PFASs(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances)are a group of more than 12,000 man-made chemicals used in industrial,commercial,and consumer products since the 1940s.Their unique chemical structure resists degradation and t...PFASs(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances)are a group of more than 12,000 man-made chemicals used in industrial,commercial,and consumer products since the 1940s.Their unique chemical structure resists degradation and they are often referred to as“forever chemicals”because of how long they persist in the environment.PFASs are also known to accumulate in human tissue.Exposure to certain PFAS at very low concentrations can cause kidney and testicular cancer,hormone disruption,and liver and thyroid diseases.Based on our experience managing PFAS impacted soil and groundwater at geotechnical construction vertical(structures)and horizontal(infrastructure and roads)projects,we present case studies to describe the current federal and state regulatory landscape for this group of emerging contaminants.This paper will provide a summary of basic sampling,testing,and risk-assessment approaches as well as solutions for cost effective treatment and acceptable disposal options.展开更多
Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sit...Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.展开更多
Groundwater,surface water and tap water contamination by PTEs(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Kipushi town and Lupoto locality of Kipushi administrative territory in the Upper-Katanga province,Democratic Re...Groundwater,surface water and tap water contamination by PTEs(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Kipushi town and Lupoto locality of Kipushi administrative territory in the Upper-Katanga province,Democratic Republic of Congo.A total of fifty four water samples including thirty two samples from drilled water wells,ten samples from spade-sunk water wells,six samples from supplied tap water,four samples from a mine effluent and two samples from a river were collected from both localities in November and December 2017 and in January,February and March 2018.Then the samples were analyzed for their PTE contents by ICP-SF-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry).Twenty PTEs including aluminum,arsenic,barium,bismuth,cadmium,cesium,chromium,cobalt,copper,iron,lead,manganese,molybdenum,nickel,strontium,thallium,tungsten,uranium,vanadium and zinc were detected at various concentrations in each one of the samples.Many samples had concentrations and mean concentrations of PTE,such as arsenic,aluminum,cadmium,iron,lead,manganese and zinc,higher than the respective acceptable limits set for drinking water by the EU(European Union),the USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency),and the WHO(World Health Organization)standards.Most PTEs being deleterious to human health even at very low concentrations,people who use the groundwater,surface water and tap water to meet their water needs in both localities are at risk.展开更多
Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice ...Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice that serves as a nutritious food source,an inquiry following the guidelines outlined in both local and international standards of food safety for the presence of aflatoxins is an essential requirement.Therefore,16 white rice samples were selected randomly from low/high socio-economic departmental stores from 16 different localities.Grind powdered rice filtrate was extracted using chloroform.The filtrate applied on TLC plates and the amount of aflatoxin and moisture contents were determined.In the non-infected rice,moisture content was low(9.08%)whereas high[13.65%>12%(standard>value)]in infected ones.Four out of 8 samples of low-quality rice were contaminated with AFB_(1) and AFB_(2)(ranging from 22.2 to 29.3μg/kg).All the samples except one(22.3μg/kg)from high-quality rice were certified fit despite the contamination with AFB_(1).Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed Aspergillus flavus from unfit low(Long grain brown and Brown basmati)and high-quality(Basmati-198)rice whereas A.parasiticus from unfit low-quality Medium-grain brown rice.The presented research proves that the detection of fungi and aflatoxins in rice grains poses a huge risk to the health of consumers.Therefore,it is necessary to check the rice grains before distribution.展开更多
Background This study was carried out to investigate the individual and combined contamination of aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)),deoxynivalenol(DON),and zearalenone(ZEN)in feeds in China between 2021 and 2024.A total of 23,...Background This study was carried out to investigate the individual and combined contamination of aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)),deoxynivalenol(DON),and zearalenone(ZEN)in feeds in China between 2021 and 2024.A total of 23,003 feed samples,including 17,489 feedstuff samples and 5,514 complete feed samples,were collected from different provinces of China for mycotoxin analysis.Results The analyzed mycotoxins displayed considerably high contamination in the feed samples,with the individual contamination of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN were 20.0%–100%,33.3%–100%,and 85.0%–100%,respectively.The average concentrations of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN were 1.2–728.7μg/kg,106–8,634.8μg/kg,and 18.1–3,341.6μg/kg,respectively.Notably,the rates over China’s safety standards for AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN in raw ingredients were 9.7%,2.7%,and 15.7%,respectively.Meanwhile,3.5%,1.1%,and 8.7%of analyzed complete feeds exceeded China’s safety standards for AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN,respectively.Moreover,the co-contamination rates of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN in more than 70%of raw ingredients and 87.5%of complete feed products were 60.0%–100%and 61.5%–100%,respectively.Conclusion This study reveals that the feeds in China have commonly been contaminated with AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN alone and their combination during the past four years.These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in domestic animal feed and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.展开更多
In the published version of our article(Shaji et al.,2024),in the last paragraph of the article,Hong Kong should be corrected to Hong Kong(China)and the repetition of Spain and Ireland in the same sentence need to be ...In the published version of our article(Shaji et al.,2024),in the last paragraph of the article,Hong Kong should be corrected to Hong Kong(China)and the repetition of Spain and Ireland in the same sentence need to be deleted.The correct sentence is as below.展开更多
The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sed...The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sediments,water,and benthos of mangrove areas(MA)and adjacent non-vegetated areas(NA)in Qinglan Bay.Results showed that the abundance of MPs in MA was significantly higher than in adjacent NA[sediment:(4.39±2.20)items/50 g dry weight(dw)vs.(4.10±2.71)items/50 g dw;water:(11.79±7.61)items/L vs.(10.61±5.93)items/L;benthos:(4.94±5.27)items/individual vs.(3.5±0.71)items/individual].The primary components identified in sediments and benthos were rayon and cellulose,while polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)dominated in water.Smaller MPs(<1000μm)accounted for 44%,43%,and 61%of the MPs in sediments,water,and benthos,respectively,indicating that smaller MPs are more likely to be ingested or captured by benthic organisms.Additionally,MPsenrichment was calculated in benthos[enrichment index(EI)=1.41],water(EI=1.11),and sediments(EI=1.09),confirming that the unique ecological environment of the MA leads to different distribution and accumulation characteristics of MPs compared to the NA.The ecological risk assessment revealed low MPs pollution levels in sediments and water,but higher risks were observed for polychaetes and bivalves.展开更多
Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and...Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and chemical fractions occurrence characteristics of five toxic metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,and Zn)were analyzed,their potential sources were explored,and their contamination and ecological risk was assessed.In the surface waters and sediments,there were high concentrations of Zn,a low concentration of Cd,and small spatial differences in concentration among the upstream,midstream,and downstream.In terms of speciation,Cd mainly existed in the acid-soluble fraction,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction,and Cr,Cu,and Zn mainly existed in the residue fraction.The potential sources in surface waters and sediments were determined to be industrial emissions and agricultural non-point sources through the absolute principal component scores–multiple linear regression model(APCS–MLR).Based on the assessment results of total concentration and speciation,Cd was the typical contamination element in ZR sediments.In addition,the secondary phase enrichment factor(SPEF)based on speciation underestimates the degree of Pb contamination,and the ecological risk of Zn assessed by the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)and the risk assessment code(RAC)was higher than that of Cr,which was inconsistent with the results based on total concentrations.SOM and Al/Fe/Mn cycles in sediments influenced the geochemical behavior of toxic metals.展开更多
In vitro fertilization(IVF)is one of the most used assisted reproductive technology(ART)techniques today.However,the success of IVF procedures heavily relies on maintaining a sterile environment in laboratories.This n...In vitro fertilization(IVF)is one of the most used assisted reproductive technology(ART)techniques today.However,the success of IVF procedures heavily relies on maintaining a sterile environment in laboratories.This narrative review examines the effects of microbiological contamination in IVF laboratories,exploring its sources,impacts on IVF outcomes,and preventive measures.We conducted a complete literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on studies published within the last fifteen years.Our findings highlight that microbiological contamination can significantly impair embryo quality,reduce implantation and pregnancy rates,and increase the risk of miscarriage and infection.The review also discusses current best practices for contamination prevention and identifies areas for future research.This work emphasizes the critical importance of stringent sterility protocols in IVF laboratories and calls for continued vigilance and innovation in maintaining optimal conditions for assisted reproduction.展开更多
Atmospheric particle adsorption on insulator surfaces,coupled with humid environments,significantly affects contamination flashover,necessitating a clear understanding of the electric field distribution on insulator s...Atmospheric particle adsorption on insulator surfaces,coupled with humid environments,significantly affects contamination flashover,necessitating a clear understanding of the electric field distribution on insulator surfaces with adsorbed particles.This is crucial for accurately assessing insulator safety and informing critical decision-making.Although previous research has demonstrated that particle arrangement significantly influences the electric field distribution around transmission lines,an in-depth analysis of its effects on insulator surfaces remains lacking.To address this gap,this study establishes a composite insulator model to examine how three types of spherical contamination layers affect the electric field distribution on insulator surfaces under varying environmental conditions.The results reveal that in dry environments,the electric field strength at the apex of single-particle contamination layers increases with the particle size and relative permittivity.For the double-particle contamination layers,the electric field intensity on the insulator surface decreases as the particle spacing increases,and larger particles are more likely to attract smaller charged particles.For triple-particle contamination layers arranged in a triangular pattern,the maximum surface field strength is nearly double that of the chain-arranged particles.Furthermore,within the chain-arranged triple-particle contamination layers,a large-small-large size arrangement has a more pronounced impact on the surface electric field than a small-large-small size arrangement.In humid environments,the surface electric field strength of insulators decreases with increasing contamination levels.These findings are of significant theoretical and practical importance for ensuring the safe operation of power systems.展开更多
Bauxite mining will bring huge economic benefit,but it also faces the risk of environmental pollution.Metal pollution problem has been widely concerned in bauxite tailing areas.Biodiversity indices,metal concentration...Bauxite mining will bring huge economic benefit,but it also faces the risk of environmental pollution.Metal pollution problem has been widely concerned in bauxite tailing areas.Biodiversity indices,metal concentrations of moss crusts,and soil contamination indices in Wachangping bauxite tailing areas in Guizhou Province,China were measured and analyzed.In a total of 40 species belonging to 19 genera and 12 families of moss in the study areas,Ditrichum flexicaule(Schwaegr.)Hamp.(DF),Oxystegus cylindricus(Brid.)Hilp.(OC),and Ditrichum brevidens Nog.(DB)are the dominant moss crusts.Moss species diversity in different habitats has a certain regularity:waste residues area<waste rocks area<ore stockpile area<slope shrub area<shrub area by gutter<slope shrub herbaceous area.Sorenson diversity index(β)of moss species is influenced by microenvironment and substrate.Concentrations of Al,Mg,Ca,Fe,K,and Ti are the largest in DB(2,990 to 73,210 mg kg^(-1)),followed by those in DF(2,900 to 61,890 mg kg^(-1)),and are the smallest in OC(690 to 32,240 mg kg^(-1)),which show that the three moss crusts have different bioaccumulation capacities.Metal contents in underlying soils of moss crusts are higher than the background levels.Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)of Al,Mg,Ca,Fe,and K in three moss crusts are decreased in the following order:DB>DF>OC.Single factor pollution index(Ps)and Nemero comprehensive pollution index(Pc)of six metal are much greater than 3,and the index of geoaccumulation(Igeo)(1geo<5)reveals that the soil environment is at moderately to seriously contaminated levels.Principal components analysis(PCA)shows that there is no significant correlation between p H value,and metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti),soil temperature(ST)and metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti).Soil humidity(SH)is negatively correlated with metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti).These three environmental factors have little effect on the distribution of metal.Result also reflects that DB moss is readily able to both tolerate and accumulate metal,which makes it a suitable bioindicator of multiple metal contamination in Wachangping bauxite tailing areas.展开更多
