The relativity of cosmic time is developed within the framework of Cosmological Relativity in five dimensions of space, time and velocity. A general linearized metric element is defined to have the form , where the co...The relativity of cosmic time is developed within the framework of Cosmological Relativity in five dimensions of space, time and velocity. A general linearized metric element is defined to have the form , where the coordinates are time , radial distance for spatials x, y and z, and velocity v, with c the speed of light in vacuum and t the Hubble-Carmeli time constant. The metric is accurate to first order in and v/c . The fields and are general functions of the coordinates. By showing that =, a metric of the form is obtained from the general metric, implying that the universe is flat. For cosmological redshift z, the luminosity distance relation is used to fit combined distance moduli from Type 1a supernovae up to z is obtained for the matter density parameter at the present epoch. Assuming a baryon density of , a rest mass energy of (9.79+ 0.47) GeV is predicted for the anti-baryonic and the particles which decay from a hypothetical particle. The cosmic aging function makes good fits to light curve data from two reports of Type 1a supernovae and in fitting to simulated quasar like light curve power spectra separated by redshift . We determine the multipole of the first acoustic peak of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation anisotropy to be and a sound horizon of on today’s sky.展开更多
Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a...Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.展开更多
This paper, in conjunction with recent Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) publications, provides theoretical support for cosmic time being an emergent property of cosmic entropy and temperature. Therefore, if Verlinde’s “em...This paper, in conjunction with recent Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) publications, provides theoretical support for cosmic time being an emergent property of cosmic entropy and temperature. Therefore, if Verlinde’s “emergent gravity” theory is correct, both time and gravity are most fundamentally emergent properties of cosmic thermodynamics. Since emergent properties within complex systems with a huge number of degrees of freedom are often not definable at the smallest scales, these results suggest that quantum time and quantum gravity may be no more definable than consciousness within two connecting neurons. String theorists now struggling to define quantum space-time and quantum gravity should bear this in mind.展开更多
An instructive analogy between the deformation of a pinched elastic cylindrical shell and the anti-gravity behind accelerated cosmic expansion is established. Subsequently the entire model is interpreted in terms of a...An instructive analogy between the deformation of a pinched elastic cylindrical shell and the anti-gravity behind accelerated cosmic expansion is established. Subsequently the entire model is interpreted in terms of a hyperbolic fractal Rindler space-time leading to the same robust results regarding real energy and dark energy being 4.5% and 95.5% respectively in full agreement with all recent cosmological measurements.展开更多
During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is ...During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is needed to replace the standard perturbation model of structure formation. Recently, we have been developing a model of cosmology that accounts for a large number of the observed properties of the universe. A key component of this model is that fractal structures that later regulated the creation of both matter and radiation came into existence during the initial Planck-era inflation. Initially, the vacuum was the only existence and since time, distance, and energy were uncertain, its only property, the curvature (or energy), was most likely distributed randomly. Everything that happened after the Planck era can be described by the known laws of physics so the remaining fundamental problem is to discover how such a random beginning could organize itself into the hierarchy of highly non-random self-similar structures on all length scales that are necessary to explain the existence of all cosmic structures. In this paper, we present a variation of the standard sandpile model that points to a solution. Incidental to our review of the distributions of cosmic structures, we discovered that the apparent transition from a fractal to a homogeneous distribution of structures at a distance of about 150 Mpc is a consequence of the finite size of the universe rather than a change in the underlying statistics of the distributions.展开更多
Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ...Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ(i.e., p=ρ). Although general relativity stipulates the additional condition of proportionality between the vacuum gravitational field and (ρ+3p), the equation of state for the cosmic vacuum must fulfill both relativistic and quantum stipulations. This paper fully integrates Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term, with interesting implications for the nature of dark energy, cosmic entropy and the entropic arrow of time. The FSC vacuum energy density is shown to be equal to the cosmic fluid bulk modulus at all times, thus meeting the quantum theory stipulation of (p=ρ). To date, FSC is the only viable dark energy cosmological model which has fully-integrated general relativity and quantum features.展开更多
