The scale of ground-to-air confrontation task assignments is large and needs to deal with many concurrent task assignments and random events.Aiming at the problems where existing task assignment methods are applied to...The scale of ground-to-air confrontation task assignments is large and needs to deal with many concurrent task assignments and random events.Aiming at the problems where existing task assignment methods are applied to ground-to-air confrontation,there is low efficiency in dealing with complex tasks,and there are interactive conflicts in multiagent systems.This study proposes a multiagent architecture based on a one-general agent with multiple narrow agents(OGMN)to reduce task assignment conflicts.Considering the slow speed of traditional dynamic task assignment algorithms,this paper proposes the proximal policy optimization for task assignment of general and narrow agents(PPOTAGNA)algorithm.The algorithm based on the idea of the optimal assignment strategy algorithm and combined with the training framework of deep reinforcement learning(DRL)adds a multihead attention mechanism and a stage reward mechanism to the bilateral band clipping PPO algorithm to solve the problem of low training efficiency.Finally,simulation experiments are carried out in the digital battlefield.The multiagent architecture based on OGMN combined with the PPO-TAGNA algorithm can obtain higher rewards faster and has a higher win ratio.By analyzing agent behavior,the efficiency,superiority and rationality of resource utilization of this method are verified.展开更多
According to the requirements of the live-virtual-constructive(LVC)tactical confrontation(TC)on the virtual entity(VE)decision model of graded combat capability,diversified actions,real-time decision-making,and genera...According to the requirements of the live-virtual-constructive(LVC)tactical confrontation(TC)on the virtual entity(VE)decision model of graded combat capability,diversified actions,real-time decision-making,and generalization for the enemy,the confrontation process is modeled as a zero-sum stochastic game(ZSG).By introducing the theory of dynamic relative power potential field,the problem of reward sparsity in the model can be solved.By reward shaping,the problem of credit assignment between agents can be solved.Based on the idea of meta-learning,an extensible multi-agent deep reinforcement learning(EMADRL)framework and solving method is proposed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of model solving.Experiments show that the model meets the requirements well and the algorithm learning efficiency is high.展开更多
In this paper, as a new contribution to the tensor-centric warfare (TCW) series [1] [2] [3] [4], we extend the kinetic TCW-framework to include non-kinetic effects, by addressing a general systems confrontation [5], w...In this paper, as a new contribution to the tensor-centric warfare (TCW) series [1] [2] [3] [4], we extend the kinetic TCW-framework to include non-kinetic effects, by addressing a general systems confrontation [5], which is waged not only in the traditional physical Air-Land-Sea domains, but also simultaneously across multiple non-physical domains, including cyberspace and social networks. Upon this basis, this paper attempts to address a more general analytical scenario using rigorous topological methods to introduce a two-level topological representation of modern armed conflict;in doing so, it extends from the traditional red-blue model of conflict to a red-blue-green model, where green represents various neutral elements as active factions;indeed, green can effectively decide the outcomes from red-blue conflict. System confrontations at various stages of the scenario will be defined by the non-equilibrium phase transitions which are superficially characterized by sudden entropy growth. These will be shown to have the underlying topology changes of the systems-battlespace. The two-level topological analysis of the systems-battlespace is utilized to address the question of topology changes in the combined battlespace. Once an intuitive analysis of the combined battlespace topology is performed, a rigorous topological analysis follows using (co)homological invariants of the combined systems-battlespace manifold.展开更多
The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber is a quintessential Hemingway tale of one man's attempt to overcome an in ternal struggle by mastering the external world. Francis Macomber discovers his own bravery and st...The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber is a quintessential Hemingway tale of one man's attempt to overcome an in ternal struggle by mastering the external world. Francis Macomber discovers his own bravery and strength when he ignores his self-consciousness and relies on instinct. This essay will examine Hemingway's code and how it confronts nada thus analyze Macomber's change from innocent to suffering to aware.展开更多