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2)])can stimulate crop growth and increase yield,but the effect may be constrained by soil contamination with heavy metals.In a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment...Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2)])can stimulate crop growth and increase yield,but the effect may be constrained by soil contamination with heavy metals.In a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment over three seasons,we found that soil heavy metal contamination can constrain or even reverse the projected CO_(2)fertilization effect on rice yield.Elevated[CO_(2)]produced opposing effects on the accumulation of arsenic and cadmium in rice grain.Breeding crops for heavy-metal resistance and low arsenic accumulation may become necessary with continuing climate change.展开更多
The contamination of pork during breeding can negatively impact both food quality and safety.Sodium dichloroiso-cyanurate(NaDCC),a chlorine-containing disinfectant,is widely used in animal environments.In this study,1...The contamination of pork during breeding can negatively impact both food quality and safety.Sodium dichloroiso-cyanurate(NaDCC),a chlorine-containing disinfectant,is widely used in animal environments.In this study,16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the bacterial communities in a pork farm.We also assessed the effectiveness of NaDCC disinfection by analyzing microbial diversity.The results revealed that the predominant genera in pork skin samples and environmental samples were Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter,respectively.Escherichia coli and Strep-tococcus equinus were present in all the samples,suggesting that NaDCC is not fully effective in preventing zoonotic pathogen contamination.The Chao1 and Shannon indices for sow skins increased after disinfection.No significant differences were observed in the microbiological composition of sow barn samples before and after disinfection(p>0.1).Additionally,bacterial abundance in sow skin was strongly correlated with abundance on pen floors(r=0.906,p<0.05),indicating potential cross-contamination between these sample types.Conversely,the bacterial abun-dance in the floor samples was weakly correlated with that in the other samples,suggesting that NaDCC is effective as a decontaminant.This study provides valuable insights into microbial contamination on pork farms and under-scores the importance of proper disinfection practices.This study also offers scientific recommendations for improv-ing disinfection protocols.展开更多
Evaluating petroleum contamination risk and implementing remedial measures in agricultural soil rely on indicators such as soil metal(loid)s and microbiome alterations.However,the response of these indicators to petro...Evaluating petroleum contamination risk and implementing remedial measures in agricultural soil rely on indicators such as soil metal(loid)s and microbiome alterations.However,the response of these indicators to petroleum contamination remains under-investigated.The present study investigated the soil physicochemical features,metal(loid)s,microbial communities and networks,and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)community structures in soil samples collected from long-(LC)and short-term(SC)petroleum-contaminated oil fields.The results showed that petroleum contamination increased the levels of soil total petroleum hydrocarbon,carbon,nitrogen,sulfur,phosphorus,calcium,copper,manganese,lead,and zinc,and decreased soil pH,microbial biomass,bacterial and fungal diversity.Petroleum led to a rise in the abundances of soil Proteobacteria,Ascomycota,Oleibacter,and Fusarium.Network analyses showed that the number of network links(Control vs.SC,LC=1181 vs.700,1021),nodes(Control vs.SC,LC=90 vs.71,83)and average degree(Control vs.SC,LC=26.244 vs.19.718,24.602)recovered as the duration of contamination increased.Petroleum contamination also reduced the concentration of soil PLFAs,especially bacterial.These results demonstrate that brief exposure to high levels of petroleum contamination alters the physicochemical characteristics of the soil as well as the composition of soil metal(loid)s andmicroorganisms,leading to a less diverse soilmicrobial network that is more susceptible to damage.Future research should focus on the culturable microbiome of soil under petroleum contamination to provide a theoretical basis for further remediation.展开更多
The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)conta...The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on the gas diffusion layer(GDL)and PEMFC performance,systematically analyzing the physicochemical property changes and their correlation with electrochemical performance.The results indicate that after post-treatment,the GDL surface exhibited exposed carbon fibers,cracks,and large pores in the microporous layer(MPL),with a noticeable detachment of PTFE.There was a marked reduction in C and F element signals,an increase in O element signals,deposition of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),formation of C=O and C=C bonds,appearance of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)characteristic peaks,and changes in pore structure—all suggesting significant alterations in the GDL's surface morphology,structure,and chemical composition.The decline in mechanical strength and thermal stability,and increased surface roughness and resistance negatively impacted fuel cell performance.At high current densities,the emergence of water flooding increased mass transfer resistance from 0.1Ωcm^(2)to 1.968Ωcm^(2),with a maximum power density decay rate reaching 71.17%.This study reveals the significant negative impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on GDL and fuel cell performance,highlighting that changes in surface structure,reduced hydrophobicity,and increased mass transfer resistance are primary causes of performance degradation.The findings provide crucial insights for improving GDL materials,optimizing fuel cell manufacturing and operation processes,and addressing contamination issues in practical applications.展开更多
In oral health care, the spread of harmful infectious agents from the oral cavity is a constant concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of cross-contamination between patients due to the backflo...In oral health care, the spread of harmful infectious agents from the oral cavity is a constant concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of cross-contamination between patients due to the backflow of biological fluids and contaminated aerosols into the water tubes of rotating instruments (high-speed turbines). A second aim was to assess the dispersion of the aerosols generated in the medical environment and the risk of contamination for the dentist. Materials and methods: For safety reasons, we carried out an experimental study on two sheep heads purchased from a butcher to simulate periodontal treatment in the two oral cavities. The first cavity was artificially contaminated with the reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus to assess the transfer of this bacteria from one cavity to the other through the waterlines of the high-speed turbine used. Results: The study revealed a worrying risk of cross-contamination from contaminated aerosols flowing back through the dental turbine into the dental unit waterlines (33.33%) [p S. aureus and total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) were dispersed at varying distances from the oral cavity. In particular, the highest contamination levels were found within 0.3 m of the patient for S. aureus (M = 43.66, SD = 1) and THB (M = 45.59, SD = 5), with contamination levels decreasing at a distance of 1.5 m, respectively (M = 5.63, SD = 3.61;M = 8.09, SD = 7.01) [p ≤ 0.05]. Conclusions: Procedures should be implemented to limit the risk of cross-contamination during dental treatment. This can be achieved by strict adherence to hygiene and asepsis measures in the dental unit and medical devices, compliance with regulatory standards (e.g., ISO 15883 1-2), and the installation of anti-retraction valves in dental turbines, dental chair unit and suction systems to prevent backflow of contaminated biological fluids and aerosols.展开更多
