Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Metho...Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Methods:This study included 300 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with both NAC and surgery between 2012 and 2021.The hormone receptor(HR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)levels were measured before and after NAC.The prognostic impact of receptor conversion was also evaluated in patients receiving NAC,by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models as statistical methods.Results:The conversion rate of estrogen receptor–positive(ER^(+))to ER-negative(ER^(-))was similar to that of ER^(-)to ER^(+)(9.2%and10.9%,respectively).The proportion of HR^(-)to HR^(+)was remarkably higher than that of HR^(+)to HR^(-)(14.8%vs 9.2%,respectively).The change from HER2^(+)to HER2^(-)was significantly more frequently than that from HER2^(-)to HER2^(+)(20.3%vs 6%,respectively).Patients with ER and HR status changes from(-)to(+)after NAC had significantly worse recurrence-free survival(RFS)and overall survival(OS)than those in the other 3 groups(ER^(-)to ER^(+):RFS:p=0.002,OS:p<0.001;HR^(-)to HR^(+):RFS:p=0.003,OS:p<0.001).The 4 HER2 conversion subgroups were not significantly associated with RFS or OS.Conclusions:This study demonstrated a discordance in HR status after NAC and identified predictors of conversion.Patients whose HR status switched to positive after NAC had the worst 3-year RFS and OS rates.展开更多
Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This...Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This paper presents two novel schemes,that is,one converts the two-qubit hybrid Knill–Laflamme–Milburn(KLM)entangled state into Bell states and the other one transforms the three-qubit hybrid KLM state into Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger(GHZ)states assisted by error-predicted and parity-discriminated devices.Importantly,the integration of single photon detectors into the parity-discriminated device enhances predictive capabilities,mitigates potential failures,and facilitates seamless interaction between the nitrogen-vacancy center and photons,so the two protocols operate in an error-predicted way,improving the experimental feasibility.Additionally,our schemes demonstrate robust fidelities(close to 1)and efficiencies,indicating their feasibility with existing technology.展开更多
In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explor...In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.展开更多
BACKGROUND Surgical resection and liver transplantation(LT)are the most effective curative options for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,few patients with huge HCC(>10 cm in diameter),especially those with port...BACKGROUND Surgical resection and liver transplantation(LT)are the most effective curative options for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,few patients with huge HCC(>10 cm in diameter),especially those with portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT),can receive these treatments.Selective internal radiation therapy(SIRT)can be used as a conversion therapy for them because it has the dual benefit of shrinking tumors and increasing residual hepatic volume.However,in patients with huge HCC,high lung absorbed dose often prevents them from receiving SIRT.CASE SUMMARY A 35-year-old man was admitted because of emaciation and pain in the hepatic region for about 1 month.The computed tomography scan showed a 20.2 cm×19.8 cm tumor located in the right lobe–left medial lobes with right portal vein and right hepatic vein invasion.After the pathological type of HCC was confirmed by biopsy,two conversions were presented.The first one was drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and lenvatinib and sintilimab,converted to SIRT,and the second one was sequential SIRT with continued systemic treatment.The tumor size significantly decreased from 20.2 cm×19.8 cm to 16.2 cm×13.8 cm,then sequentially to 7.8 cm×6.8 cm.In the meantime,the ratio of spared volume to total liver volume increased gradually from 34.4%to 55.7%,then to 62.9%.Furthermore,there was visualization of the portal vein,indicating regression of the tumor thrombus.Finally,owing to the new tumor in the left lateral lobe,the patient underwent LT instead of resection without major complications.CONCLUSION Patients with inoperable huge HCC with PVTT could be converted to SIRT first and accept surgery sequentially.展开更多
To improve Mixograph testing effect, Farinograph measurements were adopted as a quality standard and changes in water absorption and parameter conversion in Mixograph test were explored. Comparative study showed that ...To improve Mixograph testing effect, Farinograph measurements were adopted as a quality standard and changes in water absorption and parameter conversion in Mixograph test were explored. Comparative study showed that increasing water absorption to about 73% and converting original parameters to compound parameters in Mixograph tests signiifcantly increased their predictive power for lfour quality. These efforts also enabled the adoption of ifxed water addition level in Mixograph test and simpliifed the test procedure signiifcantly. With the success in parameter conversions, Mixograph test results were successful y described by Farinograph parameters, which al ow breeders to compare and exchange test results easily. Al these changes optimized the ofifcial method of Mixograph test with simpliifed procedure and enhanced reliability and made the Mixograph being the superior tool for quality assessment in wheat-breeding programs.展开更多