In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts the conflicts and contradictions between men and women about society, family, love, and money, literally mirroring the patriarchal society constantly challenged by feminism in t...In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts the conflicts and contradictions between men and women about society, family, love, and money, literally mirroring the patriarchal society constantly challenged by feminism in the 1920s of America. This paper intends to compare the features of masculinism and feminism in three aspects： gender, society, and morality. Different identifications of gender role between men and women lead to female protests against male superiority and pursuits of individual liberation. Meanwhile, male unshaken egotism and gradually expanded individualism of women enable them both in lack of sound moral standards. But compared with the female, male moral pride drives them with much more proper moral judge, which reflects Fitzgerald＇s support of the masculine society. Probing into the confrontation between masculinism and feminism, it is beneficial for further study on how to achieve equal coexistence and harmony between men and women.展开更多
This paper analyzes the characteristics of Interact space and confrontation, discussed on the main technology of network space attack and defense confrontation. The paper presents the realization scheme of network spa...This paper analyzes the characteristics of Interact space and confrontation, discussed on the main technology of network space attack and defense confrontation. The paper presents the realization scheme of network space attack defense confrontation system, and analyzes its feasibility. The technology and the system can provide technical support for the system in the network space of our country development, and safeguard security of network space in China, promote the development of the network space security industry of China, it plays an important role and significance to speed up China＇ s independent controllable security products development.展开更多
This paper presents a rule-based framework for addressing decision-making problems within the context of the "UI-STRIVE"Competition.First,two distinct autonomous confrontation scenarios are described:autonom...This paper presents a rule-based framework for addressing decision-making problems within the context of the "UI-STRIVE"Competition.First,two distinct autonomous confrontation scenarios are described:autonomous air combat and cooperative interception.Second,a State-Event-Condition-Action(SECA)decision-making framework is developed,which integrates thefinite state machine and event-condition-action frameworks.This framework provides three products to describe rules,i.e.the SECA model,the SECA state chart,and the SECA rule description.Third,the situation assessment and target assignment during autonomous air combat are investigated,and the mathematical models are established.Finally,the decisionmaking model's rationality and feasibility are verified through data simulation and analysis.展开更多
2024 is a“super election year”with the biggest influence in the world since World War II.About 80 countries covering about 60%of the world's population hold national elections.The number and scale of elections a...2024 is a“super election year”with the biggest influence in the world since World War II.About 80 countries covering about 60%of the world's population hold national elections.The number and scale of elections are rare in history.The processes and results of many countries'elections are so dramatic,with a series of exchanges,offenses and defenses,which further highlights the trend of intensified political confrontation and social division around the world.展开更多
The multi-target assignment(MTA)problem,a crucial challenge in command control,mission planning,and a fundamental research focus in military operations,has garnered significant attention over the years.Extensively stu...The multi-target assignment(MTA)problem,a crucial challenge in command control,mission planning,and a fundamental research focus in military operations,has garnered significant attention over the years.Extensively studied across various domains such as land,sea,air,space,and electronics,the MTA problem has led to the emergence of numerous models and algorithms.To delve deeper into this field,this paper starts by conducting a bibliometric analysis on 463 Scopus database papers using CiteSpace software.The analysis includes examining keyword clustering,co-occurrence,and burst,with visual representations of the results.Following this,the paper provides an overview of current classification and modeling techniques for addressing the MTA problem,distinguishing between static multi-target assignment(SMTA)and dynamic multi-target assignment(DMTA).Subsequently,existing solution algorithms for the MTA problem are reviewed,generally falling into three categories:exact algorithms,heuristic algorithms,and machine learning algorithms.Finally,a development framework is proposed based on the"HIGH"model(high-speed,integrated,great,harmonious)to guide future research and intelligent weapon system development concerning the MTA problem.This framework emphasizes application scenarios,modeling mechanisms,solution algorithms,and system efficiency to offer a roadmap for future exploration in this area.展开更多
In recent years,the availability of space orbital resources has been declining,and the increasing frequency of spacecraft close approach events has heightened the urgency for enhanced space security measures.This pape...In recent years,the availability of space orbital resources has been declining,and the increasing frequency of spacecraft close approach events has heightened the urgency for enhanced space security measures.This paper establishes a comprehensive framework for intelligent orbital game technology in space,encompassing four core technologies:threat perception of noncooperative targets,intent recognition,situation assessment,and intelligent orbital game countermeasures.The concepts of multi-turn,multi-round and multi-match in space orbital games are defined,clarifying the core technological requirements for intelligent space orbital games and establishing a cohesive technological framework.Subsequently,the current status of research on these four core technologies is investigated.The challenges faced in the existing research are analyzed,and potential solutions for future studies are proposed.This paper aims to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the latest advancements in space intelligent orbital game technology.along with insights into the future directions and challenges in this field.展开更多
