Haug and Tatum have recently outlined a possible path to solving the Hubble tension within R_(H_(t))=ct cosmology models using a trial-and-error algorithm for redshift scaling,specifically z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))-1 an...Haug and Tatum have recently outlined a possible path to solving the Hubble tension within R_(H_(t))=ct cosmology models using a trial-and-error algorithm for redshift scaling,specifically z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))-1 and z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(1/2)-1.Their algorithm demonstrates that one can start with the measured CMB temperature and a rough estimate of H_(0).Based on this approach,they nearly perfectly match the entire distance ladder of observed supernovae by identifying a single value for H_(0).This work replaces a previous numerical approach with a formal,closed-form mathematical solution.Furthermore,we will prove that this solution is valid for a much more general case of any cosmological redshift scaling consistent with:z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(x)-1.Haug and Tatum have only considered the most common assumptions of x=1 and x=1/2.Our solution involves simply solving an equation to determine the correct value of H_(0).This is possible because an exact mathematical relation between H_(0)and the CMB temperature has recently been established,in combination with the linearity in an R_(H_(t))=ct model.We also demonstrate that a thermodynamic form of the Friedmann equation is consistent with a wide range of redshift scalings,namely:z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(x)-1.展开更多
This report is about the graviton redshift theory (GRST) which hypothesises the redshift of the energy of gravitons traveling in fields. A new source of energy loss in galaxy dynamics is introduced. Due to the hypothe...This report is about the graviton redshift theory (GRST) which hypothesises the redshift of the energy of gravitons traveling in fields. A new source of energy loss in galaxy dynamics is introduced. Due to the hypothetical interactions of gravitons with the expansion of the universe, which causes an energy loss of the gravitons due to cosmological redshift, the rotation equation for galaxies, which previously had the Newtonian potential energy and the graviton gravitational redshift energy loss, is now updated with the graviton cosmological redshift energy loss. From the galaxy rotation equation, the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) and the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are defined in radial distribution form. Fits to galaxy rotation motion are detailed. A cosmic connection for the BTFR is defined. The result is that galaxy rotation curves are fully accounted for with the GRST rotation equation and the BTFR and MOND theories are incorporated into a unified framework.展开更多
Redshift drift is a tool to directly probe the expansion history of the uni- verse. Based on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker framework, we reconstruct the ve- locity drift and deceleration factor for several cosmologic...Redshift drift is a tool to directly probe the expansion history of the uni- verse. Based on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker framework, we reconstruct the ve- locity drift and deceleration factor for several cosmological models using observa- tional H（z） data from the differential ages of galaxies and baryon acoustic oscillation peaks, luminosity distance of Type Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background shift parameter, and baryon acoustic oscillation distance parameter. They can, for the first time, provide an objective and quantifiable measure of the redshift drift. We find that reconstructed velocity drift with different peak values and corresponding redshifts can potentially provide a method to distinguish the quality of competing dark energy mod- els at low redshifts. Better fitting between models and observational data indicate that current data are insufficient to distinguish the quality of these models. However, by comparing with the simulated velocity drift from Liske et al, we find that the Dvali- Gabadadze-Porrati model is inconsistent with the data at high redshift, which origi- nally piqued the interest of researchers in the topic of redshift drift. Considering the deceleration factor, we are able to give a stable instantaneous estimation of a transition redshift of zt ~ 0.7 from joint constraints, which incorporates a more complete set of values than the previous study that used a single data set.展开更多
Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will pr...Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.展开更多
We consider using future redshift surveys with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST） to constrain the equation of state of dark energy w. We analyze the Alcock ＆ Paczynski （AP） ef...We consider using future redshift surveys with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST） to constrain the equation of state of dark energy w. We analyze the Alcock ＆ Paczynski （AP） effect imprinted on the two-point correlation function of galaxies in redshift space. The Fisher matrix analysis is applied to estimate the expected error bounds of w0 and wα from galaxy redshift surveys, w0 and wα being the two parameters in the equation of state parametrization w（z） = w0 ＋ wαz/（1 ＋ z）. Strong degeneracies between w0 and wα are found. The direction of the degeneracy in w0 - wα plane, however, rotates counter-clockwise as the redshift increases. LAMOST can potentially contribute in the redshift range up to 0.5. In combination with other high redshift surveys, such as the proposed Kilo-Aperture Optical Spectrograph project （KAOS）, the joint constraint derived from galaxy surveys at different redshift ranges is likely to efficiently break the degeneracy of w0 and wα. We do not anticipate that the nature of dark energy can be well constrained with LAMOST alone, but it may help to reduce the error bounds expected from other observations, such as the Supernova/Acceleration Probe （SNAP）.展开更多