We present a transmission-type polarization conversion metamaterial(PCM)whose functions can be dynamically switched among the linear-to-circular(LTC)and linear-to-linear(LTL)polarization conversions.The proposed PCM c...We present a transmission-type polarization conversion metamaterial(PCM)whose functions can be dynamically switched among the linear-to-circular(LTC)and linear-to-linear(LTL)polarization conversions.The proposed PCM consists of a grating,a polarization conversion surface and a reconfigurable polarization selective surface incorporated with PIN diodes.By changing the states of diodes,the PCM can achieve the reconfigurable manipulations for incident waves.The Fabry-Pérot(F-P)resonances excited by the PCM contribute to the polarization conversions,as is illustrated.Moreover,through establishing the F-P-like cavity model and analyzing the electric field components of the transmitted waves,the conditions for realizing LTC polarization conversion are revealed,which can guide the construction of PCM.The prototype of PCM is fabricated and measured,which can achieve LTC and LTL polarization conversions within 3.31-3.56 GHz and 2.76-4.24 GHz,respectively,the polarization conversion ratios of two functions are higher than 0.95.The measurement results are in agreement with the simulation data.展开更多
The advancement and growth of nanotechnology lead to realizing new and novel multi-metallic nanostructures with well-defined sizes and morphology,resulting in an improvement in their performance in various catalytic a...The advancement and growth of nanotechnology lead to realizing new and novel multi-metallic nanostructures with well-defined sizes and morphology,resulting in an improvement in their performance in various catalytic applications.The trimetallic nanostructured materials are synthesized and designed in different architectures for energy conversion electrocatalysis.The as-synthesized trimetallic nanostructures have found unique physiochemical properties due to the synergistic combination of the three different metals in their structures.A vast array of approaches such as hydrothermal,solvothermal,seedgrowth,galvanic replacement reaction,biological,and other methods are employed to synthesize the trimetallic nanostructures.Noteworthy,the trimetallic nanostructures showed better performance and durability in the electrocatalytic fuel cells.In the present review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent strategies employed for synthesizing trimetallic nanostructures and their energy-related applications.With a particular focus on hydrogen evolution,alcohol oxidations,oxygen evolution,and others,we highlight the latest achievements in the field.展开更多
Two undescribed Tricholoma triterpenoids,namely tricholopardins C(1)and D(2),were isolated from the wild mushroom Tricholoma pardinum.Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic meth...Two undescribed Tricholoma triterpenoids,namely tricholopardins C(1)and D(2),were isolated from the wild mushroom Tricholoma pardinum.Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods,as well as the single crystal X-ray diffraction.Compounds 1 and 2 were further obtained by chemical conversions from the known analogues.Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity to MCF-7 and Hela cell lines with IC_(50)values of 4.7μM and 9.7μM,respectively.Its mechanism of inducing MCF-7 cell apoptosis was studied briefly.展开更多
Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a...Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a monkey skull with the time-reversal method. Mode conversions between compressional and shear waves exist in the skull. Therefore, the wave field separation method is introduced to calculate the contributions of the two waves to the acoustic intensity and the heat source, respectively. The Pennes equation is used to depict the temperature field induced by ultrasound. Five computational models with the same incident angle of 0？and different distances from the focus for the skull and three computational models at different incident angles and the same distance from the focus for the skull are studied. Numerical results indicate that for all computational models, the acoustic intensity at the focus with mode conversions is 12.05%less than that without mode conversions on average. For the temperature rise, this percentage is 12.02%. Besides, an underestimation of both the acoustic intensity and the temperature rise in the skull tends to occur if mode conversions are ignored. However, if the incident angle exceeds 30？, the rules of the over-and under-estimation may be reversed. Moreover,shear waves contribute 20.54% of the acoustic intensity and 20.74% of the temperature rise in the skull on average for all computational models. The percentage of the temperature rise in the skull from shear waves declines with the increase of the duration of the ultrasound.展开更多
Earth＇s land cover has been extensively transformed over time due to both human activities and natural causes. Previous global studies have focused on developing spatial and temporal patterns of dominant human land-u...Earth＇s land cover has been extensively transformed over time due to both human activities and natural causes. Previous global studies have focused on developing spatial and temporal patterns of dominant human land-use activities （e.g., cropland, pastureland, urban land, wood harvest）. Process-based modeling studies adopt different strategies to estimate the changes in land cover by using these land-use data sets in combination with a potential vegetation map, and subsequently use this information for impact assessments. However, due to unaccounted changes in land cover （resulting from both indirect anthropogenic and natural causes）, heterogeneity in land-use/cover （LUC） conversions among grid cells, even for the same land use activity, and uncertainty associated with potential vegetation mapping and historical estimates of human land use result in land cover estimates that are substantially different compared to results acquired from remote sensing observations. Here, we present a method to implicitly account for the differences arising from these uncertainties in order to provide historical estimates of land cover that are consistent with satellite estimates for recent years. Due to uncertainty in historical agricultural land use, we use three widely accepted global estimates of cropland and pastureland in combination with common wood harvest and urban land data sets to generate three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and underlying LUC conversions. Hence, these distinct historical reconstructions offer a wide range of plausible regional estimates of uncertainty and the extent to which different ecosystems have undergone changes. The annual land cover maps and LUC conversion maps are reported at 0.5°×0.5° resolution and describe the area of 28 land- cover types and respective underlying land-use transitions. The reconstructed data sets are relevant for studies addressing the impact of land-cover change on biogeo- physics, biogeochemistry, water cycle, and global climate.展开更多