Some nagging questions in modern physics can be resolved rigorously using a basic mathematical formalism, albeit with the need to admit that non-isomorphic realities arise to various degrees in a given universe. Let U...Some nagging questions in modern physics can be resolved rigorously using a basic mathematical formalism, albeit with the need to admit that non-isomorphic realities arise to various degrees in a given universe. Let U=(m', m') be an unordered pair of distinct massive objects in different reference frames. A dark experiment is an ordering u, mv> of the elements of U, either or, exclusively, , where the left-hand member of the ordered pair is called the observer, and where there exists a 1-to-1 mapping f:{u}→{events}, mv> , such that both elements of an ordered pair in a dark experiment agree on the events that unfold in the experiment. However, since ≠ , it follows that f()≠f(). This describes non-isomorphic realities where in both elements of each ordered pair mapping two distinct sets of unfolding events will agree on their respective events. Consequently, there is an inherent limitation on what can be determined directly from experimentation. Examples arise in the context of the Hawking information paradox, relativistic time travel, and cosmic ray experiments.展开更多
It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when sender...It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.展开更多
Based on radioactive phenomena (weak force), Georges Lemaître conceives, as soon as 1927, the primeval universe as a “unique super-dense quantum”, whose disintegration gave birth to all the current compone...Based on radioactive phenomena (weak force), Georges Lemaître conceives, as soon as 1927, the primeval universe as a “unique super-dense quantum”, whose disintegration gave birth to all the current components of the universe [1] [2]. Using quantum mechanics, he proposes to explain the origins of the world from the point of view of quantum theory. He believes to find in the cosmic rays the manifestation of the initial fragmentation. However, regardless of the adopted cosmology, the hypothesis of the primeval atom (cold big bang) had no equation to support it and was not retained. Like all other cosmologists, he fell back on the Friedmann-Einstein equation with a repulsive cosmological constant which, according to supernova observations at the end of the millennium, propels expansion towards infinity. We juxtapose our equation of “quantum cosmology” to this equation of relativistic cosmology. We have already proposed this equation in an earlier paper [3], which has its source in quantum mechanics and fits Lemaître’s hypothesis of the “primeval atom”. It’s an equation in which the concept of matter-space-time is mathematically connected;gravitation and electromagnetism are also bound by space-time. A mechanism is described showing how velocity, time, distance, matter and energy, are correlated. We are led to ascertain that gravity and electricity are two distinct manifestations of a single underlying process: electrogravitation. For the first time, the cosmological time, considered as a real physical object, is integrated into a “cosmological equation” which makes coherent what we know regarding the time (its origin, its flow…), the matter and the space. Moreover, the equation indicates a constantly decelerated expansion. The concentration of the material medium and the importance of the decreasing energy of the vacuum contribute to the progressive increase of the positive pressure which becomes responsible for the increasing deceleration of the expansion. Does this mean that our equation leads us inevitably to the hypothesis of the primeval atom for the whole cosmos? Certainly not, since our model includes both the hot Gamow model and the cold Lemaître model. The term “dynamic evolution” (used in the beginning by specialists for big bang models) is appropriate for our model since there is both an explosive origin and, throughout the expansion, a disintegration of a hyper-dense matter. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation has confirmed the hot big bang model that Gamow and his team have achieved. The predicted light prevailed over the primitive cosmic rays (particles) suggested by Lemaitre. Nevertheless, we think that Lemaitre was also right. The so-called big bang theory (singular cataclysmic explosion), in addition to not meeting basic criteria of science, is contradicted by several observations that are ignored. For example, the work of Armenian astronomers has convinced us that the origin of cosmic particles results not only from supernova explosions, but also from the partition of radio galaxies, not only from the death of the world, but also from their birth.展开更多
文摘The relativity of cosmic time is developed within the framework of Cosmological Relativity in five dimensions of space, time and velocity. A general linearized metric element is defined to have the form , where the coordinates are time , radial distance for spatials x, y and z, and velocity v, with c the speed of light in vacuum and t the Hubble-Carmeli time constant. The metric is accurate to first order in and v/c . The fields and are general functions of the coordinates. By showing that =, a metric of the form is obtained from the general metric, implying that the universe is flat. For cosmological redshift z, the luminosity distance relation is used to fit combined distance moduli from Type 1a supernovae up to z is obtained for the matter density parameter at the present epoch. Assuming a baryon density of , a rest mass energy of (9.79+ 0.47) GeV is predicted for the anti-baryonic and the particles which decay from a hypothetical particle. The cosmic aging function makes good fits to light curve data from two reports of Type 1a supernovae and in fitting to simulated quasar like light curve power spectra separated by redshift . We determine the multipole of the first acoustic peak of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation anisotropy to be and a sound horizon of on today’s sky.