Given the pending completion and publication of the final Dark Energy Survey (DESI) results, this letter presents the corresponding predictions of the Haug-Tatum cosmology (HTC) model. In particular, we show in tabula...Given the pending completion and publication of the final Dark Energy Survey (DESI) results, this letter presents the corresponding predictions of the Haug-Tatum cosmology (HTC) model. In particular, we show in tabular and graphic form the “dark energy decay” curve which the HTC model predicts for cosmological redshifts covering the range of 0 - 2.0 z. Furthermore, we present the HTC model distance-vs-redshift curve in comparison to the three very different curves (for luminosity distance, angular diameter distance, and co-moving distance) calculated within the Lambda-CDM model. Whether the expansion of our universe is actually undergoing slight acceleration or the finely-tuned cosmic coasting at constant velocity of Rh = ct models, including HTC, will hopefully soon be answered by the many pending observational studies.展开更多
The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is fo...The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is found to make a superior fit on all tests. Any attempts to introduce evolutionary corrections to improve the concordance cosmology fit on one test often worsen its fit on other tests. Light curve data of high redshift gamma ray bursts and quasars fail to support claims for cosmological time dilation due to expansion. Also, the SCP supernova light curve test results are considered to be flawed by selection effect biases. The big bang theory also has difficulty accounting for redshift quantization, for the multi-megaparsec periodicity seen in the distribution of galaxy superclusters, and for the discovery of galaxies at redshifts as high as <em>z</em> ~11.9. In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe. One possible choice is a cosmology that predicts nonconservative tired-light redshifting in intergalactic space, the continuous creation of neutrons in space, the rate of matter creation scaling with both celestial body mass and temperature, galaxies growing progressively in size, and changing their morphology in the manner suggested by Jeans and Hubble.展开更多
Einstein’s weak equivalence principle suggests that gravity and acceleration (centrifugal force) are indistinguishable from each other and, therefore, equivalent. We maintain that they are not only equivalent, but ev...Einstein’s weak equivalence principle suggests that gravity and acceleration (centrifugal force) are indistinguishable from each other and, therefore, equivalent. We maintain that they are not only equivalent, but even identical, or to rephrase the main statement of this work: A gravitational force does not exist. Rather, gravity is a fictitious force, or, more pointedly: Gravity is the centrifugal force which acts upon material bodies within the rotating S3-hypersphere of the Universe. These in turn warp the adjacent space-fabric, shaping it to the well-known field geometry of general relativity.展开更多
Haug and Tatum have developed a cosmological model which links the CMB temperature,the Hubble parameter,cosmological redshift,and the Planck length in a manner fully consistent with general relativity and the Stefan-B...Haug and Tatum have developed a cosmological model which links the CMB temperature,the Hubble parameter,cosmological redshift,and the Planck length in a manner fully consistent with general relativity and the Stefan-Boltzmann law.This means that one can easily extract the Planck length from observed cosmological redshifts.We demonstrate this by extracting the current NIST CODATA Planck length from the Union2 supernova database using the observed redshifts from all 580 type Ia supernovae.Our new mathematical approach places tight constraints on a Hubble constant extracted from supernovae in a manner that appears to resolve the Hubble tension.Importantly,our linear expansion model offers a near-perfect match using these astronomical observations without necessitating the expansion of space beyond the speed of light c or the introduction of an accelerating dark energy.We believe that this approach strongly favors growing black hole R_(H)=ct cosmological models over theΛ-CDM model.展开更多
Making use of a CMB temperature formula derivable from the Stefan-Boltzmann law, we have discovered a duality between the Particle Data Group (PDG) CMB temperature of 2.7255 K and its implied Hubble constant H0value o...Making use of a CMB temperature formula derivable from the Stefan-Boltzmann law, we have discovered a duality between the Particle Data Group (PDG) CMB temperature of 2.7255 K and its implied Hubble constant H0value of approximately 66.9 km/s/Mpc, which can be used to predict the 2287 observed supernova redshifts in the PantheonPlusSH0ES database. Both values of this duality fall within constraints set for these cosmological parameters by the Particle Data Group. Notably, because our solution requires a rigorous mathematical derivation of a cosmological distance-vs-redshift formula pertaining to a variant of the RH=ctcosmology model, our supernova redshift-matching solution fits only within the H0constraints of the 2018 Planck Collaboration and the PDG. It is our conclusion that, by matching the entire PantheonPlusSH0ES dataset of 2287 observations with the Planck Collaboration H0constraints, such a dataset provides strong support for a H0value of H0=66.8943−0.0287+0.0287km/s/Mpc based on the Fixsen (2009) observation of T0=2.72548−0.00057+0.00057K.展开更多