In this study,a straightforward one-step hydrothermal method was successfully utilized to synthesize the solid solution Na_(0.9)Mg_(0.45)Ti_(3.55)O_(8)-Na_(2)Ni_(2)Ti_(6)O_(16)(NNMTO-x),where x denotes the molar perce...In this study,a straightforward one-step hydrothermal method was successfully utilized to synthesize the solid solution Na_(0.9)Mg_(0.45)Ti_(3.55)O_(8)-Na_(2)Ni_(2)Ti_(6)O_(16)(NNMTO-x),where x denotes the molar percentage of Na_(2)Ni_(2)Ti_(6)O_(16)(NNTO)within Na_(0.9)Mg_(0.45)Ti_(3.55)O_(8)(NMTO),with x values of 10,20,30,40,and 50.Both XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)analyses unequivocally validated the formation of the NNMTO-x solid solutions.It was observed that when x is below 40,the NNMTO-x solid solution retains the structural characteristics of the original NMTO.However,beyond this threshold,significant alterations in crystal morphology were noted,accompanied by a noticeable decline in photocatalytic activity.Notably,the absorption edge of NNMTO-x(x<40)exhibited a shift towards the visible-light spectrum,thereby substantially broadening the absorption range.The findings highlight that NNMTO-30 possesses the most pronounced photocatalytic activity for the reduction of CO_(2).Specifically,after a 6 h irradiation period,the production rates of CO and CH_(4)were recorded at 42.38 and 1.47μmol/g,respectively.This investigation provides pivotal insights that are instrumental in the advancement of highly efficient and stable photocatalysts tailored for CO_(2)reduction processes.展开更多
We present theoretical and experimental studies on the effects of formationproperties on seismoelectric conversions in fluid-filled boreholes. First, we derive thetheoretical formulations for seismoelectric responses ...We present theoretical and experimental studies on the effects of formationproperties on seismoelectric conversions in fluid-filled boreholes. First, we derive thetheoretical formulations for seismoelectric responses for an acoustic source in a borehole.Then, we compute the electric fields in boreholes penetrating formations withdifferent permeability and porosity, and then we analyze the sensitivity of the convertedelectric fields to formation permeability and porosity. We also describe the laboratoryresults of the seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields induced by an acousticsource in borehole models to confirm our theoretical and numerical developmentsqualitatively. We use a piezoelectric transducer to generate acoustic waves and a pointelectrode to receive the localized seismoelectric fields in layered boreholes and theelectric component of electromagnetic waves in a fractured borehole model. Numericalresults show that the magnitude ratio of the converted electric wave to the acousticpressure increases with the porosity and permeability increases in both fast and slowformations. Furthermore, the converted electric signal is sensitive to the formationpermeability for the same source frequency and formation porosity. Our experimentsvalidate our theoretical results qualitatively. An acoustic wave at a fracture intersectinga borehole induces a radiating electromagnetic wave.展开更多
Aerogels are ultra-lightweight,porous materials defined by a complex network of interconnected pores and nanostructures,which effectively suppress heat transfer,making them exceptional for thermal insulation.Furthermo...Aerogels are ultra-lightweight,porous materials defined by a complex network of interconnected pores and nanostructures,which effectively suppress heat transfer,making them exceptional for thermal insulation.Furthermore,their porous architecture can trap and scatter light via multiple internal reflections,extending the optical path within the material.When combined with suitable light-absorbing materials,this feature significantly enhances light absorption(darkness).To validate this concept,mesoporous silica aerogel particles were incorporated into a resorcinol-formaldehyde(RF)sol,and the silica-to-RF ratio was optimized to achieve uniform carbon compound coatings on the silica pore walls.Notably,increasing silica loading raised the sol viscosity,enabling formulations ideal for direct ink writing processes with excellent shape fidelity for super-black topographical designs.The printed silica-RF green bodies exhibited remarkable mechanical strength and ultra-low thermal conductivity(15.8 m W m^(-1) K^(-1))prior to pyrolysis.Following pyrolysis,the composites maintained structural integrity and printed microcellular geometries while achieving super-black coloration(abs.99.56%in the 280-2500 nm range)and high photothermal conversion efficiency(94.2%).Additionally,these silica-carbon aerogel microcellulars demonstrated stable electrical conductivity and low electrochemical impedance.The synergistic combination of 3D printability and super-black photothermal features makes these composites highly versatile for multifunctional applications,including on-demand thermal management,and efficient solar-driven water production.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks...Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability,severe charge-carrier recombination,and limited active sites.Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption,passivate surface for enhanced stability,and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs.However,little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions.Here,recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted.The structure,synthesis,and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced,including basic principles,categories(such as Schottky junction,type-I,type-II,Z-scheme,and S-scheme junction),and synthesis strategies.MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories:H2evolution,CO_(2)reduction,pollutant degradation,and organic synthesis.The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.展开更多
