Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for ...Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for online fuel reprocessing.However,the fuel-salt flow results in the decay of delayed neutron precursors(DNPs)outside the core,causing fluctuations in the effective delayed neutron fraction and consequently impacting the reactor reactivity.Particularly in accident scenarios—such as a combined pump shutdown and the inability to rapidly scram the reactor—the sole reliance on negative temperature feedback may cause a significant increase in core temperature,posing a threat to reactor safety.To address these problems,this paper introduces an innovative design for a passive fluid-driven suspended control rod(SCR)to dynamically compensate for reactivity fluctuations caused by DNPs flowing with the fuel.The control rod operates passively by leveraging the combined effects of gravity,buoyancy,and fluid dynamic forces,thereby eliminating the need for an external drive mechanism and enabling direct integration within the active region of the core.Using a 150 MWt thorium-based molten salt reactor as the reference design,we develop a mathematical model to systematically analyze the effects of key parameters—including the geometric dimensions and density of the SCR—on its performance.We examine its motion characteristics under different core flow conditions and assess its feasibility for the dynamic compensation of reactivity changes caused by fuel flow.The results of this study demonstrate that the SCR can effectively counteract reactivity fluctuations induced by fuel flow within molten salt reactors.A sensitivity analysis reveals that the SCR’s average density exerts a profound impact on its start-up flow threshold,channel flow rate,resistance to fuel density fluctuations,and response characteristics.This underscores the critical need to optimize this parameter.Moreover,by judiciously selecting the SCR’s length,number of deployed units,and the placement we can achieve the necessary reactivity control while maintaining a favorable balance between neutron economy and heat transfer performance.Ultimately,this paper provides an innovative solution for the passive reactivity control in molten salt reactors,offering significant potential for practical engineering applications.展开更多
Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency devia...Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.展开更多
Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressi...Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.展开更多
Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion...Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.展开更多
In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to ...In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
To address the issue of instability or even imbalance in the orientation and attitude control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles(QUAVs)under random disturbances,this paper proposes a distributed antidisturbance dat...To address the issue of instability or even imbalance in the orientation and attitude control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles(QUAVs)under random disturbances,this paper proposes a distributed antidisturbance data-driven event-triggered fusion control method,which achieves efficient fault diagnosis while suppressing random disturbances and mitigating communication conflicts within the QUAV swarm.First,the impact of random disturbances on the UAV swarm is analyzed,and a model for orientation and attitude control of QUAVs under stochastic perturbations is established,with the disturbance gain threshold determined.Second,a fault diagnosis system based on a high-gain observer is designed,constructing a fault gain criterion by integrating orientation and attitude information from QUAVs.Subsequently,a model-free dynamic linearization-based data modeling(MFDLDM)framework is developed using model-free adaptive control,which efficiently fits the nonlinear control model of the QUAV swarm while reducing temporal constraints on control data.On this basis,this paper constructs a distributed data-driven event-triggered controller based on the staggered communication mechanism,which consists of an equivalent QUAV controller and an event-triggered controller,and is able to reduce the communication conflicts while suppressing the influence of random interference.Finally,by incorporating random disturbances into the controller,comparative experiments and physical validations are conducted on the QUAV platforms,fully demonstrating the strong adaptability and robustness of the proposed distributed event-triggered fault-tolerant control system.展开更多
Grid-Forming(GFM)converters are prone to fault-induced overcurrent and power angle instability during grid fault-induced voltage sags.To address this,this paper develops a multi-loop coordinated fault ridethrough(FRT)...Grid-Forming(GFM)converters are prone to fault-induced overcurrent and power angle instability during grid fault-induced voltage sags.To address this,this paper develops a multi-loop coordinated fault ridethrough(FRT)control strategy based on a power outer loop and voltage-current inner loops,aiming to enhance the stability and current-limiting capability of GFM converters during grid fault conditions.During voltage sags,the GFM converter’s voltage source behavior is maintained by dynamically adjusting the reactive power reference to provide voltage support,thereby effectively suppressing the steady-state component of the fault current.To address the