深部岩石裂隙在剪切过程中形貌不断发生改变,导致裂隙渗流特性极其复杂,进而影响深部岩体工程的稳定性。为探明恒定法向刚度(constant normal stiffness,简称CNS)边界条件下岩石裂隙的剪切渗流特性,基于分形理论构建了不同粗糙度三维自...深部岩石裂隙在剪切过程中形貌不断发生改变,导致裂隙渗流特性极其复杂,进而影响深部岩体工程的稳定性。为探明恒定法向刚度(constant normal stiffness,简称CNS)边界条件下岩石裂隙的剪切渗流特性,基于分形理论构建了不同粗糙度三维自仿射裂隙面,采用考虑裂隙粗糙度退化的剪切数值方法分析了不同CNS边界条件下裂隙岩石剪切过程中几何形貌参数的演变规律。随后利用COMSOL软件对受剪后的裂隙进行渗流计算,研究了法向刚度、剪切位移和分形维数对裂隙非线性渗流特性的影响。结果表明:(1)裂隙的力学开度随着分形维数的增大而增大,但法向刚度的增加会减缓其增长速度;接触率主要受法向刚度控制,并随其增大而增大。(2)裂隙渗流的压力梯度与流量关系能够用Forchheimer定律准确描述,拟合系数A和B随剪切位移的增大呈幂函数减小趋势,随法向刚度的增加而增加,随裂隙分形维数的增加而减小。(3)裂隙的水力开度随分形维数的增加而增加,随法向刚度的增加而减小,并建立了以力学开度和开度标准差为自变量的水力开度模型。(4)裂隙渗流的临界雷诺数随剪切位移的增加先减小后增大,并随分形维数和法向刚度的增加而减小,以裂隙的分形维数、接触率和水力开度模型为基础,建立了CNS条件下剪切裂隙的临界雷诺数计算拟合公式。展开更多
通过分析柴油在定容燃烧室内的着火特性,从试验条件和测定精密度2方面对比了NB/SH/T 6035—2021,NB/SH/T 0883—2014,ASTM D 6890—22,ASTM D 7668—23,ASTM D 8183—22,ASTM D 7170—16等6种定容燃烧室法测定柴油十六烷值的特点。结果...通过分析柴油在定容燃烧室内的着火特性,从试验条件和测定精密度2方面对比了NB/SH/T 6035—2021,NB/SH/T 0883—2014,ASTM D 6890—22,ASTM D 7668—23,ASTM D 8183—22,ASTM D 7170—16等6种定容燃烧室法测定柴油十六烷值的特点。结果表明:6种测定方法采用的燃烧室结构形状、初始温度、压力、喷油技术、标准参考物质等各不相同,不同定容燃烧测定法对同种试样所得出的滞燃期与相应方法的喷油速度呈负相关关系;在精密度覆盖范围内,6种测定方法的重复性和再现性允许偏差均随着十六烷值的增加而增加,NB/SH/T 6035—2021和ASTM D 7668—23的精密度最高,ASTM D 8183—22和ASTM D 7668—23与标准发动机法的再现性优于其他测定方法。展开更多
The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced ...The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.展开更多
The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a di...The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a dimensionless constant that characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction between subatomic charged particles. Python-generated property counts for the twin prime force F{139/137} show that the adjusted ratio gives a value of α = 137.036. This implies a mathematical framework underlying this constant is based on twin prime numbers and set theory. This study attempts to demonstrate a proof of concept that a hierarchy of fractional twin prime (αII) forces replicates the quantum nature of the universe and is aligned with the Standard Model of Particle Physics. An expanded eFSC Model demonstrates that twin prime forces and their property sets are mathematically viable substitutes for nuclear reactions, as demonstrated for the Beta-minus decay of neutrons into protons. Most significantly, the positive and negative prime numbers define these nuclear reactants and products as positive or negatively charged ions. Furthermore, the eFSC Model provides new insights regarding the hierarchy of EM forces underlying the quantum nature of the universe.展开更多
The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in ...The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in the fact that each measurement gives different values, depending on where and with which device the measurement is taken. Ultimately, the mean value was formed and agreed upon as the official value that is used in all calculations. In an effort to explore the reason for the inaccuracy of this quantity, some formulas were configured using G, so that the respective quantity assumed the value = 1. The gravitational constant thus modified was also used in the other Planck equations instead of the conventional G. It turned out that the new values were all equivalent to each other. It was also shown that the new values were all represented by powers of the speed of light. The G was therefore no longer needed. Just like the famous mass/energy equivalence E = m * c2, similar formulas emerged, e.g. mass/momentum = m * c, mass/velocity = m * c2 and so on. This article takes up the idea that emerges in the article by Weber [1], who describes the gravitational constant as a variable (Gvar) and gives some reasons for this. Further reasons are given in the present paper and are computed. For example, the Planck units are set iteratively with the help of the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. In this article, eleven Planck units are set iteratively using the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. If all other units are based on the Gvar determined in this way, a matrix of values is created that can be regarded both as conversion factors and as equivalence relationships. It is astonishing, but not surprising that the equivalence relation E = m * c2 is one of these results. All formulas for these equivalence relationships work with the vacuum speed of light c and a new constant K. G, both as a variable and as a constant, no longer appears in these formulae. The new thing about this theory is that the gravitational constant is no longer needed. And if it no longer exists, it can no longer cause any difficulties. The example of the Planck units shows this fact very clearly. This is a radical break with current views. It is also interesting to note that the “magic” number 137 can be calculated from the distances between the values of the matrix. In addition, a similar number can be calculated from the distances between the Planck units. This number is 131 and differs from 137 with 4.14 percent. This difference has certainly often led to confusion, for example, when measuring the Fine Structure Constant.展开更多
In this paper, we analyze the enthalpy, enthalpy energy density, thermodynamic volume, and the equation of state of a modified white hole. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Th...In this paper, we analyze the enthalpy, enthalpy energy density, thermodynamic volume, and the equation of state of a modified white hole. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory, Ramanujan Recurring Numbers, DN Constant and String Theory, that enable us to extract the quantum geometrical properties of these thermodynamic equations and the implication to the quantum vacuum spacetime geometry of our early universe as they act as the constraints to the nature of quantum gravity of the universe.展开更多
This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139...This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.展开更多
文摘深部岩石裂隙在剪切过程中形貌不断发生改变,导致裂隙渗流特性极其复杂,进而影响深部岩体工程的稳定性。为探明恒定法向刚度(constant normal stiffness,简称CNS)边界条件下岩石裂隙的剪切渗流特性,基于分形理论构建了不同粗糙度三维自仿射裂隙面,采用考虑裂隙粗糙度退化的剪切数值方法分析了不同CNS边界条件下裂隙岩石剪切过程中几何形貌参数的演变规律。随后利用COMSOL软件对受剪后的裂隙进行渗流计算,研究了法向刚度、剪切位移和分形维数对裂隙非线性渗流特性的影响。结果表明:(1)裂隙的力学开度随着分形维数的增大而增大,但法向刚度的增加会减缓其增长速度;接触率主要受法向刚度控制,并随其增大而增大。(2)裂隙渗流的压力梯度与流量关系能够用Forchheimer定律准确描述,拟合系数A和B随剪切位移的增大呈幂函数减小趋势,随法向刚度的增加而增加,随裂隙分形维数的增加而减小。(3)裂隙的水力开度随分形维数的增加而增加,随法向刚度的增加而减小,并建立了以力学开度和开度标准差为自变量的水力开度模型。(4)裂隙渗流的临界雷诺数随剪切位移的增加先减小后增大,并随分形维数和法向刚度的增加而减小,以裂隙的分形维数、接触率和水力开度模型为基础,建立了CNS条件下剪切裂隙的临界雷诺数计算拟合公式。
文摘通过分析柴油在定容燃烧室内的着火特性,从试验条件和测定精密度2方面对比了NB/SH/T 6035—2021,NB/SH/T 0883—2014,ASTM D 6890—22,ASTM D 7668—23,ASTM D 8183—22,ASTM D 7170—16等6种定容燃烧室法测定柴油十六烷值的特点。结果表明:6种测定方法采用的燃烧室结构形状、初始温度、压力、喷油技术、标准参考物质等各不相同,不同定容燃烧测定法对同种试样所得出的滞燃期与相应方法的喷油速度呈负相关关系;在精密度覆盖范围内,6种测定方法的重复性和再现性允许偏差均随着十六烷值的增加而增加,NB/SH/T 6035—2021和ASTM D 7668—23的精密度最高,ASTM D 8183—22和ASTM D 7668—23与标准发动机法的再现性优于其他测定方法。
文摘The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.