Aqueous Zn-iodine batteries(ZIBs)face the formidable challenges towards practical implementation,including metal corrosion and rampant dendrite growth on the Zn anode side,and shuttle effect of polyiodide species from...Aqueous Zn-iodine batteries(ZIBs)face the formidable challenges towards practical implementation,including metal corrosion and rampant dendrite growth on the Zn anode side,and shuttle effect of polyiodide species from the cathode side.These challenges lead to poor cycle stability and severe self-discharge.From the fabrication and cost point of view,it is technologically more viable to deploy electrolyte engineering than electrode protection strategies.More importantly,a synchronous method for modulation of both cathode and anode is pivotal,which has been often neglected in prior studies.In this work,cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride)(Pah^(+))is adopted as a low-cost dual-function electrolyte additive for ZIBs.We elaborate the synchronous effect by Pah^(+)in stabilizing Zn anode and immobilizing polyiodide anions.The fabricated Zn-iodine coin cell with Pah^(+)(ZnI_(2) loading:25 mg cm^(−2))stably cycles 1000 times at 1 C,and a single-layered 3.4 cm^(2) pouch cell(N/P ratio~1.5)with the same mass loading cycles over 300 times with insignificant capacity decay.展开更多
The reactions of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl bromide with a,β-unsaturated esters were studied in detail. The reaction products were further converted to a series of perfluoroalkyl-substituted a, β-unsaturated acids or e...The reactions of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl bromide with a,β-unsaturated esters were studied in detail. The reaction products were further converted to a series of perfluoroalkyl-substituted a, β-unsaturated acids or esters, a-amino acids and γ-lactones. A peculiar peak (M+15)was found to appear in the mass spectra of some perfluoroalkyl-substituted methyl esters. It was interpreted to be the result of a CH_3 group transfer to the molecular ion. Magnetic nonequivalence was observed in the ^(19)F NMR spectra of CF_2 group linked to CH_2 in compounds 2t, g and 3t', g which showed a typical AB pattern, and was attributed to the effect of steric hindrance.展开更多
Crystal phase is an intrinsic structural parameter to determine the physicochemical properties and functionalities of materials.The unconventional phases of materials with distinct atomic arrangements from their therm...Crystal phase is an intrinsic structural parameter to determine the physicochemical properties and functionalities of materials.The unconventional phases of materials with distinct atomic arrangements from their thermodynamically stable phases have attracted enormous attention.Phase engineering has recently made fruitful achievements in electrocatalysis field to optimize the performance of various electrochemical reactions.In this review,theoretical and experimental advances made in phase engineering of electrocatalysts are summarized.First,we introduce basic understanding on crystal phases of catalysts to show the dialectical relationship between bulk phase and surface catalytic layer,and highlight the multiple functions of phase engineering in catalysis studies.We then describe phase-controlled synthesis of materials through various experimental methods such as wet-chemical method,phase transition,and template growth.As a focus,we discuss the wide usage of phase engineering strategy in different kinds of electrocatalytic materials,and particular emphasis is given to establishment of reasonable crystal phase-activity relationship.Finally,we propose several future directions for developing more desirable electrocatalysts by rational crystal phase design.展开更多
Energy conversion into clean fuels is critical to society’s health benefits and sustainable future;thus,exploring materials to enable and facilitate energy conversions with reduced climate-related emissions is a cent...Energy conversion into clean fuels is critical to society’s health benefits and sustainable future;thus,exploring materials to enable and facilitate energy conversions with reduced climate-related emissions is a central subject of science and technology.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are a class of polymers that enables predesign of both primary-and high-order structures and precise synthesis of long-range structures through one-pot polymerization.Progress over the past 15 years in chemistry has dramatically enhanced our capability of designing and synthesizing COFs and deepening our understanding to explore energy-converting functions that originate from their ordered skeletons and channels.In this minireview,we summarize general strategies for predesigning skeletons and channels and analyze the structural requirements for each type of energy conversion.We demonstrate synthetic approaches to develop energy conversion functions,that is,photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversions.Further,we scrutinize energy conversion features by disclosing interplays of COFs with photons,holes,electrons,and molecules,highlighting the role of structural orderings in energy conversions.Finally,we have predicted the challenging issues in molecular design and synthesis,and thought of future directions toward advancement in this field,and show perspectives from aspects of chemistry,physics,and materials science,aimed at unveiling a full picture of energy conversions based on predesignable organic architectures.展开更多