active power imbalance induced by voltage sags,a dynamic active power reference correction method based on apparent power is designed to mitigate power angle oscillations and limit transient current.Moreover,an adaptive virtual impedance loop is implemented to enhance dynamic transient current-limiting performance during the fault initiation phase.This approach improves the responsiveness of the inner loop and ensures safe system operation under various fault severities.Under asymmetric fault conditions,a negative-sequence reactive current compensation strategy is incorporated to further suppress negative-sequence voltage and improve voltage symmetry.The proposed control scheme enables coordinated operation of multiple control objectives,including voltage support,current suppression,and power angle stability,across different fault scenarios.Finally,MATLAB/Simulink simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy,showcasing its superior performance in current limiting and power angle stability,thereby significantly enhancing the system’s fault ride-through capability.展开更多
Understanding water chemistry in karst regions is crucial for improving global water resource management and deepening our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycles shaping these sensitive environments.Despite advance-me...Understanding water chemistry in karst regions is crucial for improving global water resource management and deepening our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycles shaping these sensitive environments.Despite advance-ments in karst hydrology,significant gaps remain in long-term trends,underlying processes,and quantitative effects of environmental changes.This is especially true in areas like the Wujiang River(WJ)in China,where human activities such as reservoir construction and land use/cover changes have accelerated hydrochemical changes.We combined recent and historical monitoring data to provide a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics,evolution,and controlling factors of major ions in WJ.These findings are important for local water management and contribute to global efforts to manage similar karst systems facing human-induced pressures.Our research shows clear seasonal differences in solute concentrations,with higher levels during the dry season.WJ’s water is rich in calcium,with Ca-HCO_(3) ion pairs being the most common.Reservoir monitor-ing stations show much higher levels of NO_(3)^(−)and SO_(4)^(2−)compared to river-type stations,likely due to longer hydraulic retention time and increased acid deposition.The study confirms the significant role of pH and water temperature in rock weathering processes.Land use/cover changes were identified as the primary drivers of solute variations(46.37%),followed by lithology(13.92%)and temperature(8.35%).Over the past two decades,in-tense carbonate weathering has been observed,especially during wet seasons.Among karstic provinces,Guizhou Province stands out with the highest ion concentrations,indicative of its extensive karst coverage and heightened weathering processes.展开更多
In wind power transmission via modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current(MMCHVDC)systems,under traditional control strategies,MMC-HVDCcannot provide inertia support to the receiving-end grid(REG)d...In wind power transmission via modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current(MMCHVDC)systems,under traditional control strategies,MMC-HVDCcannot provide inertia support to the receiving-end grid(REG)during disturbances.Moreover,due to the frequency decoupling between the two ends of the MMCHVDC,the sending-end wind farm(SEWF)cannot obtain the frequency variation information of the REG to provide inertia response.Therefore,this paper proposes a novel coordinated source-network-storage inertia control strategy based on wind power transmission via MMC-HVDC system.First,the grid-side MMC station(GS-MMC)maps the frequency variations of the REG to direct current(DC)voltage variations through the frequency mapping control,and uses submodule capacitor energy to provide inertial power.Then,the wind farm-side MMC station(WF-MMC)restores the DC voltage variations to frequency variations through the frequency restoration control and power loss compensation,providing real-time frequency information for the wind farm.Finally,based on real-time frequency information,thewind farmutilizes the rotor kinetic energy and energy storage to provide fast and lasting power support through the wind-storage coordinated inertia control strategy.Meanwhile,when the wind turbines withdraw from the inertia response phase,the energy storage can increase the power output to compensate for the power deficit,preventing secondary frequency drops.Furthermore,this paper uses small-signal analysis to determine the appropriate values for the key parameters of the proposed control strategy.A simulation model of the wind power transmission via MMCHVDC system is built in MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate and evaluate the proposed method.The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy can effectively improve the system inertia level and avoid the secondary frequency drop under the load sudden increase condition.展开更多