The world post-9/11 is characterised by uncertainty, fear and suspicion. Psychological confrontations amplified by the mass media have even come to dominate physical engagements between warring parties. Drama theory p...The world post-9/11 is characterised by uncertainty, fear and suspicion. Psychological confrontations amplified by the mass media have even come to dominate physical engagements between warring parties. Drama theory provides a powerful framework for understanding these interactions in much the way that game theory was able to support strategy making by autonomous players in a less inter-connected era, A model of the ＇normal＇ process leading to dramatic resolution is an essential feature of the drama theory approach and is described here. However this process can be derailed or fail in many ways. This paper reviews many of these systemic pathologies and illustrates some Of them through consideration of three high-profile cases. The conclusion is that it is important to recognise and possibly to use pathological behavior as an element of a character＇s interaction strategy.展开更多
Intelligent confrontation has become a vital technology for future air combats.Confrontation games between a penetrating aircraft and an intercepting aircraft are essential for modern air combats.In addition,the perfo...Intelligent confrontation has become a vital technology for future air combats.Confrontation games between a penetrating aircraft and an intercepting aircraft are essential for modern air combats.In addition,the perfor-mance indexes of both the interceptor and penetrator must be considered.Traditional methods only solve one side’s guidance problem without considering the intelligence of the opponent.In this paper,an adaptive heuristic dynamic programming-based algorithm is proposed for aircraft confrontation games.This algorithm constructs a heuristic dynamic programming model for both confrontation aircraft and then updates the critical and ac-tion network parameters using the dynamic confrontation state information.Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm can optimize the guidance law for both the interceptor and penetrator and is therefore superior to traditional proportional navigation methods.展开更多
This article aims to address the aspects of conflict between Iran and the GCC starting from the geographical location,focusing on the factors that influence the acquisition of power by different state actors in this m...This article aims to address the aspects of conflict between Iran and the GCC starting from the geographical location,focusing on the factors that influence the acquisition of power by different state actors in this maritime sphere.The purpose of the article is to uncover the significant factors that directly and indirectly affect the distribution of influence between Iran and the GCC countries in this strategic marine area through following different sub-goals that deal with the main elements regarding security,political and economic conditions within every country in that region,as well as among the various regional and international powers.The analysis reveals that the interests of the GCC in this strategic maritime outweighs the interests of Iran.In the meantime,Saudi Arabia and UAE consider this area a high security threat region,while Iran sees it as one of the multiple security axes that are associated with its interests.The security risks that threaten the Arab Gulf states because of the new political and economic relationship with Yemen due to the war,in addition to the declared and latent maneuvers of world powers from outside the region either to besiege the Gulf axis or to initiate alliances with the Gulf states,signify without doubt the strong future influence of this geographical spot for the GCC and the possibilities of conflict escalation between Iran and GCC.展开更多
Crawford is a watershed case separating hearsay exceptions and confrontation.Overruling Roberts,Crawford established a new bright-line test for Confrontation Clause.Testimonial out-of-court statements,whether reliable...Crawford is a watershed case separating hearsay exceptions and confrontation.Overruling Roberts,Crawford established a new bright-line test for Confrontation Clause.Testimonial out-of-court statements,whether reliable or not,are inadmissible unless the prosecution has shown:(a)the declarant is unavailable and(b)the defense has a prior opportunity for cross-examination.Applying Crawford's primary purpose test,testimonial out-of-court forensic reports(usually as affidavits)might not be admissible.However,Crawford underlined that the Confrontation Clause has its independent procedural values and other nonepistemic functions.展开更多
The following article appeared in China Today ahead of President Xi Jinping’s visit to the United States in April.The original language has been retained.