Hospital sewage contains various harmful pharmaceutical contaminants(e.g.,antibiotics,anti-inflammatory agents,and painkillers)and pathogens(e.g.,bacteria,viruses,and parasites),whose direct discharge into the environ...Hospital sewage contains various harmful pharmaceutical contaminants(e.g.,antibiotics,anti-inflammatory agents,and painkillers)and pathogens(e.g.,bacteria,viruses,and parasites),whose direct discharge into the environment will induce diseases and pose a powerful threat to human health and safety,and environmental ecology.In recent years,advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),particularly photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,and ozone catalysis have been developed as widespread and effective techniques for hospital sewage treatments.However,there is a lack of systematic comparison and review of the prior studies on hospital sewage treatment using AOPs systems.This review elaborates on the mechanisms,removal efficiencies,and advantages/disadvantages of these AOPs systems for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection.Meanwhile,some novel and potential technologies such as photo-electrocatalysis,electro-peroxone,Fenton/Fenton-like,and piezoelectric catalysis are also included and summarized.Moreover,we further summarize and compare the capacity of these AOPs to treat the actual hospital wastewater under the impact of the water matrix and pH,and estimate the economic cost of these technologies for practical application.Finally,the future development directions of AOPs for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection have been prospected.Overall,this study provides a comparison and overview of these AOP systems in an attempt to raise extensive concerns about hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection technologies and guide researchers to discover the future directions of technologies optimization,which would be a crucial step forward in the field of hospital sewage treatment.展开更多
The regular hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater in the Mila basin over an extended period has provided valuable insights into the origin of dissolved salts and the hydrogeochemical processes controlling water sali...The regular hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater in the Mila basin over an extended period has provided valuable insights into the origin of dissolved salts and the hydrogeochemical processes controlling water salinization.The data reveals that the shallow Karst aquifer shows an increase in TDS of 162 mg L^(-1) while the ther-mal carbonate aquifer that is also used for drinking water supply exhibits an increase of 178 mg L^(-1).Additionally,significant temperature variations are recorded at the sur-face in the shallow aquifers and the waters are carbo-gaseous.Analysis of dissolved major and minor elements has identified several processes influencing the chemical composition namely:dissolution of evaporitic minerals,reduction of sulphates,congruent and incongruent car-bonates’dissolution,dedolomitization and silicates’weathering.The hydrogeochemical and geothermometric results show a mixing of saline thermal water with recharge water of meteoric origin.Two main geothermalfields have been identified,a partially evolved water reservoir and a water reservoir whosefluid interacts with sulphuric acid(H_(2)S)of magmatic origin.These hot waters that are char-acterized by a strong hydrothermal alteration do ascend through faults and fractures and contribute to the contamination of shallower aquifers.Understanding the geothermometry and the hydrogeochemistry of waters is crucial for managing and protecting the quality of groundwater resources in the Mila basin,in order to ensure sustainable water supply for the region.A conceptual model for groundwater circulation and mineralization acquisition has been established to further enhance under-standing in this regard.展开更多
To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular ti...To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular tin-based contamination consisting of micro-and macroparticles was deposited on silicon via physical vapor deposition(PVD).The electrodedriven hydrogen plasma at different power levels was systematically diagnosed using a Langmuir probe and a retarding field ion energy analyzer(RFEA).Moreover,the magnitude of the self-biasing voltage was measured at different power levels,and the peak ion energy was corrected for the difference between the RFEA measurements and the self-biasing voltage(E_(RFEA)-eV_(self)).XPS analysis of O 1s and Sn 3d peaks demonstrated the chemical reduction process after 1 W cleaning.Analysis of surface and cross-section morphology revealed that holes emerged on the upper part of the macroparticles while its bottom remained smooth.Hills and folds appeared on the upper part of the microparticles,confirming the top-down cleaning mode with hydrogen plasma.This study provides an in situ electrode-driven hydrogen plasma etching process for tin-based contamination and will provide meaningful guidance for understanding the chemical mechanism of reduction and etching.展开更多
We recently read the study by Kayano et al on intracorporeal anastomosis(IA)for colon cancer,which assessed bacterial contamination and medium-term onco-logical outcomes and affirmed that IA is analogous to extracorpo...We recently read the study by Kayano et al on intracorporeal anastomosis(IA)for colon cancer,which assessed bacterial contamination and medium-term onco-logical outcomes and affirmed that IA is analogous to extracorporeal anastomosis in reducing intraperitoneal bacterial risk and achieving similar oncological results.Our commentary addresses gaps,particularly concerning bowel preparation and surgical site infections(SSIs),and highlights the need for comprehensive details on the bowel preparation methods that are currently employed,including mecha-nical bowel preparation,oral antibiotics(OA),their combination,and specific OA types.We emphasize the necessity for further analyses that investigate these me-thods and their correlation with SSI rates,to enhance clinical protocol guidance and optimize surgical outcomes.Such meticulous analyses are essential for refi-ning strategies to effectively mitigate SSI risk in colorectal surgeries.展开更多
文摘PFASs(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances)are a group of more than 12,000 man-made chemicals used in industrial,commercial,and consumer products since the 1940s.Their unique chemical structure resists degradation and they are often referred to as“forever chemicals”because of how long they persist in the environment.PFASs are also known to accumulate in human tissue.Exposure to certain PFAS at very low concentrations can cause kidney and testicular cancer,hormone disruption,and liver and thyroid diseases.Based on our experience managing PFAS impacted soil and groundwater at geotechnical construction vertical(structures)and horizontal(infrastructure and roads)projects,we present case studies to describe the current federal and state regulatory landscape for this group of emerging contaminants.This paper will provide a summary of basic sampling,testing,and risk-assessment approaches as well as solutions for cost effective treatment and acceptable disposal options.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC1803604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42007306 and 42277193).