With the increasing integration of renewable energy,microgrids are increasingly facing stability challenges,primarily due to the lack of inherent inertia in inverter-dominated systems,which is traditionally provided b...With the increasing integration of renewable energy,microgrids are increasingly facing stability challenges,primarily due to the lack of inherent inertia in inverter-dominated systems,which is traditionally provided by synchronous generators.To address this critical issue,Virtual Synchronous Generator(VSG)technology has emerged as a highly promising solution by emulating the inertia and damping characteristics of conventional synchronous generators.To enhance the operational efficiency of virtual synchronous generators(VSGs),this study employs smallsignal modeling analysis,root locus methods,and synchronous generator power-angle characteristic analysis to comprehensively evaluate how virtual inertia and damping coefficients affect frequency stability and power output during transient processes.Based on these analyses,an adaptive control strategy is proposed:increasing the virtual inertia when the rotor angular velocity undergoes rapid changes,while strengthening the damping coefficient when the speed deviation exceeds a certain threshold to suppress angular velocity oscillations.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,a grid-connected VSG simulation platform was developed inMATLAB/Simulink.Comparative simulations demonstrate that the proposed adaptive control strategy outperforms conventional VSGmethods by significantly reducing grid frequency deviations and shortening active power response time during active power command changes and load disturbances.This approach enhances microgrid stability and dynamic performance,confirming its viability for renewable-dominant power systems.Future work should focus on experimental validation and real-world parameter optimization,while further exploring the strategy’s effectiveness in improvingVSG low-voltage ride-through(LVRT)capability and power-sharing applications in multi-parallel configurations.展开更多
Quantum control allows a wide range of quantum operations employed in molecular physics,nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information processing.Thanks to the existing microelectronics industry,semiconducting qub...Quantum control allows a wide range of quantum operations employed in molecular physics,nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information processing.Thanks to the existing microelectronics industry,semiconducting qubits,where quantum information is encoded in spin or charge degree freedom of electrons or nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots,constitute a highly competitive candidate for scalable solid-state quantum technologies.In quantum information processing,advanced control techniques are needed to realize quantum manipulations with both high precision and noise resilience.In this review,we first introduce the basics of various widely-used control methods,including resonant excitation,adabatic passage,shortcuts to adiabaticity,composite pulses,and quantum optimal control.Then we review the practical aspects in applying these methods to realize accurate and robust quantum gates for single semiconductor qubits,such as Loss–DiVincenzo spin qubit,spinglet-triplet qubit,exchange-only qubit and charge qubit.展开更多
The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)at...The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.展开更多
To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hyb...To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hybrid modular multilevel converter–capacitor-commutated line-commutated converter(MMC-CLCC)HVDC transmission system and its corresponding control strategy.First,the system topology is constructed,and a submodule configuration method for the MMC—combining full-bridge submodules(FBSMs)and half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)—is proposed to enable direct power flow reversal.Second,a hierarchical control strategy is introduced,includingMMCvoltage control,CLCC current control,and a coordinationmechanism,along with the derivation of the hybrid system’s power flow reversal characteristics.Third,leveraging the CLCC’s fast current regulation and theMMC’s negative voltage control capability,a coordinated power flow reversal control strategy is developed.Finally,an 800 kV MMC-CLCC hybrid HVDC system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the power flow reversal performance under a high proportion of full-bridge submodule configuration.Results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy enables rapid(1-s transition)and smooth switching of bidirectional power flow without modifying the structure of primary equipment:the transient fluctuation ofDC voltage from the rated value(UdcN)to themaximumreverse voltage(-kUdcN)is less than 5%;the DC current strictly follows the preset characteristic curve with a deviation of≤3%;the active power reverses continuously,and the system maintains stable operation throughout the reversal process.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to present a robust safety-critical control system based on the active disturbance rejection control approach, designed to guarantee safety even in the presence of model inaccuracies, un...The objective of this paper is to present a robust safety-critical control system based on the active disturbance rejection control approach, designed to guarantee safety even in the presence of model inaccuracies, unknown dynamics, and external disturbances. The proposed method combines control barrier functions and control Lyapunov functions with a nonlinear extended state observer to produce a robust and safe control strategy for dynamic systems subject to uncertainties and disturbances. This control strategy employs an optimization-based control, supported by the disturbance estimation from a nonlinear extended state observer. Using a quadratic programming algorithm, the controller computes an optimal, stable, and safe control action at each sampling instant. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations of a safety-critical interconnected adaptive cruise control system.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter considers the problem of achieving optimal formation control in multiple vertical take-off and landing(VTOL)unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Specifically,the objective is to derive the vehicles t...Dear Editor,This letter considers the problem of achieving optimal formation control in multiple vertical take-off and landing(VTOL)unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Specifically,the objective is to derive the vehicles to the desired formation shape while minimizing the total cost function.Leveraging the backstepping design,a distributed control strategy is proposed that incorporates a dynamic system for generating a reference trajectory and a trajectory tracking controller for each vehicle.展开更多
It is particularly challenging to develop a new control theory like human intelligence,as human cognition and decisionmaking are variable in changing environments.In this article,the idea of variable stability is adop...It is particularly challenging to develop a new control theory like human intelligence,as human cognition and decisionmaking are variable in changing environments.In this article,the idea of variable stability is adopted to design a human-like control algorithm,referred to as variable stability control.A variable model perturbation put into the system dynamics model is computed by model game control,which simulates changes in human cognition.Lyapunov stability control is employed to formulate a backstepping control law that mimics the underlying logic algorithm in human decision-making.Some variable algorithm parameters embedded into the control law are calculated using model predictive control,which imitates dynamic tuning in human decision-making.From another perspective,variable stability control is an algorithm-hybrid control approach validated in a steer-by-wire system for angle tracking.According to the experimental results,variable stability control is a promising candidate for angle tracking in steer-by-wire systems.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter is concerned with a coordinated path following control method for multiple unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)to carry out maritime search and rescue(MSR)missions.The kinetic model parameters of...Dear Editor,This letter is concerned with a coordinated path following control method for multiple unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)to carry out maritime search and rescue(MSR)missions.The kinetic model parameters of each UUV is totally unknown.Firstly,a kinematic control law is constructed by designing a vertical line-of-sight(LOS)guidance scheme.展开更多
This paper presents the design of an asymmetrically variable wingtip anhedral angles morphing aircraft,inspired by biomimetic mechanisms,to enhance lateral maneuver capability.Firstly,we establish a lateral dynamic mo...This paper presents the design of an asymmetrically variable wingtip anhedral angles morphing aircraft,inspired by biomimetic mechanisms,to enhance lateral maneuver capability.Firstly,we establish a lateral dynamic model considering additional forces and moments resulting during the morphing process,and convert it into a Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)virtual control system by importing virtual inputs.Secondly,a classical dynamics inversion controller is designed for the outer-loop system.A new Global Fast Terminal Incremental Sliding Mode Controller(NDO-GFTISMC)is proposed for the inner-loop system,in which an adaptive law is implemented to weaken control surface chattering,and a Nonlinear Disturbance Observer(NDO)is integrated to compensate for unknown disturbances.The whole control system is proven semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded based on the multi-Lyapunov function method.Furthermore,we consider tracking errors and self-characteristics of actuators,a quadratic programmingbased dynamic control allocation law is designed,which allocates virtual control inputs to the asymmetrically deformed wingtip and rudder.Actuator dynamic models are incorporated to ensure physical realizability of designed allocation law.Finally,comparative experimental results validate the effectiveness of the designed control system and control allocation law.The NDO-GFTISMC features faster convergence,stronger robustness,and 81.25%and 75.0%reduction in maximum state tracking error under uncertainty compared to the Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Controller based on NDO(NDO-INDI)and Incremental Sliding Mode Controller based on NDO(NDO-ISMC),respectively.The design of the morphing aircraft significantly enhances lateral maneuver capability,maintaining a substantial control margin during lateral maneuvering,reducing the burden of the rudder surface,and effectively solving the actuator saturation problem of traditional aircraft during lateral maneuvering.展开更多
基金supported by Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020261)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA02010000)the Young Potential Program of Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SINAP-YXJH-202412).