The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue...The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.展开更多
As important geological data,a geological report contains rich expert and geological knowledge,but the challenge facing current research into geological knowledge extraction and mining is how to render accurate unders...As important geological data,a geological report contains rich expert and geological knowledge,but the challenge facing current research into geological knowledge extraction and mining is how to render accurate understanding of geological reports guided by domain knowledge.While generic named entity recognition models/tools can be utilized for the processing of geoscience reports/documents,their effectiveness is hampered by a dearth of domain-specific knowledge,which in turn leads to a pronounced decline in recognition accuracy.This study summarizes six types of typical geological entities,with reference to the ontological system of geological domains and builds a high quality corpus for the task of geological named entity recognition(GNER).In addition,Geo Wo BERT-adv BGP(Geological Word-base BERTadversarial training Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory Global Pointer)is proposed to address the issues of ambiguity,diversity and nested entities for the geological entities.The model first uses the fine-tuned word granularitybased pre-training model Geo Wo BERT(Geological Word-base BERT)and combines the text features that are extracted using the Bi LSTM(Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory),followed by an adversarial training algorithm to improve the robustness of the model and enhance its resistance to interference,the decoding finally being performed using a global association pointer algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed model for the constructed dataset achieves high performance and is capable of mining the rich geological information.展开更多
基金the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62106283)the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72001214)to provide fund for conducting experimentsthe Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2020JQ-484)。
文摘The scale of ground-to-air confrontation task assignments is large and needs to deal with many concurrent task assignments and random events.Aiming at the problems where existing task assignment methods are applied to ground-to-air confrontation,there is low efficiency in dealing with complex tasks,and there are interactive conflicts in multiagent systems.This study proposes a multiagent architecture based on a one-general agent with multiple narrow agents(OGMN)to reduce task assignment conflicts.Considering the slow speed of traditional dynamic task assignment algorithms,this paper proposes the proximal policy optimization for task assignment of general and narrow agents(PPOTAGNA)algorithm.The algorithm based on the idea of the optimal assignment strategy algorithm and combined with the training framework of deep reinforcement learning(DRL)adds a multihead attention mechanism and a stage reward mechanism to the bilateral band clipping PPO algorithm to solve the problem of low training efficiency.Finally,simulation experiments are carried out in the digital battlefield.The multiagent architecture based on OGMN combined with the PPO-TAGNA algorithm can obtain higher rewards faster and has a higher win ratio.By analyzing agent behavior,the efficiency,superiority and rationality of resource utilization of this method are verified.
基金supported by the Military Scentific Research Project(41405030302,41401020301).
文摘According to the requirements of the live-virtual-constructive(LVC)tactical confrontation(TC)on the virtual entity(VE)decision model of graded combat capability,diversified actions,real-time decision-making,and generalization for the enemy,the confrontation process is modeled as a zero-sum stochastic game(ZSG).By introducing the theory of dynamic relative power potential field,the problem of reward sparsity in the model can be solved.By reward shaping,the problem of credit assignment between agents can be solved.Based on the idea of meta-learning,an extensible multi-agent deep reinforcement learning(EMADRL)framework and solving method is proposed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of model solving.Experiments show that the model meets the requirements well and the algorithm learning efficiency is high.
文摘In this paper, as a new contribution to the tensor-centric warfare (TCW) series [1] [2] [3] [4], we extend the kinetic TCW-framework to include non-kinetic effects, by addressing a general systems confrontation [5], which is waged not only in the traditional physical Air-Land-Sea domains, but also simultaneously across multiple non-physical domains, including cyberspace and social networks. Upon this basis, this paper attempts to address a more general analytical scenario using rigorous topological methods to introduce a two-level topological representation of modern armed conflict;in doing so, it extends from the traditional red-blue model of conflict to a red-blue-green model, where green represents various neutral elements as active factions;indeed, green can effectively decide the outcomes from red-blue conflict. System confrontations at various stages of the scenario will be defined by the non-equilibrium phase transitions which are superficially characterized by sudden entropy growth. These will be shown to have the underlying topology changes of the systems-battlespace. The two-level topological analysis of the systems-battlespace is utilized to address the question of topology changes in the combined battlespace. Once an intuitive analysis of the combined battlespace topology is performed, a rigorous topological analysis follows using (co)homological invariants of the combined systems-battlespace manifold.
文摘The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber is a quintessential Hemingway tale of one man's attempt to overcome an in ternal struggle by mastering the external world. Francis Macomber discovers his own bravery and strength when he ignores his self-consciousness and relies on instinct. This essay will examine Hemingway's code and how it confronts nada thus analyze Macomber's change from innocent to suffering to aware.