文摘Antimony smelting activities damage the soil and vegetation surroundings while generating economic value.However,no standardizedmethods are available to diagnose the extent of soil degradation at antimony smelting sites.This study developed a standardized framework for assessing soil quality by consideringmicrobial-induced resilience and heavymetal contamination at Xikuangshan antimony smelting site.The soil resilience index(SRI)and soil contamination index(SCI)were calculated byMinimum Data Set and geo-accumulation model,respectively.After standardized by a multi-criteria quantitative procedure of modified Nemerow’s pollution index(NPI),the integrated assessment of soil quality index(SQI),which is the minimumof SRINPI and SCINPI,was achieved.The results showed that Sb and As were the prominent metal(loid)pollutants,and significant correlations between SQI and SRI indicated that the poor soil quality was mainly caused by the low level of soil resilience.The primary limiting factors of SRI were Fungi in high andmiddle contaminated areas,and Skermanella in low contaminated area,suggesting that the weak soil resilience was caused by low specific microbial abundances.Microbial regulation and phytoremediation are greatly required to improve the soil quality at antimony smelting sites from the perspectives of pollution control and resilience improvement.This study improves our understanding of ecological effects of antimony smelting sites and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas.
文摘Groundwater,surface water and tap water contamination by PTEs(Potentially Toxic Elements)was assessed in Kipushi town and Lupoto locality of Kipushi administrative territory in the Upper-Katanga province,Democratic Republic of Congo.A total of fifty four water samples including thirty two samples from drilled water wells,ten samples from spade-sunk water wells,six samples from supplied tap water,four samples from a mine effluent and two samples from a river were collected from both localities in November and December 2017 and in January,February and March 2018.Then the samples were analyzed for their PTE contents by ICP-SF-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry).Twenty PTEs including aluminum,arsenic,barium,bismuth,cadmium,cesium,chromium,cobalt,copper,iron,lead,manganese,molybdenum,nickel,strontium,thallium,tungsten,uranium,vanadium and zinc were detected at various concentrations in each one of the samples.Many samples had concentrations and mean concentrations of PTE,such as arsenic,aluminum,cadmium,iron,lead,manganese and zinc,higher than the respective acceptable limits set for drinking water by the EU(European Union),the USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency),and the WHO(World Health Organization)standards.Most PTEs being deleterious to human health even at very low concentrations,people who use the groundwater,surface water and tap water to meet their water needs in both localities are at risk.
基金supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2025R317),Princess Nourah bintAbdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Aspergillus species produce aflatoxins and raise concerns about food safety in departmental stores and manufacturing mills.To address the risks posed by aflatoxins,and to advise the public on the highest quality rice that serves as a nutritious food source,an inquiry following the guidelines outlined in both local and international standards of food safety for the presence of aflatoxins is an essential requirement.Therefore,16 white rice samples were selected randomly from low/high socio-economic departmental stores from 16 different localities.Grind powdered rice filtrate was extracted using chloroform.The filtrate applied on TLC plates and the amount of aflatoxin and moisture contents were determined.In the non-infected rice,moisture content was low(9.08%)whereas high[13.65%>12%(standard>value)]in infected ones.Four out of 8 samples of low-quality rice were contaminated with AFB_(1) and AFB_(2)(ranging from 22.2 to 29.3μg/kg).All the samples except one(22.3μg/kg)from high-quality rice were certified fit despite the contamination with AFB_(1).Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed Aspergillus flavus from unfit low(Long grain brown and Brown basmati)and high-quality(Basmati-198)rice whereas A.parasiticus from unfit low-quality Medium-grain brown rice.The presented research proves that the detection of fungi and aflatoxins in rice grains poses a huge risk to the health of consumers.Therefore,it is necessary to check the rice grains before distribution.
基金supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation projects(32272915 and 32472949)National Key Research and Development Programs of China(2023YFD1301003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023DKPY002)Hebei Panshuo Biotechnolog Co.,Ltd.
文摘Background This study was carried out to investigate the individual and combined contamination of aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)),deoxynivalenol(DON),and zearalenone(ZEN)in feeds in China between 2021 and 2024.A total of 23,003 feed samples,including 17,489 feedstuff samples and 5,514 complete feed samples,were collected from different provinces of China for mycotoxin analysis.Results The analyzed mycotoxins displayed considerably high contamination in the feed samples,with the individual contamination of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN were 20.0%–100%,33.3%–100%,and 85.0%–100%,respectively.The average concentrations of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN were 1.2–728.7μg/kg,106–8,634.8μg/kg,and 18.1–3,341.6μg/kg,respectively.Notably,the rates over China’s safety standards for AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN in raw ingredients were 9.7%,2.7%,and 15.7%,respectively.Meanwhile,3.5%,1.1%,and 8.7%of analyzed complete feeds exceeded China’s safety standards for AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN,respectively.Moreover,the co-contamination rates of AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN in more than 70%of raw ingredients and 87.5%of complete feed products were 60.0%–100%and 61.5%–100%,respectively.Conclusion This study reveals that the feeds in China have commonly been contaminated with AFB_(1),DON,and ZEN alone and their combination during the past four years.These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in domestic animal feed and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.
文摘In the published version of our article(Shaji et al.,2024),in the last paragraph of the article,Hong Kong should be corrected to Hong Kong(China)and the repetition of Spain and Ireland in the same sentence need to be deleted.The correct sentence is as below.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41806130 and 42407149the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China under contract No.2024M750629+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under contract No.2018A0303130063the Marine Ecological Survey and Evaluation in Guangdong Province under contract No.0877-23GZTP01F179the Project of the Marine Geological Survey Program of China Geological Survey under contract Nos DD20230460,DD20242792,DD20211394,and DD20190308.