文摘Molten salt reactors,being the only reactor type among Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear reactors that utilize liquid fuels,offer inherent safety,high-temperature,and low-pressure operation,as well as the capability for online fuel reprocessing.However,the fuel-salt flow results in the decay of delayed neutron precursors(DNPs)outside the core,causing fluctuations in the effective delayed neutron fraction and consequently impacting the reactor reactivity.Particularly in accident scenarios—such as a combined pump shutdown and the inability to rapidly scram the reactor—the sole reliance on negative temperature feedback may cause a significant increase in core temperature,posing a threat to reactor safety.To address these problems,this paper introduces an innovative design for a passive fluid-driven suspended control rod(SCR)to dynamically compensate for reactivity fluctuations caused by DNPs flowing with the fuel.The control rod operates passively by leveraging the combined effects of gravity,buoyancy,and fluid dynamic forces,thereby eliminating the need for an external drive mechanism and enabling direct integration within the active region of the core.Using a 150 MWt thorium-based molten salt reactor as the reference design,we develop a mathematical model to systematically analyze the effects of key parameters—including the geometric dimensions and density of the SCR—on its performance.We examine its motion characteristics under different core flow conditions and assess its feasibility for the dynamic compensation of reactivity changes caused by fuel flow.The results of this study demonstrate that the SCR can effectively counteract reactivity fluctuations induced by fuel flow within molten salt reactors.A sensitivity analysis reveals that the SCR’s average density exerts a profound impact on its start-up flow threshold,channel flow rate,resistance to fuel density fluctuations,and response characteristics.This underscores the critical need to optimize this parameter.Moreover,by judiciously selecting the SCR’s length,number of deployed units,and the placement we can achieve the necessary reactivity control while maintaining a favorable balance between neutron economy and heat transfer performance.Ultimately,this paper provides an innovative solution for the passive reactivity control in molten salt reactors,offering significant potential for practical engineering applications.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FFR-2025-3623-11”.
文摘Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.
文摘Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.
文摘Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.
基金Supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2023GXNSFAA026246)in part by the Central Government's Guide to Local Science and Technology Development Fund(GuikeZY23055044)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62363003)。
文摘In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:62003267the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2023-GHZD-33Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game,Grant/Award Number:ZBKF-23-05。
文摘To address the issue of instability or even imbalance in the orientation and attitude control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles(QUAVs)under random disturbances,this paper proposes a distributed antidisturbance data-driven event-triggered fusion control method,which achieves efficient fault diagnosis while suppressing random disturbances and mitigating communication conflicts within the QUAV swarm.First,the impact of random disturbances on the UAV swarm is analyzed,and a model for orientation and attitude control of QUAVs under stochastic perturbations is established,with the disturbance gain threshold determined.Second,a fault diagnosis system based on a high-gain observer is designed,constructing a fault gain criterion by integrating orientation and attitude information from QUAVs.Subsequently,a model-free dynamic linearization-based data modeling(MFDLDM)framework is developed using model-free adaptive control,which efficiently fits the nonlinear control model of the QUAV swarm while reducing temporal constraints on control data.On this basis,this paper constructs a distributed data-driven event-triggered controller based on the staggered communication mechanism,which consists of an equivalent QUAV controller and an event-triggered controller,and is able to reduce the communication conflicts while suppressing the influence of random interference.Finally,by incorporating random disturbances into the controller,comparative experiments and physical validations are conducted on the QUAV platforms,fully demonstrating the strong adaptability and robustness of the proposed distributed event-triggered fault-tolerant control system.
文摘Grid-Forming(GFM)converters are prone to fault-induced overcurrent and power angle instability during grid fault-induced voltage sags.To address this,this paper develops a multi-loop coordinated fault ridethrough(FRT)control strategy based on a power outer loop and voltage-current inner loops,aiming to enhance the stability and current-limiting capability of GFM converters during grid fault conditions.During voltage sags,the GFM converter’s voltage source behavior is maintained by dynamically adjusting the reactive power reference to provide voltage support,thereby effectively suppressing the steady-state component of the fault current.To address the active power imbalance induced by voltage sags,a dynamic active power reference correction method based on apparent power is designed to mitigate power angle oscillations and limit transient current.Moreover,an adaptive virtual impedance loop is implemented to enhance dynamic transient current-limiting performance during the fault initiation phase.This approach improves the responsiveness of the inner loop and ensures safe system operation under various fault severities.Under asymmetric fault conditions,a negative-sequence reactive current compensation strategy is incorporated to further suppress negative-sequence voltage and improve voltage symmetry.The proposed control scheme enables coordinated operation of multiple control objectives,including voltage support,current suppression,and power angle stability,across different fault scenarios.Finally,MATLAB/Simulink simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy,showcasing its superior performance in current limiting and power angle stability,thereby significantly enhancing the system’s fault ride-through capability.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2023A1515110824 and 2025A1515011839)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCBS20231211090638066).
