in July 2024,this paper proposes some advances for the general framework involving the South and North Hemispheres,and addressing common issues on major diseases such as diabetes.展开更多
The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected the development of enterprises.In the post-pandemic era,blockchain technology has become one of the important technologies to help enterprises quickly gain market co...The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected the development of enterprises.In the post-pandemic era,blockchain technology has become one of the important technologies to help enterprises quickly gain market competitiveness.The heavy investment required of supply chain stakeholders to employ blockchain technology has hindered its adoption and application.To tackle this issue,this study aims to facilitate the adoption of blockchain technology in a supply chain consisting of a core enterprise and a small/medium-sized enterprise through an effective supply chain contract.We analyze the performance of a cost-sharing(CS)contract and a revenue-sharing(RS)contract and propose a new hybrid CS-RS contract for better performance.We conduct comparative analyses of the three contracts and find that the hybrid CS-RS contract can more effectively incentivize both parties to reach the highest level of blockchain technology adoption and achieve supply chain coordination.展开更多
文摘Burden sharing has been a perennial issue in the transatlantic alliance,primarily entailing cost sharing and responsibility sharing.During the first Trump administration,the dispute over cost sharing had been prominent,while the Biden administration placed more emphasis on responsibility sharing to facilitate its strategic goal of“outcompeting”China.The Ukraine crisis had prompted a US-Europe consensus on cost sharing,but the urgency of responsibility sharing subsequently increased.The shift from jointly providing the economic resources to extensively sharing the security responsibilities ref lects the recalibration of the US strategic focus and its higher expectations for the role of European allies.Nevertheless,Europe's response to the US call for responsibility sharing has been relatively limited.The responsibility sharing within the US-Europe alliance and their future relationship will be subject to the strategic coordination between the two sides and multiple complex factors.
文摘This paper firstly constructs a multi-player snowdrift game with all players'cost sharing once the snowdrift is removed for a fairness.Secondly,an Aspiration-Fermi hybrid rule is proposed to derive an extended average abundance function via Markov chain evolutionary processes.Besides,extensive numerical simulations well verify theoretical results.Our findings show that both cost sharing and the Aspiration-Fermi hybrid rule significantly promote the cooperation by enhancing the average abundance in multi-person snowdrift game.By comparison with the existing woks,our proposed model and hybrid strategy-update rule provide novel insights into the evolution of cooperation in multi-person games.
基金Supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(16BGL079)。
文摘The investment in green technology in the process of product design and production is viewed asa powerful tool for sustainable development and carbon emission reduction However,the substantial cost and pressure of competition weaken incentives for manufacturers to engage in green technology.In this paper,we consider two competitive manufacturer-retailer supply chains,where each manufacturer sells partially substitutable products through the exclusive retailer,study green technology investment selection by manufacturers,and examine the efficacy of retailer cost sharing scheme.Our analysis shows that a dominant equilibrium strategy for both manufacturers is to invest in green technologies,whether cost sharing is in place or not.Retailer sharing the cost of manufac turer green technology investment can avoid firms'preference confliction over the green technology investment and improve social welfare simultaneously when both the cost-sharing rate and the degree of product/channel competition are relatively low.We also find that green technology investment by manufacturers does not necessarily curb total carbon emission,and the cost sharing can either strengthen or weaken the carbon emission reduction of green technology investment.
文摘China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness well. The effects of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness are largely subject to the institutional design of environmental regulation. Despite numerous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness, a consensus has yet to be reached. Aside from differences in research methodology, these studies failed to give sufficient consideration to the impact of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness. Such effects can be negative or positive depending on the design of environmental regulatory policy. This paper has investigated the relationship between environmental regulation and the competitiveness of China＇s iron and steel industry and discovered that tighter environmental regulation does not diminish the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry since the policy design of environmental regulation accommodates the tolerance of advanced production capacity and includes a reasonable cost sharing mechanism. This discovery is of important reference for China to develop rational policy design to balance the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness.
文摘According to design theories,alternatives result from a construct;it can be from an analyst or decision makers and stakeholders.The generation of alternatives for the development of an economic model on medical markets was initiated with academic researchers,since medical and economic investigators also advised medical policies,especially at the time of the study on policy options to address shortages of critical drugs and to provide recommendations on controversial drugs in the TZD class.Global pharmaceutical pricing models have been so far driven by big life science companies in interaction with governments;the most common models discussed at a global level come from neo classical economic theory with adjustments of market prices,use of differentiated pricing to take into account adjustment of prices with GNPs differences or reference pricing to adjust access to consumers(e.g.in EU countries);other proposals include peak load pricing such as in Telecommunications.However,changes in international relation policies require now additional alternatives and objectives in a multi-stakeholder world for global health policies,the engagement of powerful non-state players,and the role of social medias into politics.In EWG-MCDA meeting at West Attica(Athens,2024),it was proposed to use a C-K design framework to expand policy alternatives,using expansion of the concept space,especially for a cost sharing research agenda;after the recent communications at Euro and ADA conferences in July 2024,this paper proposes some advances for the general framework involving the South and North Hemispheres,and addressing common issues on major diseases such as diabetes.
基金funded by the Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.18ZDA060)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71672121)Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project(Grant No.22ZLGCGX00060).
文摘The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected the development of enterprises.In the post-pandemic era,blockchain technology has become one of the important technologies to help enterprises quickly gain market competitiveness.The heavy investment required of supply chain stakeholders to employ blockchain technology has hindered its adoption and application.To tackle this issue,this study aims to facilitate the adoption of blockchain technology in a supply chain consisting of a core enterprise and a small/medium-sized enterprise through an effective supply chain contract.We analyze the performance of a cost-sharing(CS)contract and a revenue-sharing(RS)contract and propose a new hybrid CS-RS contract for better performance.We conduct comparative analyses of the three contracts and find that the hybrid CS-RS contract can more effectively incentivize both parties to reach the highest level of blockchain technology adoption and achieve supply chain coordination.