文摘Haug and Tatum have recently outlined a possible path to solving the Hubble tension within R_(H_(t))=ct cosmology models using a trial-and-error algorithm for redshift scaling,specifically z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))-1 and z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(1/2)-1.Their algorithm demonstrates that one can start with the measured CMB temperature and a rough estimate of H_(0).Based on this approach,they nearly perfectly match the entire distance ladder of observed supernovae by identifying a single value for H_(0).This work replaces a previous numerical approach with a formal,closed-form mathematical solution.Furthermore,we will prove that this solution is valid for a much more general case of any cosmological redshift scaling consistent with:z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(x)-1.Haug and Tatum have only considered the most common assumptions of x=1 and x=1/2.Our solution involves simply solving an equation to determine the correct value of H_(0).This is possible because an exact mathematical relation between H_(0)and the CMB temperature has recently been established,in combination with the linearity in an R_(H_(t))=ct model.We also demonstrate that a thermodynamic form of the Friedmann equation is consistent with a wide range of redshift scalings,namely:z=(R_(H_(0))/R_(H_(t)))^(x)-1.
文摘This report is about the graviton redshift theory (GRST) which hypothesises the redshift of the energy of gravitons traveling in fields. A new source of energy loss in galaxy dynamics is introduced. Due to the hypothetical interactions of gravitons with the expansion of the universe, which causes an energy loss of the gravitons due to cosmological redshift, the rotation equation for galaxies, which previously had the Newtonian potential energy and the graviton gravitational redshift energy loss, is now updated with the graviton cosmological redshift energy loss. From the galaxy rotation equation, the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (BTFR) and the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are defined in radial distribution form. Fits to galaxy rotation motion are detailed. A cosmic connection for the BTFR is defined. The result is that galaxy rotation curves are fully accounted for with the GRST rotation equation and the BTFR and MOND theories are incorporated into a unified framework.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11235003,11175019 and 11178007)
文摘Redshift drift is a tool to directly probe the expansion history of the uni- verse. Based on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker framework, we reconstruct the ve- locity drift and deceleration factor for several cosmological models using observa- tional H（z） data from the differential ages of galaxies and baryon acoustic oscillation peaks, luminosity distance of Type Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background shift parameter, and baryon acoustic oscillation distance parameter. They can, for the first time, provide an objective and quantifiable measure of the redshift drift. We find that reconstructed velocity drift with different peak values and corresponding redshifts can potentially provide a method to distinguish the quality of competing dark energy mod- els at low redshifts. Better fitting between models and observational data indicate that current data are insufficient to distinguish the quality of these models. However, by comparing with the simulated velocity drift from Liske et al, we find that the Dvali- Gabadadze-Porrati model is inconsistent with the data at high redshift, which origi- nally piqued the interest of researchers in the topic of redshift drift. Considering the deceleration factor, we are able to give a stable instantaneous estimation of a transition redshift of zt ~ 0.7 from joint constraints, which incorporates a more complete set of values than the previous study that used a single data set.
文摘Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘We consider using future redshift surveys with the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST） to constrain the equation of state of dark energy w. We analyze the Alcock ＆ Paczynski （AP） effect imprinted on the two-point correlation function of galaxies in redshift space. The Fisher matrix analysis is applied to estimate the expected error bounds of w0 and wα from galaxy redshift surveys, w0 and wα being the two parameters in the equation of state parametrization w（z） = w0 ＋ wαz/（1 ＋ z）. Strong degeneracies between w0 and wα are found. The direction of the degeneracy in w0 - wα plane, however, rotates counter-clockwise as the redshift increases. LAMOST can potentially contribute in the redshift range up to 0.5. In combination with other high redshift surveys, such as the proposed Kilo-Aperture Optical Spectrograph project （KAOS）, the joint constraint derived from galaxy surveys at different redshift ranges is likely to efficiently break the degeneracy of w0 and wα. We do not anticipate that the nature of dark energy can be well constrained with LAMOST alone, but it may help to reduce the error bounds expected from other observations, such as the Supernova/Acceleration Probe （SNAP）.