The electrochromic(EC)mechanisms of inorganic materials are usually based on reversible cation insertion/extraction or metal deposition/dissolution,which are plagued by ion trapping and dendrite growth,respectively.In...The electrochromic(EC)mechanisms of inorganic materials are usually based on reversible cation insertion/extraction or metal deposition/dissolution,which are plagued by ion trapping and dendrite growth,respectively.In this paper,a novel conversion-type electrochromic mechanism is proposed,by making good use of the CuI/Cu redox couple.This CuI-based electrochromic system shows a neutral color switching from transparent and dim grey.By simply increasing the bleaching voltage,I_(3)^(-)/I^(-)redox couple can be further activated.The generated I_(3)^(-)will readily react with Cu,effectively improving the conversion reversibility and thereby rejuvenating the degraded electrochromic performance.Thanks to the well-designed electrode and the self-healing ability,this conversion electrochromic system achieves rapid response times(tcoloring:23 s,tbleaching:6 s),decant optical modulation amplitude(26.4%),high coloration efficiency(86.15 cm^(2)·C^(-1)),admirable cyclic durability(without performance degradation after 480 cycles)and excellent optical memory ability(transmittance variation<1%after 10 h open-circuit storage).The establishment of this conversion-type electrochromism may inspire the exploration of novel electrochromic materials and devices.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Basic Research Project of Shanxi Science and Technology Department(no.202303021221190)the Shanxi General Surgery“136”Healthcare Engineering Project(no.2024XYZ03)。
文摘Background:This study assessed the frequency of changes in some key receptor status of tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)in patients with invasive breast cancer and the prognostic impact of these changes.Methods:This study included 300 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with both NAC and surgery between 2012 and 2021.The hormone receptor(HR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)levels were measured before and after NAC.The prognostic impact of receptor conversion was also evaluated in patients receiving NAC,by using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models as statistical methods.Results:The conversion rate of estrogen receptor–positive(ER^(+))to ER-negative(ER^(-))was similar to that of ER^(-)to ER^(+)(9.2%and10.9%,respectively).The proportion of HR^(-)to HR^(+)was remarkably higher than that of HR^(+)to HR^(-)(14.8%vs 9.2%,respectively).The change from HER2^(+)to HER2^(-)was significantly more frequently than that from HER2^(-)to HER2^(+)(20.3%vs 6%,respectively).Patients with ER and HR status changes from(-)to(+)after NAC had significantly worse recurrence-free survival(RFS)and overall survival(OS)than those in the other 3 groups(ER^(-)to ER^(+):RFS:p=0.002,OS:p<0.001;HR^(-)to HR^(+):RFS:p=0.003,OS:p<0.001).The 4 HER2 conversion subgroups were not significantly associated with RFS or OS.Conclusions:This study demonstrated a discordance in HR status after NAC and identified predictors of conversion.Patients whose HR status switched to positive after NAC had the worst 3-year RFS and OS rates.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3203400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61901420)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20230302121116)。
文摘Hybrid entangled states are crucial in quantum physics,offering significant benefits for hybrid quantum communication and quantum computation,and then the conversion of hybrid entangled states is equally critical.This paper presents two novel schemes,that is,one converts the two-qubit hybrid Knill–Laflamme–Milburn(KLM)entangled state into Bell states and the other one transforms the three-qubit hybrid KLM state into Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger(GHZ)states assisted by error-predicted and parity-discriminated devices.Importantly,the integration of single photon detectors into the parity-discriminated device enhances predictive capabilities,mitigates potential failures,and facilitates seamless interaction between the nitrogen-vacancy center and photons,so the two protocols operate in an error-predicted way,improving the experimental feasibility.Additionally,our schemes demonstrate robust fidelities(close to 1)and efficiencies,indicating their feasibility with existing technology.
文摘In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.
文摘BACKGROUND Surgical resection and liver transplantation(LT)are the most effective curative options for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,few patients with huge HCC(>10 cm in diameter),especially those with portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT),can receive these treatments.Selective internal radiation therapy(SIRT)can be used as a conversion therapy for them because it has the dual benefit of shrinking tumors and increasing residual hepatic volume.However,in patients with huge HCC,high lung absorbed dose often prevents them from receiving SIRT.CASE SUMMARY A 35-year-old man was admitted because of emaciation and pain in the hepatic region for about 1 month.The computed tomography scan showed a 20.2 cm×19.8 cm tumor located in the right lobe–left medial lobes with right portal vein and right hepatic vein invasion.After the pathological type of HCC was confirmed by biopsy,two conversions were presented.The first one was drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and lenvatinib and sintilimab,converted to SIRT,and the second one was sequential SIRT with continued systemic treatment.The tumor size significantly decreased from 20.2 cm×19.8 cm to 16.2 cm×13.8 cm,then sequentially to 7.8 cm×6.8 cm.In the meantime,the ratio of spared volume to total liver volume increased gradually from 34.4%to 55.7%,then to 62.9%.Furthermore,there was visualization of the portal vein,indicating regression of the tumor thrombus.Finally,owing to the new tumor in the left lateral lobe,the patient underwent LT instead of resection without major complications.CONCLUSION Patients with inoperable huge HCC with PVTT could be converted to SIRT first and accept surgery sequentially.