文摘The contamination and accumulation of microplastics(MPs)in mangrove ecosystems have become an increasing concern due to their potential ecological risks.This study investigated and analyzed the abundance of MPs in sediments,water,and benthos of mangrove areas(MA)and adjacent non-vegetated areas(NA)in Qinglan Bay.Results showed that the abundance of MPs in MA was significantly higher than in adjacent NA[sediment:(4.39±2.20)items/50 g dry weight(dw)vs.(4.10±2.71)items/50 g dw;water:(11.79±7.61)items/L vs.(10.61±5.93)items/L;benthos:(4.94±5.27)items/individual vs.(3.5±0.71)items/individual].The primary components identified in sediments and benthos were rayon and cellulose,while polyethylene(PE)and polypropylene(PP)dominated in water.Smaller MPs(<1000μm)accounted for 44%,43%,and 61%of the MPs in sediments,water,and benthos,respectively,indicating that smaller MPs are more likely to be ingested or captured by benthic organisms.Additionally,MPsenrichment was calculated in benthos[enrichment index(EI)=1.41],water(EI=1.11),and sediments(EI=1.09),confirming that the unique ecological environment of the MA leads to different distribution and accumulation characteristics of MPs compared to the NA.The ecological risk assessment revealed low MPs pollution levels in sediments and water,but higher risks were observed for polychaetes and bivalves.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030706).
文摘Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and chemical fractions occurrence characteristics of five toxic metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,and Zn)were analyzed,their potential sources were explored,and their contamination and ecological risk was assessed.In the surface waters and sediments,there were high concentrations of Zn,a low concentration of Cd,and small spatial differences in concentration among the upstream,midstream,and downstream.In terms of speciation,Cd mainly existed in the acid-soluble fraction,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction,and Cr,Cu,and Zn mainly existed in the residue fraction.The potential sources in surface waters and sediments were determined to be industrial emissions and agricultural non-point sources through the absolute principal component scores–multiple linear regression model(APCS–MLR).Based on the assessment results of total concentration and speciation,Cd was the typical contamination element in ZR sediments.In addition,the secondary phase enrichment factor(SPEF)based on speciation underestimates the degree of Pb contamination,and the ecological risk of Zn assessed by the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)and the risk assessment code(RAC)was higher than that of Cr,which was inconsistent with the results based on total concentrations.SOM and Al/Fe/Mn cycles in sediments influenced the geochemical behavior of toxic metals.
文摘In vitro fertilization(IVF)is one of the most used assisted reproductive technology(ART)techniques today.However,the success of IVF procedures heavily relies on maintaining a sterile environment in laboratories.This narrative review examines the effects of microbiological contamination in IVF laboratories,exploring its sources,impacts on IVF outcomes,and preventive measures.We conducted a complete literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on studies published within the last fifteen years.Our findings highlight that microbiological contamination can significantly impair embryo quality,reduce implantation and pregnancy rates,and increase the risk of miscarriage and infection.The review also discusses current best practices for contamination prevention and identifies areas for future research.This work emphasizes the critical importance of stringent sterility protocols in IVF laboratories and calls for continued vigilance and innovation in maintaining optimal conditions for assisted reproduction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12064034 and 11562017)the Leading Talents Program of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(Grant No.2020GKLRLX08)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(Grant No.2024AAC05040)。
文摘Atmospheric particle adsorption on insulator surfaces,coupled with humid environments,significantly affects contamination flashover,necessitating a clear understanding of the electric field distribution on insulator surfaces with adsorbed particles.This is crucial for accurately assessing insulator safety and informing critical decision-making.Although previous research has demonstrated that particle arrangement significantly influences the electric field distribution around transmission lines,an in-depth analysis of its effects on insulator surfaces remains lacking.To address this gap,this study establishes a composite insulator model to examine how three types of spherical contamination layers affect the electric field distribution on insulator surfaces under varying environmental conditions.The results reveal that in dry environments,the electric field strength at the apex of single-particle contamination layers increases with the particle size and relative permittivity.For the double-particle contamination layers,the electric field intensity on the insulator surface decreases as the particle spacing increases,and larger particles are more likely to attract smaller charged particles.For triple-particle contamination layers arranged in a triangular pattern,the maximum surface field strength is nearly double that of the chain-arranged particles.Furthermore,within the chain-arranged triple-particle contamination layers,a large-small-large size arrangement has a more pronounced impact on the surface electric field than a small-large-small size arrangement.In humid environments,the surface electric field strength of insulators decreases with increasing contamination levels.These findings are of significant theoretical and practical importance for ensuring the safe operation of power systems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.32360309)。
文摘Bauxite mining will bring huge economic benefit,but it also faces the risk of environmental pollution.Metal pollution problem has been widely concerned in bauxite tailing areas.Biodiversity indices,metal concentrations of moss crusts,and soil contamination indices in Wachangping bauxite tailing areas in Guizhou Province,China were measured and analyzed.In a total of 40 species belonging to 19 genera and 12 families of moss in the study areas,Ditrichum flexicaule(Schwaegr.)Hamp.(DF),Oxystegus cylindricus(Brid.)Hilp.(OC),and Ditrichum brevidens Nog.(DB)are the dominant moss crusts.Moss species diversity in different habitats has a certain regularity:waste residues area<waste rocks area<ore stockpile area<slope shrub area<shrub area by gutter<slope shrub herbaceous area.Sorenson diversity index(β)of moss species is influenced by microenvironment and substrate.Concentrations of Al,Mg,Ca,Fe,K,and Ti are the largest in DB(2,990 to 73,210 mg kg^(-1)),followed by those in DF(2,900 to 61,890 mg kg^(-1)),and are the smallest in OC(690 to 32,240 mg kg^(-1)),which show that the three moss crusts have different bioaccumulation capacities.Metal contents in underlying soils of moss crusts are higher than the background levels.Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)of Al,Mg,Ca,Fe,and K in three moss crusts are decreased in the following order:DB>DF>OC.Single factor pollution index(Ps)and Nemero comprehensive pollution index(Pc)of six metal are much greater than 3,and the index of geoaccumulation(Igeo)(1geo<5)reveals that the soil environment is at moderately to seriously contaminated levels.Principal components analysis(PCA)shows that there is no significant correlation between p H value,and metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti),soil temperature(ST)and metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti).Soil humidity(SH)is negatively correlated with metal contents(Al,Mg,Fe,K and Ti).These three environmental factors have little effect on the distribution of metal.Result also reflects that DB moss is readily able to both tolerate and accumulate metal,which makes it a suitable bioindicator of multiple metal contamination in Wachangping bauxite tailing areas.