文摘The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a dimensionless constant that characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction between subatomic charged particles. Python-generated property counts for the twin prime force F{139/137} show that the adjusted ratio gives a value of α = 137.036. This implies a mathematical framework underlying this constant is based on twin prime numbers and set theory. This study attempts to demonstrate a proof of concept that a hierarchy of fractional twin prime (αII) forces replicates the quantum nature of the universe and is aligned with the Standard Model of Particle Physics. An expanded eFSC Model demonstrates that twin prime forces and their property sets are mathematically viable substitutes for nuclear reactions, as demonstrated for the Beta-minus decay of neutrons into protons. Most significantly, the positive and negative prime numbers define these nuclear reactants and products as positive or negatively charged ions. Furthermore, the eFSC Model provides new insights regarding the hierarchy of EM forces underlying the quantum nature of the universe.
文摘The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in the fact that each measurement gives different values, depending on where and with which device the measurement is taken. Ultimately, the mean value was formed and agreed upon as the official value that is used in all calculations. In an effort to explore the reason for the inaccuracy of this quantity, some formulas were configured using G, so that the respective quantity assumed the value = 1. The gravitational constant thus modified was also used in the other Planck equations instead of the conventional G. It turned out that the new values were all equivalent to each other. It was also shown that the new values were all represented by powers of the speed of light. The G was therefore no longer needed. Just like the famous mass/energy equivalence E = m * c2, similar formulas emerged, e.g. mass/momentum = m * c, mass/velocity = m * c2 and so on. This article takes up the idea that emerges in the article by Weber [1], who describes the gravitational constant as a variable (Gvar) and gives some reasons for this. Further reasons are given in the present paper and are computed. For example, the Planck units are set iteratively with the help of the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. In this article, eleven Planck units are set iteratively using the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. If all other units are based on the Gvar determined in this way, a matrix of values is created that can be regarded both as conversion factors and as equivalence relationships. It is astonishing, but not surprising that the equivalence relation E = m * c2 is one of these results. All formulas for these equivalence relationships work with the vacuum speed of light c and a new constant K. G, both as a variable and as a constant, no longer appears in these formulae. The new thing about this theory is that the gravitational constant is no longer needed. And if it no longer exists, it can no longer cause any difficulties. The example of the Planck units shows this fact very clearly. This is a radical break with current views. It is also interesting to note that the “magic” number 137 can be calculated from the distances between the values of the matrix. In addition, a similar number can be calculated from the distances between the Planck units. This number is 131 and differs from 137 with 4.14 percent. This difference has certainly often led to confusion, for example, when measuring the Fine Structure Constant.
文摘In this paper, we analyze the enthalpy, enthalpy energy density, thermodynamic volume, and the equation of state of a modified white hole. We obtain new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory, Ramanujan Recurring Numbers, DN Constant and String Theory, that enable us to extract the quantum geometrical properties of these thermodynamic equations and the implication to the quantum vacuum spacetime geometry of our early universe as they act as the constraints to the nature of quantum gravity of the universe.
文摘This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.