文摘Given the pending completion and publication of the final Dark Energy Survey (DESI) results, this letter presents the corresponding predictions of the Haug-Tatum cosmology (HTC) model. In particular, we show in tabular and graphic form the “dark energy decay” curve which the HTC model predicts for cosmological redshifts covering the range of 0 - 2.0 z. Furthermore, we present the HTC model distance-vs-redshift curve in comparison to the three very different curves (for luminosity distance, angular diameter distance, and co-moving distance) calculated within the Lambda-CDM model. Whether the expansion of our universe is actually undergoing slight acceleration or the finely-tuned cosmic coasting at constant velocity of Rh = ct models, including HTC, will hopefully soon be answered by the many pending observational studies.
文摘The no-evolution, concordance expanding universe cosmology and no-evolution, static universe tired light model are compared against observational data on eight cosmology tests. The no-evolution tired light model is found to make a superior fit on all tests. Any attempts to introduce evolutionary corrections to improve the concordance cosmology fit on one test often worsen its fit on other tests. Light curve data of high redshift gamma ray bursts and quasars fail to support claims for cosmological time dilation due to expansion. Also, the SCP supernova light curve test results are considered to be flawed by selection effect biases. The big bang theory also has difficulty accounting for redshift quantization, for the multi-megaparsec periodicity seen in the distribution of galaxy superclusters, and for the discovery of galaxies at redshifts as high as <em>z</em> ~11.9. In overview, it is concluded that a static universe cosmology must be sought to explain the origin of the universe. One possible choice is a cosmology that predicts nonconservative tired-light redshifting in intergalactic space, the continuous creation of neutrons in space, the rate of matter creation scaling with both celestial body mass and temperature, galaxies growing progressively in size, and changing their morphology in the manner suggested by Jeans and Hubble.
文摘Einstein’s weak equivalence principle suggests that gravity and acceleration (centrifugal force) are indistinguishable from each other and, therefore, equivalent. We maintain that they are not only equivalent, but even identical, or to rephrase the main statement of this work: A gravitational force does not exist. Rather, gravity is a fictitious force, or, more pointedly: Gravity is the centrifugal force which acts upon material bodies within the rotating S3-hypersphere of the Universe. These in turn warp the adjacent space-fabric, shaping it to the well-known field geometry of general relativity.
文摘Haug and Tatum have developed a cosmological model which links the CMB temperature,the Hubble parameter,cosmological redshift,and the Planck length in a manner fully consistent with general relativity and the Stefan-Boltzmann law.This means that one can easily extract the Planck length from observed cosmological redshifts.We demonstrate this by extracting the current NIST CODATA Planck length from the Union2 supernova database using the observed redshifts from all 580 type Ia supernovae.Our new mathematical approach places tight constraints on a Hubble constant extracted from supernovae in a manner that appears to resolve the Hubble tension.Importantly,our linear expansion model offers a near-perfect match using these astronomical observations without necessitating the expansion of space beyond the speed of light c or the introduction of an accelerating dark energy.We believe that this approach strongly favors growing black hole R_(H)=ct cosmological models over theΛ-CDM model.
文摘Making use of a CMB temperature formula derivable from the Stefan-Boltzmann law, we have discovered a duality between the Particle Data Group (PDG) CMB temperature of 2.7255 K and its implied Hubble constant H0value of approximately 66.9 km/s/Mpc, which can be used to predict the 2287 observed supernova redshifts in the PantheonPlusSH0ES database. Both values of this duality fall within constraints set for these cosmological parameters by the Particle Data Group. Notably, because our solution requires a rigorous mathematical derivation of a cosmological distance-vs-redshift formula pertaining to a variant of the RH=ctcosmology model, our supernova redshift-matching solution fits only within the H0constraints of the 2018 Planck Collaboration and the PDG. It is our conclusion that, by matching the entire PantheonPlusSH0ES dataset of 2287 observations with the Planck Collaboration H0constraints, such a dataset provides strong support for a H0value of H0=66.8943−0.0287+0.0287km/s/Mpc based on the Fixsen (2009) observation of T0=2.72548−0.00057+0.00057K.