文摘Understanding water chemistry in karst regions is crucial for improving global water resource management and deepening our knowledge of the biogeochemical cycles shaping these sensitive environments.Despite advance-ments in karst hydrology,significant gaps remain in long-term trends,underlying processes,and quantitative effects of environmental changes.This is especially true in areas like the Wujiang River(WJ)in China,where human activities such as reservoir construction and land use/cover changes have accelerated hydrochemical changes.We combined recent and historical monitoring data to provide a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics,evolution,and controlling factors of major ions in WJ.These findings are important for local water management and contribute to global efforts to manage similar karst systems facing human-induced pressures.Our research shows clear seasonal differences in solute concentrations,with higher levels during the dry season.WJ’s water is rich in calcium,with Ca-HCO_(3) ion pairs being the most common.Reservoir monitor-ing stations show much higher levels of NO_(3)^(−)and SO_(4)^(2−)compared to river-type stations,likely due to longer hydraulic retention time and increased acid deposition.The study confirms the significant role of pH and water temperature in rock weathering processes.Land use/cover changes were identified as the primary drivers of solute variations(46.37%),followed by lithology(13.92%)and temperature(8.35%).Over the past two decades,in-tense carbonate weathering has been observed,especially during wet seasons.Among karstic provinces,Guizhou Province stands out with the highest ion concentrations,indicative of its extensive karst coverage and heightened weathering processes.
基金funded by State Grid Corporation of China Central Branch Technology Project(52140024000C).
文摘In wind power transmission via modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current(MMCHVDC)systems,under traditional control strategies,MMC-HVDCcannot provide inertia support to the receiving-end grid(REG)during disturbances.Moreover,due to the frequency decoupling between the two ends of the MMCHVDC,the sending-end wind farm(SEWF)cannot obtain the frequency variation information of the REG to provide inertia response.Therefore,this paper proposes a novel coordinated source-network-storage inertia control strategy based on wind power transmission via MMC-HVDC system.First,the grid-side MMC station(GS-MMC)maps the frequency variations of the REG to direct current(DC)voltage variations through the frequency mapping control,and uses submodule capacitor energy to provide inertial power.Then,the wind farm-side MMC station(WF-MMC)restores the DC voltage variations to frequency variations through the frequency restoration control and power loss compensation,providing real-time frequency information for the wind farm.Finally,based on real-time frequency information,thewind farmutilizes the rotor kinetic energy and energy storage to provide fast and lasting power support through the wind-storage coordinated inertia control strategy.Meanwhile,when the wind turbines withdraw from the inertia response phase,the energy storage can increase the power output to compensate for the power deficit,preventing secondary frequency drops.Furthermore,this paper uses small-signal analysis to determine the appropriate values for the key parameters of the proposed control strategy.A simulation model of the wind power transmission via MMCHVDC system is built in MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate and evaluate the proposed method.The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy can effectively improve the system inertia level and avoid the secondary frequency drop under the load sudden increase condition.
基金financially supported by the Talent Initiation Fund of Wuxi University(550220008).