基金supported by KeyArea Research and Development Program of Guangdong ProvinceChina(2020B020201006)to Chunwu Zhu+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870423)to Chunwu ZhuNational Natural Science Foundation of China(41930758)to Fang-Jie ZhaoJiangsu Science and Technology Department(BM20222002)to Chunwu ZhuCarbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Special Fund for Science and Technology from Nanjing Science and Technology Bureau(20221103)to Chunwu ZhuKey Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2022308)to Chunwu ZhuErdos City Science and Technology Major Project(2022EEDSKJZDZX010)to Chunwu Zhu。
文摘Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration([CO_(2)])can stimulate crop growth and increase yield,but the effect may be constrained by soil contamination with heavy metals.In a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment over three seasons,we found that soil heavy metal contamination can constrain or even reverse the projected CO_(2)fertilization effect on rice yield.Elevated[CO_(2)]produced opposing effects on the accumulation of arsenic and cadmium in rice grain.Breeding crops for heavy-metal resistance and low arsenic accumulation may become necessary with continuing climate change.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(32302233,32472466)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang(LZ24C200004)+6 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2022C02049)the Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo(2022Z178)the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(20244027)the WalMart Foundation(UA2020-152,UA2021-247)the State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products(2021DG700024-KF202517)the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Project(2024SNJF044)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhuji(2022J10).
文摘The contamination of pork during breeding can negatively impact both food quality and safety.Sodium dichloroiso-cyanurate(NaDCC),a chlorine-containing disinfectant,is widely used in animal environments.In this study,16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the bacterial communities in a pork farm.We also assessed the effectiveness of NaDCC disinfection by analyzing microbial diversity.The results revealed that the predominant genera in pork skin samples and environmental samples were Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter,respectively.Escherichia coli and Strep-tococcus equinus were present in all the samples,suggesting that NaDCC is not fully effective in preventing zoonotic pathogen contamination.The Chao1 and Shannon indices for sow skins increased after disinfection.No significant differences were observed in the microbiological composition of sow barn samples before and after disinfection(p>0.1).Additionally,bacterial abundance in sow skin was strongly correlated with abundance on pen floors(r=0.906,p<0.05),indicating potential cross-contamination between these sample types.Conversely,the bacterial abun-dance in the floor samples was weakly correlated with that in the other samples,suggesting that NaDCC is effective as a decontaminant.This study provides valuable insights into microbial contamination on pork farms and under-scores the importance of proper disinfection practices.This study also offers scientific recommendations for improv-ing disinfection protocols.
基金supported by Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(No.AB24010136)the Pre-project from Guangxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development(No.2024051)Guangxi Geochemistry and Environmental Restoration and Management Research Talent Highland.
文摘Evaluating petroleum contamination risk and implementing remedial measures in agricultural soil rely on indicators such as soil metal(loid)s and microbiome alterations.However,the response of these indicators to petroleum contamination remains under-investigated.The present study investigated the soil physicochemical features,metal(loid)s,microbial communities and networks,and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)community structures in soil samples collected from long-(LC)and short-term(SC)petroleum-contaminated oil fields.The results showed that petroleum contamination increased the levels of soil total petroleum hydrocarbon,carbon,nitrogen,sulfur,phosphorus,calcium,copper,manganese,lead,and zinc,and decreased soil pH,microbial biomass,bacterial and fungal diversity.Petroleum led to a rise in the abundances of soil Proteobacteria,Ascomycota,Oleibacter,and Fusarium.Network analyses showed that the number of network links(Control vs.SC,LC=1181 vs.700,1021),nodes(Control vs.SC,LC=90 vs.71,83)and average degree(Control vs.SC,LC=26.244 vs.19.718,24.602)recovered as the duration of contamination increased.Petroleum contamination also reduced the concentration of soil PLFAs,especially bacterial.These results demonstrate that brief exposure to high levels of petroleum contamination alters the physicochemical characteristics of the soil as well as the composition of soil metal(loid)s andmicroorganisms,leading to a less diverse soilmicrobial network that is more susceptible to damage.Future research should focus on the culturable microbiome of soil under petroleum contamination to provide a theoretical basis for further remediation.
基金funded by Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technology(Southern University of Science and Technology)Ministry of Education+1 种基金Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(grant No.2016ZT06N500)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power(grant No.2018B030322001).
文摘The efficient and stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)in practical applications can be adversely affected by various contaminants.This study delves into the impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on the gas diffusion layer(GDL)and PEMFC performance,systematically analyzing the physicochemical property changes and their correlation with electrochemical performance.The results indicate that after post-treatment,the GDL surface exhibited exposed carbon fibers,cracks,and large pores in the microporous layer(MPL),with a noticeable detachment of PTFE.There was a marked reduction in C and F element signals,an increase in O element signals,deposition of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3),formation of C=O and C=C bonds,appearance of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)characteristic peaks,and changes in pore structure—all suggesting significant alterations in the GDL's surface morphology,structure,and chemical composition.The decline in mechanical strength and thermal stability,and increased surface roughness and resistance negatively impacted fuel cell performance.At high current densities,the emergence of water flooding increased mass transfer resistance from 0.1Ωcm^(2)to 1.968Ωcm^(2),with a maximum power density decay rate reaching 71.17%.This study reveals the significant negative impact of Cr_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)contamination on GDL and fuel cell performance,highlighting that changes in surface structure,reduced hydrophobicity,and increased mass transfer resistance are primary causes of performance degradation.The findings provide crucial insights for improving GDL materials,optimizing fuel cell manufacturing and operation processes,and addressing contamination issues in practical applications.