基金financially supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-N-02)the State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering,Ministry of Science and Technology of China
文摘To improve Mixograph testing effect, Farinograph measurements were adopted as a quality standard and changes in water absorption and parameter conversion in Mixograph test were explored. Comparative study showed that increasing water absorption to about 73% and converting original parameters to compound parameters in Mixograph tests signiifcantly increased their predictive power for lfour quality. These efforts also enabled the adoption of ifxed water addition level in Mixograph test and simpliifed the test procedure signiifcantly. With the success in parameter conversions, Mixograph test results were successful y described by Farinograph parameters, which al ow breeders to compare and exchange test results easily. Al these changes optimized the ofifcial method of Mixograph test with simpliifed procedure and enhanced reliability and made the Mixograph being the superior tool for quality assessment in wheat-breeding programs.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(Grant No.2682020GF03)
文摘We present a transmission-type polarization conversion metamaterial(PCM)whose functions can be dynamically switched among the linear-to-circular(LTC)and linear-to-linear(LTL)polarization conversions.The proposed PCM consists of a grating,a polarization conversion surface and a reconfigurable polarization selective surface incorporated with PIN diodes.By changing the states of diodes,the PCM can achieve the reconfigurable manipulations for incident waves.The Fabry-Pérot(F-P)resonances excited by the PCM contribute to the polarization conversions,as is illustrated.Moreover,through establishing the F-P-like cavity model and analyzing the electric field components of the transmitted waves,the conditions for realizing LTC polarization conversion are revealed,which can guide the construction of PCM.The prototype of PCM is fabricated and measured,which can achieve LTC and LTL polarization conversions within 3.31-3.56 GHz and 2.76-4.24 GHz,respectively,the polarization conversion ratios of two functions are higher than 0.95.The measurement results are in agreement with the simulation data.
文摘The advancement and growth of nanotechnology lead to realizing new and novel multi-metallic nanostructures with well-defined sizes and morphology,resulting in an improvement in their performance in various catalytic applications.The trimetallic nanostructured materials are synthesized and designed in different architectures for energy conversion electrocatalysis.The as-synthesized trimetallic nanostructures have found unique physiochemical properties due to the synergistic combination of the three different metals in their structures.A vast array of approaches such as hydrothermal,solvothermal,seedgrowth,galvanic replacement reaction,biological,and other methods are employed to synthesize the trimetallic nanostructures.Noteworthy,the trimetallic nanostructures showed better performance and durability in the electrocatalytic fuel cells.In the present review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent strategies employed for synthesizing trimetallic nanostructures and their energy-related applications.With a particular focus on hydrogen evolution,alcohol oxidations,oxygen evolution,and others,we highlight the latest achievements in the field.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81872762)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019CFB387).
文摘Two undescribed Tricholoma triterpenoids,namely tricholopardins C(1)and D(2),were isolated from the wild mushroom Tricholoma pardinum.Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods,as well as the single crystal X-ray diffraction.Compounds 1 and 2 were further obtained by chemical conversions from the known analogues.Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity to MCF-7 and Hela cell lines with IC_(50)values of 4.7μM and 9.7μM,respectively.Its mechanism of inducing MCF-7 cell apoptosis was studied briefly.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81527901,11604361,and 91630309)
文摘Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a monkey skull with the time-reversal method. Mode conversions between compressional and shear waves exist in the skull. Therefore, the wave field separation method is introduced to calculate the contributions of the two waves to the acoustic intensity and the heat source, respectively. The Pennes equation is used to depict the temperature field induced by ultrasound. Five computational models with the same incident angle of 0？and different distances from the focus for the skull and three computational models at different incident angles and the same distance from the focus for the skull are studied. Numerical results indicate that for all computational models, the acoustic intensity at the focus with mode conversions is 12.05%less than that without mode conversions on average. For the temperature rise, this percentage is 12.02%. Besides, an underestimation of both the acoustic intensity and the temperature rise in the skull tends to occur if mode conversions are ignored. However, if the incident angle exceeds 30？, the rules of the over-and under-estimation may be reversed. Moreover,shear waves contribute 20.54% of the acoustic intensity and 20.74% of the temperature rise in the skull on average for all computational models. The percentage of the temperature rise in the skull from shear waves declines with the increase of the duration of the ultrasound.
文摘Earth＇s land cover has been extensively transformed over time due to both human activities and natural causes. Previous global studies have focused on developing spatial and temporal patterns of dominant human land-use activities （e.g., cropland, pastureland, urban land, wood harvest）. Process-based modeling studies adopt different strategies to estimate the changes in land cover by using these land-use data sets in combination with a potential vegetation map, and subsequently use this information for impact assessments. However, due to unaccounted changes in land cover （resulting from both indirect anthropogenic and natural causes）, heterogeneity in land-use/cover （LUC） conversions among grid cells, even for the same land use activity, and uncertainty associated with potential vegetation mapping and historical estimates of human land use result in land cover estimates that are substantially different compared to results acquired from remote sensing observations. Here, we present a method to implicitly account for the differences arising from these uncertainties in order to provide historical estimates of land cover that are consistent with satellite estimates for recent years. Due to uncertainty in historical agricultural land use, we use three widely accepted global estimates of cropland and pastureland in combination with common wood harvest and urban land data sets to generate three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and underlying LUC conversions. Hence, these distinct historical reconstructions offer a wide range of plausible regional estimates of uncertainty and the extent to which different ecosystems have undergone changes. The annual land cover maps and LUC conversion maps are reported at 0.5°×0.5° resolution and describe the area of 28 land- cover types and respective underlying land-use transitions. The reconstructed data sets are relevant for studies addressing the impact of land-cover change on biogeo- physics, biogeochemistry, water cycle, and global climate.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Research Start-up Project of Yuncheng University(YQ-2023067)Project of Shanxi Natural Science Foundation(202303021211189)+1 种基金Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Provinces(20220036)Shanxi ProvinceIntelligent Optoelectronic Sensing Application Technology Innovation Center and Shanxi Province Optoelectronic Information Science and TechnologyLaboratory,Yuncheng University.