文摘With the increasing integration of renewable energy,microgrids are increasingly facing stability challenges,primarily due to the lack of inherent inertia in inverter-dominated systems,which is traditionally provided by synchronous generators.To address this critical issue,Virtual Synchronous Generator(VSG)technology has emerged as a highly promising solution by emulating the inertia and damping characteristics of conventional synchronous generators.To enhance the operational efficiency of virtual synchronous generators(VSGs),this study employs smallsignal modeling analysis,root locus methods,and synchronous generator power-angle characteristic analysis to comprehensively evaluate how virtual inertia and damping coefficients affect frequency stability and power output during transient processes.Based on these analyses,an adaptive control strategy is proposed:increasing the virtual inertia when the rotor angular velocity undergoes rapid changes,while strengthening the damping coefficient when the speed deviation exceeds a certain threshold to suppress angular velocity oscillations.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,a grid-connected VSG simulation platform was developed inMATLAB/Simulink.Comparative simulations demonstrate that the proposed adaptive control strategy outperforms conventional VSGmethods by significantly reducing grid frequency deviations and shortening active power response time during active power command changes and load disturbances.This approach enhances microgrid stability and dynamic performance,confirming its viability for renewable-dominant power systems.Future work should focus on experimental validation and real-world parameter optimization,while further exploring the strategy’s effectiveness in improvingVSG low-voltage ride-through(LVRT)capability and power-sharing applications in multi-parallel configurations.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12174379,E31Q02BG)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.E0SEBB11,E27RBB11)+1 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology(No.2021ZD0302300)Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(No.YSBR-090)。
文摘Quantum control allows a wide range of quantum operations employed in molecular physics,nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information processing.Thanks to the existing microelectronics industry,semiconducting qubits,where quantum information is encoded in spin or charge degree freedom of electrons or nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots,constitute a highly competitive candidate for scalable solid-state quantum technologies.In quantum information processing,advanced control techniques are needed to realize quantum manipulations with both high precision and noise resilience.In this review,we first introduce the basics of various widely-used control methods,including resonant excitation,adabatic passage,shortcuts to adiabaticity,composite pulses,and quantum optimal control.Then we review the practical aspects in applying these methods to realize accurate and robust quantum gates for single semiconductor qubits,such as Loss–DiVincenzo spin qubit,spinglet-triplet qubit,exchange-only qubit and charge qubit.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22265021,52231007,and 12327804)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020Z056056003)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB212004).
文摘The precise tuning of magnetic nanoparticle size and magnetic domains,thereby shaping magnetic properties.However,the dynamic evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations in relation to electromagnetic(EM)attenuation behavior remain poorly understood.To address this gap,a thermodynamically controlled periodic coordination strategy is proposed to achieve precise modulation of magnetic nanoparticle spacing.This approach unveils the evolution of magnetic domain configurations,progressing from individual to coupled and ultimately to crosslinked domain configurations.A unique magnetic coupling phenomenon surpasses the Snoek limit in low-frequency range,which is observed through micromagnetic simulation.The crosslinked magnetic configuration achieves effective low-frequency EM wave absorption at 3.68 GHz,encompassing nearly the entire C-band.This exceptional magnetic interaction significantly enhances radar camouflage and thermal insulation properties.Additionally,a robust gradient metamaterial design extends coverage across the full band(2–40 GHz),effectively mitigating the impact of EM pollution on human health and environment.This comprehensive study elucidates the evolution mechanisms of magnetic domain configurations,addresses gaps in dynamic magnetic modulation,and provides novel insights for the development of high-performance,low-frequency EM wave absorption materials.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(61304223)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2016ZA52009)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20123218120015)
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of the headquarters of the State Grid Corporation of China(No.5500-202324492A-3-2-ZN).
文摘To enhance power flow regulation in scenarios involving large-scale renewable energy transmission via high-voltage direct current(HVDC)links and multi-infeed DC systems in load-center regions,this paper proposes a hybrid modular multilevel converter–capacitor-commutated line-commutated converter(MMC-CLCC)HVDC transmission system and its corresponding control strategy.First,the system topology is constructed,and a submodule configuration method for the MMC—combining full-bridge submodules(FBSMs)and half-bridge submodules(HBSMs)—is proposed to enable direct power flow reversal.Second,a hierarchical control strategy is introduced,includingMMCvoltage control,CLCC current control,and a coordinationmechanism,along with the derivation of the hybrid system’s power flow reversal characteristics.Third,leveraging the CLCC’s fast current regulation and theMMC’s negative voltage control capability,a coordinated power flow reversal control strategy is developed.Finally,an 800 kV MMC-CLCC hybrid HVDC system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the power flow reversal performance under a high proportion of full-bridge submodule configuration.Results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy enables rapid(1-s transition)and smooth switching of bidirectional power flow without modifying the structure of primary equipment:the transient fluctuation ofDC voltage from the rated value(UdcN)to themaximumreverse voltage(-kUdcN)is less than 5%;the DC current strictly follows the preset characteristic curve with a deviation of≤3%;the active power reverses continuously,and the system maintains stable operation throughout the reversal process.