文摘Up to now, cosmology metrics have been based on Einstein relativity, established in 1905. Hubble has discovered the correlation between redshift and distance. Cosmology interprets the redshift as an expansion effect a(t) through the ΛCDM model. We have proposed a new theory to explain Hubble law. The theory has been validated against observation data. It proposes a new approach of time which introduces the cosmic time tc. Cosmic time is an absolute reference to universe. It is zero at the edge with tc = 0, tc = T at the observer position and tc = s for any source between the edge and the observer, with T > s > 0. This theory acts like the relativity of space-time. The redshift is interpreted as a perspective parameter p(tc) = tc/T. Using gravitation, it is the Einstein effect applied to the uni-verse. This paper comments and interprets further consequences of this new theory. We emphasize the difference between duration (as usually used in classical cosmologic metrics) and the cosmic time tc as a notion of date. It induces two related effects: relativity of speed of light and time stretching. We explain why the cosmological standard model is not well suited to describe the Hubble law, to describe the universe. We also explain why gravitation and temperature increase when going from the center to the edge of the universe, when going from present to birth. The model has no use of black energy. As a consequence, the universe is seen as a black hole created by the cosmic time shock wave when tc = 0.
文摘This paper, in conjunction with recent Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) publications, provides theoretical support for cosmic time being an emergent property of cosmic entropy and temperature. Therefore, if Verlinde’s “emergent gravity” theory is correct, both time and gravity are most fundamentally emergent properties of cosmic thermodynamics. Since emergent properties within complex systems with a huge number of degrees of freedom are often not definable at the smallest scales, these results suggest that quantum time and quantum gravity may be no more definable than consciousness within two connecting neurons. String theorists now struggling to define quantum space-time and quantum gravity should bear this in mind.
文摘An instructive analogy between the deformation of a pinched elastic cylindrical shell and the anti-gravity behind accelerated cosmic expansion is established. Subsequently the entire model is interpreted in terms of a hyperbolic fractal Rindler space-time leading to the same robust results regarding real energy and dark energy being 4.5% and 95.5% respectively in full agreement with all recent cosmological measurements.
文摘During the past few decades, it has become clear that the distribution, sizes, and masses of cosmic structures are best described as fractal rather than homogeneous. This means that an entirely different formalism is needed to replace the standard perturbation model of structure formation. Recently, we have been developing a model of cosmology that accounts for a large number of the observed properties of the universe. A key component of this model is that fractal structures that later regulated the creation of both matter and radiation came into existence during the initial Planck-era inflation. Initially, the vacuum was the only existence and since time, distance, and energy were uncertain, its only property, the curvature (or energy), was most likely distributed randomly. Everything that happened after the Planck era can be described by the known laws of physics so the remaining fundamental problem is to discover how such a random beginning could organize itself into the hierarchy of highly non-random self-similar structures on all length scales that are necessary to explain the existence of all cosmic structures. In this paper, we present a variation of the standard sandpile model that points to a solution. Incidental to our review of the distributions of cosmic structures, we discovered that the apparent transition from a fractal to a homogeneous distribution of structures at a distance of about 150 Mpc is a consequence of the finite size of the universe rather than a change in the underlying statistics of the distributions.
文摘Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ(i.e., p=ρ). Although general relativity stipulates the additional condition of proportionality between the vacuum gravitational field and (ρ+3p), the equation of state for the cosmic vacuum must fulfill both relativistic and quantum stipulations. This paper fully integrates Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term, with interesting implications for the nature of dark energy, cosmic entropy and the entropic arrow of time. The FSC vacuum energy density is shown to be equal to the cosmic fluid bulk modulus at all times, thus meeting the quantum theory stipulation of (p=ρ). To date, FSC is the only viable dark energy cosmological model which has fully-integrated general relativity and quantum features.