文摘In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depicts the conflicts and contradictions between men and women about society, family, love, and money, literally mirroring the patriarchal society constantly challenged by feminism in the 1920s of America. This paper intends to compare the features of masculinism and feminism in three aspects： gender, society, and morality. Different identifications of gender role between men and women lead to female protests against male superiority and pursuits of individual liberation. Meanwhile, male unshaken egotism and gradually expanded individualism of women enable them both in lack of sound moral standards. But compared with the female, male moral pride drives them with much more proper moral judge, which reflects Fitzgerald＇s support of the masculine society. Probing into the confrontation between masculinism and feminism, it is beneficial for further study on how to achieve equal coexistence and harmony between men and women.
文摘This paper analyzes the characteristics of Interact space and confrontation, discussed on the main technology of network space attack and defense confrontation. The paper presents the realization scheme of network space attack defense confrontation system, and analyzes its feasibility. The technology and the system can provide technical support for the system in the network space of our country development, and safeguard security of network space in China, promote the development of the network space security industry of China, it plays an important role and significance to speed up China＇ s independent controllable security products development.
文摘This paper presents a rule-based framework for addressing decision-making problems within the context of the "UI-STRIVE"Competition.First,two distinct autonomous confrontation scenarios are described:autonomous air combat and cooperative interception.Second,a State-Event-Condition-Action(SECA)decision-making framework is developed,which integrates thefinite state machine and event-condition-action frameworks.This framework provides three products to describe rules,i.e.the SECA model,the SECA state chart,and the SECA rule description.Third,the situation assessment and target assignment during autonomous air combat are investigated,and the mathematical models are established.Finally,the decisionmaking model's rationality and feasibility are verified through data simulation and analysis.
文摘2024 is a“super election year”with the biggest influence in the world since World War II.About 80 countries covering about 60%of the world's population hold national elections.The number and scale of elections are rare in history.The processes and results of many countries'elections are so dramatic,with a series of exchanges,offenses and defenses,which further highlights the trend of intensified political confrontation and social division around the world.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.62173274)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0405300)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Grant No.2021JJ10045)the Practice and Innovation Funds for Graduate Students of Northwestern Polytechnical University(Grant No.PF2023046)the Open Research Subject of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game(Grant No.ZBKF-24-01)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20240989)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M754304)。
文摘The multi-target assignment(MTA)problem,a crucial challenge in command control,mission planning,and a fundamental research focus in military operations,has garnered significant attention over the years.Extensively studied across various domains such as land,sea,air,space,and electronics,the MTA problem has led to the emergence of numerous models and algorithms.To delve deeper into this field,this paper starts by conducting a bibliometric analysis on 463 Scopus database papers using CiteSpace software.The analysis includes examining keyword clustering,co-occurrence,and burst,with visual representations of the results.Following this,the paper provides an overview of current classification and modeling techniques for addressing the MTA problem,distinguishing between static multi-target assignment(SMTA)and dynamic multi-target assignment(DMTA).Subsequently,existing solution algorithms for the MTA problem are reviewed,generally falling into three categories:exact algorithms,heuristic algorithms,and machine learning algorithms.Finally,a development framework is proposed based on the"HIGH"model(high-speed,integrated,great,harmonious)to guide future research and intelligent weapon system development concerning the MTA problem.This framework emphasizes application scenarios,modeling mechanisms,solution algorithms,and system efficiency to offer a roadmap for future exploration in this area.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.124B2031,12202281)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation,China(No.23ZR1461800)the Northwestern Polytechnical University Scientific Research Initiation Foundation,China(No.G2024KY05103).
文摘In recent years,the availability of space orbital resources has been declining,and the increasing frequency of spacecraft close approach events has heightened the urgency for enhanced space security measures.This paper establishes a comprehensive framework for intelligent orbital game technology in space,encompassing four core technologies:threat perception of noncooperative targets,intent recognition,situation assessment,and intelligent orbital game countermeasures.The concepts of multi-turn,multi-round and multi-match in space orbital games are defined,clarifying the core technological requirements for intelligent space orbital games and establishing a cohesive technological framework.Subsequently,the current status of research on these four core technologies is investigated.The challenges faced in the existing research are analyzed,and potential solutions for future studies are proposed.This paper aims to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the latest advancements in space intelligent orbital game technology.along with insights into the future directions and challenges in this field.