文摘In oral health care, the spread of harmful infectious agents from the oral cavity is a constant concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of cross-contamination between patients due to the backflow of biological fluids and contaminated aerosols into the water tubes of rotating instruments (high-speed turbines). A second aim was to assess the dispersion of the aerosols generated in the medical environment and the risk of contamination for the dentist. Materials and methods: For safety reasons, we carried out an experimental study on two sheep heads purchased from a butcher to simulate periodontal treatment in the two oral cavities. The first cavity was artificially contaminated with the reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus to assess the transfer of this bacteria from one cavity to the other through the waterlines of the high-speed turbine used. Results: The study revealed a worrying risk of cross-contamination from contaminated aerosols flowing back through the dental turbine into the dental unit waterlines (33.33%) [p S. aureus and total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) were dispersed at varying distances from the oral cavity. In particular, the highest contamination levels were found within 0.3 m of the patient for S. aureus (M = 43.66, SD = 1) and THB (M = 45.59, SD = 5), with contamination levels decreasing at a distance of 1.5 m, respectively (M = 5.63, SD = 3.61;M = 8.09, SD = 7.01) [p ≤ 0.05]. Conclusions: Procedures should be implemented to limit the risk of cross-contamination during dental treatment. This can be achieved by strict adherence to hygiene and asepsis measures in the dental unit and medical devices, compliance with regulatory standards (e.g., ISO 15883 1-2), and the installation of anti-retraction valves in dental turbines, dental chair unit and suction systems to prevent backflow of contaminated biological fluids and aerosols.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52170088 and 52070133)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M690844)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021JDRC0027)for financially supporting this study.
文摘Hospital sewage contains various harmful pharmaceutical contaminants(e.g.,antibiotics,anti-inflammatory agents,and painkillers)and pathogens(e.g.,bacteria,viruses,and parasites),whose direct discharge into the environment will induce diseases and pose a powerful threat to human health and safety,and environmental ecology.In recent years,advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),particularly photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,and ozone catalysis have been developed as widespread and effective techniques for hospital sewage treatments.However,there is a lack of systematic comparison and review of the prior studies on hospital sewage treatment using AOPs systems.This review elaborates on the mechanisms,removal efficiencies,and advantages/disadvantages of these AOPs systems for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection.Meanwhile,some novel and potential technologies such as photo-electrocatalysis,electro-peroxone,Fenton/Fenton-like,and piezoelectric catalysis are also included and summarized.Moreover,we further summarize and compare the capacity of these AOPs to treat the actual hospital wastewater under the impact of the water matrix and pH,and estimate the economic cost of these technologies for practical application.Finally,the future development directions of AOPs for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection have been prospected.Overall,this study provides a comparison and overview of these AOP systems in an attempt to raise extensive concerns about hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection technologies and guide researchers to discover the future directions of technologies optimization,which would be a crucial step forward in the field of hospital sewage treatment.
文摘The regular hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater in the Mila basin over an extended period has provided valuable insights into the origin of dissolved salts and the hydrogeochemical processes controlling water salinization.The data reveals that the shallow Karst aquifer shows an increase in TDS of 162 mg L^(-1) while the ther-mal carbonate aquifer that is also used for drinking water supply exhibits an increase of 178 mg L^(-1).Additionally,significant temperature variations are recorded at the sur-face in the shallow aquifers and the waters are carbo-gaseous.Analysis of dissolved major and minor elements has identified several processes influencing the chemical composition namely:dissolution of evaporitic minerals,reduction of sulphates,congruent and incongruent car-bonates’dissolution,dedolomitization and silicates’weathering.The hydrogeochemical and geothermometric results show a mixing of saline thermal water with recharge water of meteoric origin.Two main geothermalfields have been identified,a partially evolved water reservoir and a water reservoir whosefluid interacts with sulphuric acid(H_(2)S)of magmatic origin.These hot waters that are char-acterized by a strong hydrothermal alteration do ascend through faults and fractures and contribute to the contamination of shallower aquifers.Understanding the geothermometry and the hydrogeochemistry of waters is crucial for managing and protecting the quality of groundwater resources in the Mila basin,in order to ensure sustainable water supply for the region.A conceptual model for groundwater circulation and mineralization acquisition has been established to further enhance under-standing in this regard.
基金funded by the Institutional Research Fund from Sichuan University(No.2020SCUNL211)。
文摘To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular tin-based contamination consisting of micro-and macroparticles was deposited on silicon via physical vapor deposition(PVD).The electrodedriven hydrogen plasma at different power levels was systematically diagnosed using a Langmuir probe and a retarding field ion energy analyzer(RFEA).Moreover,the magnitude of the self-biasing voltage was measured at different power levels,and the peak ion energy was corrected for the difference between the RFEA measurements and the self-biasing voltage(E_(RFEA)-eV_(self)).XPS analysis of O 1s and Sn 3d peaks demonstrated the chemical reduction process after 1 W cleaning.Analysis of surface and cross-section morphology revealed that holes emerged on the upper part of the macroparticles while its bottom remained smooth.Hills and folds appeared on the upper part of the microparticles,confirming the top-down cleaning mode with hydrogen plasma.This study provides an in situ electrode-driven hydrogen plasma etching process for tin-based contamination and will provide meaningful guidance for understanding the chemical mechanism of reduction and etching.
文摘We recently read the study by Kayano et al on intracorporeal anastomosis(IA)for colon cancer,which assessed bacterial contamination and medium-term onco-logical outcomes and affirmed that IA is analogous to extracorporeal anastomosis in reducing intraperitoneal bacterial risk and achieving similar oncological results.Our commentary addresses gaps,particularly concerning bowel preparation and surgical site infections(SSIs),and highlights the need for comprehensive details on the bowel preparation methods that are currently employed,including mecha-nical bowel preparation,oral antibiotics(OA),their combination,and specific OA types.We emphasize the necessity for further analyses that investigate these me-thods and their correlation with SSI rates,to enhance clinical protocol guidance and optimize surgical outcomes.Such meticulous analyses are essential for refi-ning strategies to effectively mitigate SSI risk in colorectal surgeries.