基金supported by the Fondo para el Primer Proyecto of the Comitépara el Desarrollo de la Investigación(CODI)at the Universidad de Antioquia(Grant Number PRV2024-78509)。
文摘The objective of this paper is to present a robust safety-critical control system based on the active disturbance rejection control approach, designed to guarantee safety even in the presence of model inaccuracies, unknown dynamics, and external disturbances. The proposed method combines control barrier functions and control Lyapunov functions with a nonlinear extended state observer to produce a robust and safe control strategy for dynamic systems subject to uncertainties and disturbances. This control strategy employs an optimization-based control, supported by the disturbance estimation from a nonlinear extended state observer. Using a quadratic programming algorithm, the controller computes an optimal, stable, and safe control action at each sampling instant. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations of a safety-critical interconnected adaptive cruise control system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62003214)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012681)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1443600)Shanghai Pujiang Programme(23PJD064).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter considers the problem of achieving optimal formation control in multiple vertical take-off and landing(VTOL)unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Specifically,the objective is to derive the vehicles to the desired formation shape while minimizing the total cost function.Leveraging the backstepping design,a distributed control strategy is proposed that incorporates a dynamic system for generating a reference trajectory and a trajectory tracking controller for each vehicle.
文摘It is particularly challenging to develop a new control theory like human intelligence,as human cognition and decisionmaking are variable in changing environments.In this article,the idea of variable stability is adopted to design a human-like control algorithm,referred to as variable stability control.A variable model perturbation put into the system dynamics model is computed by model game control,which simulates changes in human cognition.Lyapunov stability control is employed to formulate a backstepping control law that mimics the underlying logic algorithm in human decision-making.Some variable algorithm parameters embedded into the control law are calculated using model predictive control,which imitates dynamic tuning in human decision-making.From another perspective,variable stability control is an algorithm-hybrid control approach validated in a steer-by-wire system for angle tracking.According to the experimental results,variable stability control is a promising candidate for angle tracking in steer-by-wire systems.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD0119902)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province(2023-BS-077)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(2024M751980)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety(SKLMTA-DMU2024Y3)Bolian Research Funds of Dalian Maritime University/Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3132023616).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter is concerned with a coordinated path following control method for multiple unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)to carry out maritime search and rescue(MSR)missions.The kinetic model parameters of each UUV is totally unknown.Firstly,a kinematic control law is constructed by designing a vertical line-of-sight(LOS)guidance scheme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62103052 and No.52175214)。
文摘This paper presents the design of an asymmetrically variable wingtip anhedral angles morphing aircraft,inspired by biomimetic mechanisms,to enhance lateral maneuver capability.Firstly,we establish a lateral dynamic model considering additional forces and moments resulting during the morphing process,and convert it into a Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)virtual control system by importing virtual inputs.Secondly,a classical dynamics inversion controller is designed for the outer-loop system.A new Global Fast Terminal Incremental Sliding Mode Controller(NDO-GFTISMC)is proposed for the inner-loop system,in which an adaptive law is implemented to weaken control surface chattering,and a Nonlinear Disturbance Observer(NDO)is integrated to compensate for unknown disturbances.The whole control system is proven semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded based on the multi-Lyapunov function method.Furthermore,we consider tracking errors and self-characteristics of actuators,a quadratic programmingbased dynamic control allocation law is designed,which allocates virtual control inputs to the asymmetrically deformed wingtip and rudder.Actuator dynamic models are incorporated to ensure physical realizability of designed allocation law.Finally,comparative experimental results validate the effectiveness of the designed control system and control allocation law.The NDO-GFTISMC features faster convergence,stronger robustness,and 81.25%and 75.0%reduction in maximum state tracking error under uncertainty compared to the Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Controller based on NDO(NDO-INDI)and Incremental Sliding Mode Controller based on NDO(NDO-ISMC),respectively.The design of the morphing aircraft significantly enhances lateral maneuver capability,maintaining a substantial control margin during lateral maneuvering,reducing the burden of the rudder surface,and effectively solving the actuator saturation problem of traditional aircraft during lateral maneuvering.