文摘The world post-9/11 is characterised by uncertainty, fear and suspicion. Psychological confrontations amplified by the mass media have even come to dominate physical engagements between warring parties. Drama theory provides a powerful framework for understanding these interactions in much the way that game theory was able to support strategy making by autonomous players in a less inter-connected era, A model of the ＇normal＇ process leading to dramatic resolution is an essential feature of the drama theory approach and is described here. However this process can be derailed or fail in many ways. This paper reviews many of these systemic pathologies and illustrates some Of them through consideration of three high-profile cases. The conclusion is that it is important to recognise and possibly to use pathological behavior as an element of a character＇s interaction strategy.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Founda-tion(Grant No.2020M681750).
文摘Intelligent confrontation has become a vital technology for future air combats.Confrontation games between a penetrating aircraft and an intercepting aircraft are essential for modern air combats.In addition,the perfor-mance indexes of both the interceptor and penetrator must be considered.Traditional methods only solve one side’s guidance problem without considering the intelligence of the opponent.In this paper,an adaptive heuristic dynamic programming-based algorithm is proposed for aircraft confrontation games.This algorithm constructs a heuristic dynamic programming model for both confrontation aircraft and then updates the critical and ac-tion network parameters using the dynamic confrontation state information.Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm can optimize the guidance law for both the interceptor and penetrator and is therefore superior to traditional proportional navigation methods.
文摘This article aims to address the aspects of conflict between Iran and the GCC starting from the geographical location,focusing on the factors that influence the acquisition of power by different state actors in this maritime sphere.The purpose of the article is to uncover the significant factors that directly and indirectly affect the distribution of influence between Iran and the GCC countries in this strategic marine area through following different sub-goals that deal with the main elements regarding security,political and economic conditions within every country in that region,as well as among the various regional and international powers.The analysis reveals that the interests of the GCC in this strategic maritime outweighs the interests of Iran.In the meantime,Saudi Arabia and UAE consider this area a high security threat region,while Iran sees it as one of the multiple security axes that are associated with its interests.The security risks that threaten the Arab Gulf states because of the new political and economic relationship with Yemen due to the war,in addition to the declared and latent maneuvers of world powers from outside the region either to besiege the Gulf axis or to initiate alliances with the Gulf states,signify without doubt the strong future influence of this geographical spot for the GCC and the possibilities of conflict escalation between Iran and GCC.
文摘Crawford is a watershed case separating hearsay exceptions and confrontation.Overruling Roberts,Crawford established a new bright-line test for Confrontation Clause.Testimonial out-of-court statements,whether reliable or not,are inadmissible unless the prosecution has shown:(a)the declarant is unavailable and(b)the defense has a prior opportunity for cross-examination.Applying Crawford's primary purpose test,testimonial out-of-court forensic reports(usually as affidavits)might not be admissible.However,Crawford underlined that the Confrontation Clause has its independent procedural values and other nonepistemic functions.
文摘The following article appeared in China Today ahead of President Xi Jinping’s visit to the United States in April.The original language has been retained.
文摘The main significance of witnesses＇ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant＇s right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant＇s right to confront is the key point. Since neither China＇s criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty- five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42301492)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF0711600,2022YFF0801201,2022YFF0801200)+3 种基金the Major Special Project of Xinjiang(Grant No.2022A03009-3)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No.KF-2022-07014)the Opening Fund of the Key Laboratory of the Geological Survey and Evaluation of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.GLAB 2023ZR01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘As important geological data,a geological report contains rich expert and geological knowledge,but the challenge facing current research into geological knowledge extraction and mining is how to render accurate understanding of geological reports guided by domain knowledge.While generic named entity recognition models/tools can be utilized for the processing of geoscience reports/documents,their effectiveness is hampered by a dearth of domain-specific knowledge,which in turn leads to a pronounced decline in recognition accuracy.This study summarizes six types of typical geological entities,with reference to the ontological system of geological domains and builds a high quality corpus for the task of geological named entity recognition(GNER).In addition,Geo Wo BERT-adv BGP(Geological Word-base BERTadversarial training Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory Global Pointer)is proposed to address the issues of ambiguity,diversity and nested entities for the geological entities.The model first uses the fine-tuned word granularitybased pre-training model Geo Wo BERT(Geological Word-base BERT)and combines the text features that are extracted using the Bi LSTM(Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory),followed by an adversarial training algorithm to improve the robustness of the model and enhance its resistance to interference,the decoding finally being performed using a global association pointer algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed model for the constructed dataset achieves high performance and is capable of mining the rich geological information.
