It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when sender...It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.展开更多
We analyse the possibility that the observed cosmological redshift may be cumulatively due to the expansion of the universe and the tired light phenomenon. Since the source of both the redshifts is the same, they both...We analyse the possibility that the observed cosmological redshift may be cumulatively due to the expansion of the universe and the tired light phenomenon. Since the source of both the redshifts is the same, they both independently relate to the same proper distance of the light source. Using this approach we have developed a hybrid model combining the Einstein de Sitter model and the tired light model that yields a slightly better fit to Supernovae Ia redshift data using one parameter than the standard ΛCDM model with two parameters. We have shown that the ratio of tired light component to the Einstein de Sitter component of redshift has evolved from 2.5 in the past, corresponding to redshift 1000, to its present value of 1.5. The hybrid model yields Hubble constant H0 =69.11(±0.53)km·s-1 ·Mpc-1 and the deceleration parameter q0 =-0.4. The component of Hubble constant responsible for expansion of the universe is 40% of H0 and for the tired light is 60% of H0. Consequently, the critical density is only 16% of its currently accepted value;a lot less dark matter is needed to make up the critical density. In addition, the best data fit yields the cosmological constant density parameter =0. The tired light effect may thus be considered equivalent to the cosmological constant in the hybrid model.展开更多
Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable ...Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable fit to the observed data. Here we consider the redshift to be a hybrid of two effects: recession of distant galaxies due to expansion of the universe, and resistance to light propagation due to cosmic drag. The weight factor determining the contribution of the two effects is the only parameter that is needed to fit the observed data. The cosmic drag considered phenomenologically yields mass of the universe ≈?2 × 1053 kg. This implicitly suggests that the mass of the whole universe is causing the cosmic drag. The databases of extragalactic objects containing redshift z and distance modulus μof galaxies up to z = 8.26 resulted in an excellent fit to the model. Also, the weight factor wD for expansion effect contribution to μobtained from the data sets containing progressively higher values of μ?can be nicely fitted with .展开更多
Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a...Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.展开更多
In 1899, Max Planck integrated the Planck constant h with the gravitational constant G and the speed of light c, discovered a set of physical constants, and created Planck Units System. Since 20th century, the develop...In 1899, Max Planck integrated the Planck constant h with the gravitational constant G and the speed of light c, discovered a set of physical constants, and created Planck Units System. Since 20th century, the development of physics made the gravitational constant, the speed of light, and the Planck constant the most important fundamental constants of physics representing classical theory, relativity, and quantum theory, respectively. Now, the Planck Units have been given new physical meanings, revealing the mysteries of many physical boundaries. However, more than 100 years have passed, Planck Units System not only failed to get rid of the incompatibility between the basic theories of physics, but also cannot surpass the limitations of existing physics theories. In Cosmic Continuum Theory, physical dimensions can be transformed under the principle of equivalence. Planck units system not only integrates into the axiom system of Cosmic Continuum Theory, but also establishes a benchmark for the unity of physical dimensions. The introduction of the abstract physical dimensions “JX” and “XJ” makes the physical dimension of existence quantity and dimension quantity unified respectively.展开更多
We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition ...We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;&qu...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">𝛬</span></span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approxima</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tely 1.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-28</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg<span style="color:#636363;"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span></span></span>m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span>展开更多
This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that ...This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.展开更多
文摘It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.
文摘We analyse the possibility that the observed cosmological redshift may be cumulatively due to the expansion of the universe and the tired light phenomenon. Since the source of both the redshifts is the same, they both independently relate to the same proper distance of the light source. Using this approach we have developed a hybrid model combining the Einstein de Sitter model and the tired light model that yields a slightly better fit to Supernovae Ia redshift data using one parameter than the standard ΛCDM model with two parameters. We have shown that the ratio of tired light component to the Einstein de Sitter component of redshift has evolved from 2.5 in the past, corresponding to redshift 1000, to its present value of 1.5. The hybrid model yields Hubble constant H0 =69.11(±0.53)km·s-1 ·Mpc-1 and the deceleration parameter q0 =-0.4. The component of Hubble constant responsible for expansion of the universe is 40% of H0 and for the tired light is 60% of H0. Consequently, the critical density is only 16% of its currently accepted value;a lot less dark matter is needed to make up the critical density. In addition, the best data fit yields the cosmological constant density parameter =0. The tired light effect may thus be considered equivalent to the cosmological constant in the hybrid model.
文摘Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable fit to the observed data. Here we consider the redshift to be a hybrid of two effects: recession of distant galaxies due to expansion of the universe, and resistance to light propagation due to cosmic drag. The weight factor determining the contribution of the two effects is the only parameter that is needed to fit the observed data. The cosmic drag considered phenomenologically yields mass of the universe ≈?2 × 1053 kg. This implicitly suggests that the mass of the whole universe is causing the cosmic drag. The databases of extragalactic objects containing redshift z and distance modulus μof galaxies up to z = 8.26 resulted in an excellent fit to the model. Also, the weight factor wD for expansion effect contribution to μobtained from the data sets containing progressively higher values of μ?can be nicely fitted with .
文摘Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.
文摘In 1899, Max Planck integrated the Planck constant h with the gravitational constant G and the speed of light c, discovered a set of physical constants, and created Planck Units System. Since 20th century, the development of physics made the gravitational constant, the speed of light, and the Planck constant the most important fundamental constants of physics representing classical theory, relativity, and quantum theory, respectively. Now, the Planck Units have been given new physical meanings, revealing the mysteries of many physical boundaries. However, more than 100 years have passed, Planck Units System not only failed to get rid of the incompatibility between the basic theories of physics, but also cannot surpass the limitations of existing physics theories. In Cosmic Continuum Theory, physical dimensions can be transformed under the principle of equivalence. Planck units system not only integrates into the axiom system of Cosmic Continuum Theory, but also establishes a benchmark for the unity of physical dimensions. The introduction of the abstract physical dimensions “JX” and “XJ” makes the physical dimension of existence quantity and dimension quantity unified respectively.
文摘We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũintroduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons, d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> and uũ, to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks, dũd<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the electrons and u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>d<sub>d</sub>~</sup> for the positrons and confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state u<sub>d</sub>~</sup>dũtetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A successful single parameter model has be</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">en </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">𝛬</span></span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approxima</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tely 1.6 × 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-28</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> kg<span style="color:#636363;"><span style="font-size:13.3333px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">·</span></span></span>m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span>
文摘This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.