文摘In this study,a straightforward one-step hydrothermal method was successfully utilized to synthesize the solid solution Na_(0.9)Mg_(0.45)Ti_(3.55)O_(8)-Na_(2)Ni_(2)Ti_(6)O_(16)(NNMTO-x),where x denotes the molar percentage of Na_(2)Ni_(2)Ti_(6)O_(16)(NNTO)within Na_(0.9)Mg_(0.45)Ti_(3.55)O_(8)(NMTO),with x values of 10,20,30,40,and 50.Both XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)analyses unequivocally validated the formation of the NNMTO-x solid solutions.It was observed that when x is below 40,the NNMTO-x solid solution retains the structural characteristics of the original NMTO.However,beyond this threshold,significant alterations in crystal morphology were noted,accompanied by a noticeable decline in photocatalytic activity.Notably,the absorption edge of NNMTO-x(x<40)exhibited a shift towards the visible-light spectrum,thereby substantially broadening the absorption range.The findings highlight that NNMTO-30 possesses the most pronounced photocatalytic activity for the reduction of CO_(2).Specifically,after a 6 h irradiation period,the production rates of CO and CH_(4)were recorded at 42.38 and 1.47μmol/g,respectively.This investigation provides pivotal insights that are instrumental in the advancement of highly efficient and stable photocatalysts tailored for CO_(2)reduction processes.
文摘We present theoretical and experimental studies on the effects of formationproperties on seismoelectric conversions in fluid-filled boreholes. First, we derive thetheoretical formulations for seismoelectric responses for an acoustic source in a borehole.Then, we compute the electric fields in boreholes penetrating formations withdifferent permeability and porosity, and then we analyze the sensitivity of the convertedelectric fields to formation permeability and porosity. We also describe the laboratoryresults of the seismoelectric and seismomagnetic fields induced by an acousticsource in borehole models to confirm our theoretical and numerical developmentsqualitatively. We use a piezoelectric transducer to generate acoustic waves and a pointelectrode to receive the localized seismoelectric fields in layered boreholes and theelectric component of electromagnetic waves in a fractured borehole model. Numericalresults show that the magnitude ratio of the converted electric wave to the acousticpressure increases with the porosity and permeability increases in both fast and slowformations. Furthermore, the converted electric signal is sensitive to the formationpermeability for the same source frequency and formation porosity. Our experimentsvalidate our theoretical results qualitatively. An acoustic wave at a fracture intersectinga borehole induces a radiating electromagnetic wave.
基金financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation(grant number IZLRZ2_164058)the China Scholarship Council Ph.D.student exchange programthe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution(PAPD)。
文摘Aerogels are ultra-lightweight,porous materials defined by a complex network of interconnected pores and nanostructures,which effectively suppress heat transfer,making them exceptional for thermal insulation.Furthermore,their porous architecture can trap and scatter light via multiple internal reflections,extending the optical path within the material.When combined with suitable light-absorbing materials,this feature significantly enhances light absorption(darkness).To validate this concept,mesoporous silica aerogel particles were incorporated into a resorcinol-formaldehyde(RF)sol,and the silica-to-RF ratio was optimized to achieve uniform carbon compound coatings on the silica pore walls.Notably,increasing silica loading raised the sol viscosity,enabling formulations ideal for direct ink writing processes with excellent shape fidelity for super-black topographical designs.The printed silica-RF green bodies exhibited remarkable mechanical strength and ultra-low thermal conductivity(15.8 m W m^(-1) K^(-1))prior to pyrolysis.Following pyrolysis,the composites maintained structural integrity and printed microcellular geometries while achieving super-black coloration(abs.99.56%in the 280-2500 nm range)and high photothermal conversion efficiency(94.2%).Additionally,these silica-carbon aerogel microcellulars demonstrated stable electrical conductivity and low electrochemical impedance.The synergistic combination of 3D printability and super-black photothermal features makes these composites highly versatile for multifunctional applications,including on-demand thermal management,and efficient solar-driven water production.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22302155)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Center Universities(No.D5000240188)the research program of ZJUT(YJY-ZS-20240001)。
文摘Metal halide perovskites(MHPs)with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability,severe charge-carrier recombination,and limited active sites.Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption,passivate surface for enhanced stability,and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs.However,little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions.Here,recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted.The structure,synthesis,and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced,including basic principles,categories(such as Schottky junction,type-I,type-II,Z-scheme,and S-scheme junction),and synthesis strategies.MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories:H2evolution,CO_(2)reduction,pollutant degradation,and organic synthesis.The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.
基金supported by the financial support from the National Research Foundation,Singapore,under its Singapore-China Joint Flagship Project(Clean Energy).