文摘Some nagging questions in modern physics can be resolved rigorously using a basic mathematical formalism, albeit with the need to admit that non-isomorphic realities arise to various degrees in a given universe. Let U=(m', m') be an unordered pair of distinct massive objects in different reference frames. A dark experiment is an ordering u, mv> of the elements of U, either or, exclusively, , where the left-hand member of the ordered pair is called the observer, and where there exists a 1-to-1 mapping f:{u}→{events}, mv> , such that both elements of an ordered pair in a dark experiment agree on the events that unfold in the experiment. However, since ≠ , it follows that f()≠f(). This describes non-isomorphic realities where in both elements of each ordered pair mapping two distinct sets of unfolding events will agree on their respective events. Consequently, there is an inherent limitation on what can be determined directly from experimentation. Examples arise in the context of the Hawking information paradox, relativistic time travel, and cosmic ray experiments.
文摘It is shown that the well-known wave behaviors of material particles and photons, as well as the newly discovered wave-like structures in the cosmic redshift, are related phenomena that follow conclusively when senders and receivers of photons or material particles are topologically located in manifolds with a dimension difference of one. In this context, the inertial mass of the proton and the electron, their spin properties and the cause of time are derived from basic topological and physical laws. In addition, the quantum geometric basis of relativistic time dilation, the basis of the relativistic energy-momentum relationship and the relationship between energy and time are shown. Finally, it is shown that a curved cosmic space causes a distance-dependent reddening of light and the associated apparent escape velocity of distant cosmic objects, and that this also leads to a topologically conditioned wave structure of this redshift.
文摘Based on radioactive phenomena (weak force), Georges Lemaître conceives, as soon as 1927, the primeval universe as a “unique super-dense quantum”, whose disintegration gave birth to all the current components of the universe [1] [2]. Using quantum mechanics, he proposes to explain the origins of the world from the point of view of quantum theory. He believes to find in the cosmic rays the manifestation of the initial fragmentation. However, regardless of the adopted cosmology, the hypothesis of the primeval atom (cold big bang) had no equation to support it and was not retained. Like all other cosmologists, he fell back on the Friedmann-Einstein equation with a repulsive cosmological constant which, according to supernova observations at the end of the millennium, propels expansion towards infinity. We juxtapose our equation of “quantum cosmology” to this equation of relativistic cosmology. We have already proposed this equation in an earlier paper [3], which has its source in quantum mechanics and fits Lemaître’s hypothesis of the “primeval atom”. It’s an equation in which the concept of matter-space-time is mathematically connected;gravitation and electromagnetism are also bound by space-time. A mechanism is described showing how velocity, time, distance, matter and energy, are correlated. We are led to ascertain that gravity and electricity are two distinct manifestations of a single underlying process: electrogravitation. For the first time, the cosmological time, considered as a real physical object, is integrated into a “cosmological equation” which makes coherent what we know regarding the time (its origin, its flow…), the matter and the space. Moreover, the equation indicates a constantly decelerated expansion. The concentration of the material medium and the importance of the decreasing energy of the vacuum contribute to the progressive increase of the positive pressure which becomes responsible for the increasing deceleration of the expansion. Does this mean that our equation leads us inevitably to the hypothesis of the primeval atom for the whole cosmos? Certainly not, since our model includes both the hot Gamow model and the cold Lemaître model. The term “dynamic evolution” (used in the beginning by specialists for big bang models) is appropriate for our model since there is both an explosive origin and, throughout the expansion, a disintegration of a hyper-dense matter. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation has confirmed the hot big bang model that Gamow and his team have achieved. The predicted light prevailed over the primitive cosmic rays (particles) suggested by Lemaitre. Nevertheless, we think that Lemaitre was also right. The so-called big bang theory (singular cataclysmic explosion), in addition to not meeting basic criteria of science, is contradicted by several observations that are ignored. For example, the work of Armenian astronomers has convinced us that the origin of cosmic particles results not only from supernova explosions, but also from the partition of radio galaxies, not only from the death of the world, but also from their birth.