文摘Aqueous Zn-iodine batteries(ZIBs)face the formidable challenges towards practical implementation,including metal corrosion and rampant dendrite growth on the Zn anode side,and shuttle effect of polyiodide species from the cathode side.These challenges lead to poor cycle stability and severe self-discharge.From the fabrication and cost point of view,it is technologically more viable to deploy electrolyte engineering than electrode protection strategies.More importantly,a synchronous method for modulation of both cathode and anode is pivotal,which has been often neglected in prior studies.In this work,cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride)(Pah^(+))is adopted as a low-cost dual-function electrolyte additive for ZIBs.We elaborate the synchronous effect by Pah^(+)in stabilizing Zn anode and immobilizing polyiodide anions.The fabricated Zn-iodine coin cell with Pah^(+)(ZnI_(2) loading:25 mg cm^(−2))stably cycles 1000 times at 1 C,and a single-layered 3.4 cm^(2) pouch cell(N/P ratio~1.5)with the same mass loading cycles over 300 times with insignificant capacity decay.
文摘The reactions of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl bromide with a,β-unsaturated esters were studied in detail. The reaction products were further converted to a series of perfluoroalkyl-substituted a, β-unsaturated acids or esters, a-amino acids and γ-lactones. A peculiar peak (M+15)was found to appear in the mass spectra of some perfluoroalkyl-substituted methyl esters. It was interpreted to be the result of a CH_3 group transfer to the molecular ion. Magnetic nonequivalence was observed in the ^(19)F NMR spectra of CF_2 group linked to CH_2 in compounds 2t, g and 3t', g which showed a typical AB pattern, and was attributed to the effect of steric hindrance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21922507,22179046,and 21621001)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan(Nos.YDZJ202101ZYTS126 and 20210101403JC)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Research Program of Education Department of Jilin Province(No.JJKH20220998KJ)the 111 Project(No.B17020)。
文摘Crystal phase is an intrinsic structural parameter to determine the physicochemical properties and functionalities of materials.The unconventional phases of materials with distinct atomic arrangements from their thermodynamically stable phases have attracted enormous attention.Phase engineering has recently made fruitful achievements in electrocatalysis field to optimize the performance of various electrochemical reactions.In this review,theoretical and experimental advances made in phase engineering of electrocatalysts are summarized.First,we introduce basic understanding on crystal phases of catalysts to show the dialectical relationship between bulk phase and surface catalytic layer,and highlight the multiple functions of phase engineering in catalysis studies.We then describe phase-controlled synthesis of materials through various experimental methods such as wet-chemical method,phase transition,and template growth.As a focus,we discuss the wide usage of phase engineering strategy in different kinds of electrocatalytic materials,and particular emphasis is given to establishment of reasonable crystal phase-activity relationship.Finally,we propose several future directions for developing more desirable electrocatalysts by rational crystal phase design.
文摘Energy conversion into clean fuels is critical to society’s health benefits and sustainable future;thus,exploring materials to enable and facilitate energy conversions with reduced climate-related emissions is a central subject of science and technology.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are a class of polymers that enables predesign of both primary-and high-order structures and precise synthesis of long-range structures through one-pot polymerization.Progress over the past 15 years in chemistry has dramatically enhanced our capability of designing and synthesizing COFs and deepening our understanding to explore energy-converting functions that originate from their ordered skeletons and channels.In this minireview,we summarize general strategies for predesigning skeletons and channels and analyze the structural requirements for each type of energy conversion.We demonstrate synthetic approaches to develop energy conversion functions,that is,photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversions.Further,we scrutinize energy conversion features by disclosing interplays of COFs with photons,holes,electrons,and molecules,highlighting the role of structural orderings in energy conversions.Finally,we have predicted the challenging issues in molecular design and synthesis,and thought of future directions toward advancement in this field,and show perspectives from aspects of chemistry,physics,and materials science,aimed at unveiling a full picture of energy conversions based on predesignable organic architectures.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52371238,22273081,52207249)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020ME024)+1 种基金Taishan Young Scholar Program(No.tsqn202211114)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province(No.HPK202103)for financial support.
文摘The electrochromic(EC)mechanisms of inorganic materials are usually based on reversible cation insertion/extraction or metal deposition/dissolution,which are plagued by ion trapping and dendrite growth,respectively.In this paper,a novel conversion-type electrochromic mechanism is proposed,by making good use of the CuI/Cu redox couple.This CuI-based electrochromic system shows a neutral color switching from transparent and dim grey.By simply increasing the bleaching voltage,I_(3)^(-)/I^(-)redox couple can be further activated.The generated I_(3)^(-)will readily react with Cu,effectively improving the conversion reversibility and thereby rejuvenating the degraded electrochromic performance.Thanks to the well-designed electrode and the self-healing ability,this conversion electrochromic system achieves rapid response times(tcoloring:23 s,tbleaching:6 s),decant optical modulation amplitude(26.4%),high coloration efficiency(86.15 cm^(2)·C^(-1)),admirable cyclic durability(without performance degradation after 480 cycles)and excellent optical memory ability(transmittance variation<1%after 10 h open-circuit storage).The establishment of this conversion-type electrochromism may inspire the exploration of novel electrochromic materials and devices.
