Relative tillering rate(RTR)increased linear-ly with the increasing of leaf N concentration(NLV)has been already reported.To testwhether this relationship could be used toquantitatively explain the difference in tille...Relative tillering rate(RTR)increased linear-ly with the increasing of leaf N concentration(NLV)has been already reported.To testwhether this relationship could be used toquantitatively explain the difference in tilleringamong a wide range of N application,field ex- periments were conducted at the IRRI farm,Los Banos,Laguna,the Philippines.Two in- dica cultivars,IR 72 and IR68284H wereused.For each cultivar,12 treatments includ- ing 4 N levels(0,60,120,and 180kgN·ha)and 3 transplanting spacing(30×20,20×20,and 10×20cm)were arranged in a ran-domized split-plot design with 4 replications.The N treatments were designated as mainplots and spacings as subplots.Fourteen-day-old seedlings were transplanted with 3seedlings per hill.The subplot area was 20m~2.Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as basal,atmidtillering,and at panicle initiation in threeequal splits.P,K,and Zn were applied asbasal at normal dosage.The field was flooded.Plant samples were taken every 7-14 d from 14d after transplanting to flower展开更多
In the animal raising sector of Hungary, the indigenious and special Hungarian product called Mangalica pig has a special significance. Some descriptions were made about the species but the concentration of this segme...In the animal raising sector of Hungary, the indigenious and special Hungarian product called Mangalica pig has a special significance. Some descriptions were made about the species but the concentration of this segment has not been examined, that is why the aim of the researchers is to analyse the concentration of the Mangalica population on the basis of various statistical methods in the last 10 years. The certain concentration indexes were the following the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve, the Gini-coefficient, the Herfindahl-index and the redundancy index. Through the analysis we realised that from 2000 a kind of concentration started, which in case of the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve and the Gini-coefficient were in 2001 and 2003 of the highest ratio. The Herfindal-index and redundancy index showed that the years of 2000 and 2002 were the most significant, because of a number of large-scale producers started their activities or developed their stocks in these years. On the basis of the results, it can be stated that in the years before the application and after the recession the concentration of the stock was instable, while at the beginning of the supporting period until the crisis the appearance of large-scale firms became equal but basically according to every index the concentration in the examined years was approximately average.展开更多
Quantifying the aggregation patterns of urban population, economic activities, and land use are essential for understanding compact development, but little is known about the difference among the distribution characte...Quantifying the aggregation patterns of urban population, economic activities, and land use are essential for understanding compact development, but little is known about the difference among the distribution characteristics and how the built environment influences urban aggre-gation. In this study, five elements are collected in Wuhan, China, namely population density, floor area ratio, business POIs, road network and built-up area as the representative of urban population, economic activities and land use. An inverse S-shape function is employed to fit the elements’ macro distribution. An aggregation degree index is proposed to measure the aggregation level of urban elements. The kernel density estimation is used to identify the aggregation patterns. The spatial regression model is used to identify the built environment factors influencing the spatial distribution of urban elements. Results indicates that all urban elements decay outward from the city center in an inverse S-shape manner. The business Pointof- Interest (POI) density and population density are highly aggregated;floor area ratio and road density are moderately aggregated, whereas the built-up density is poorly aggregated. Three types of spatial aggregation patterns are identified: a point-shaped pattern, an axial pattern and a planar pattern. The spatial regression modeling shows that the built environment is associated with the distribution of the urban population, economic activities and land use. Destination accessibility factors, transit accessibility factors and land use diversity factors shape the distribution of the business POI density, floor area ratio and road density. Design factors are positively associated with population density, floor area ratio and built-up density. Future planning should consider the varying spatial concentration of urban population, economic activities and land use as well as their relationships with built environment attributes. Results of this study will provide a systematic understanding of aggregation of urban land use, popula-tion, and economic activities in megacities as well as some suggestions for planning and compact development.展开更多
Objective To assess health equity in the Yangtze River region to improve understanding of the correlation between hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) and socioeconomic factors.Methods From 2014–2016, data on HFMD inc...Objective To assess health equity in the Yangtze River region to improve understanding of the correlation between hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) and socioeconomic factors.Methods From 2014–2016, data on HFMD incidence, population statistics, economic indicators, and meteorology from 26 cities along the Yangtze River were analyzed. A multi-city random-effects metaanalysis was performed to study the relationship between temperature and HFMD transmission, and health equity was assessed with respect to socio-economic impact.Results Over the study period, 919,458 HFMD cases were reported, with Shanghai(162,303) having the highest incidence and Tongling(5,513) having the lowest. Males were more commonly affected(male-to-female ratio, 1.49:1). The exposure-response relationship had an M-shaped curve, with two HFMD peaks occurring at 4 ℃ and 26 ℃. The relative risk had two peaks at 1.30 ℃(1.834, 95% CI:1.204–2.794) and 31.4 ℃(1.143, 95% CI: 0.901–1.451), forming an M shape, with the first peak higher than the second. The most significant impact of temperature on HFMD was observed between –2 ℃ and18.1 ℃. The concentration index(0.2463) indicated moderate concentration differences, whereas the Theil index(0.0418) showed low inequality in distribution.Conclusion The incidence of HFMD varied across cities, particularly with changes in temperature.Economically prosperous areas showed higher risks, indicating disparities. Targeted interventions in these areas are crucial for mitigating the risk of HFMD.展开更多
Coastal Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to various impacts of climate change,including rising temperatures,unpredictable precipitation,cyclones,droughts,and saltwater intrusion.These factors collectively threaten agri...Coastal Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to various impacts of climate change,including rising temperatures,unpredictable precipitation,cyclones,droughts,and saltwater intrusion.These factors collectively threaten agricultural productivity and food security.This study examines the relationship between farmers’perceptions and observable climatic trends,with a focus on the sustainability of food systems and the promotion of adaptable farming techniques in Bagerhat District,Bangladesh.A mixed-methods strategy was employed,incorporating household surveys(a total of 110 purposively selected farmers),focus group discussions,key informant interviews,and climatic data analysis.The Mann-Kendall test,Sen’s slope estimator,precipitation concentration index(PCI),and standardized rainfall anomaly index(SRAI)were employed to analyze climate trends from 1991 to 2020.The findings showed that more than 70.00%of respondents indicated that summers were becoming warmer,over 50.00%reported that winters were becoming colder,and 63.00%stated that yearly precipitation was decreasing.Farmers reported an increase in flood occurrences and a decline in the predictability of precipitation.Between 2011 and 2019,the output of most rice varieties decreased,with the exception of high-yielding Aman rice and hybrid Boro rice.The results also showed that 60.00%of respondents reported experiencing salinity intrusion,and 57.00%attributed significant yield losses to salinity.Planting salt-tolerant rice varieties(such as BRRI Dhan 67 and Binadhan-10),practicing homestead vegetable cultivation,and moderately integrating shrimp aquaculture were also common adaptive measures.To improve long-term food security in coastal Bangladesh,we suggest growing more salt-tolerant crop varieties,promoting vertical and homestead gardening,enhancing seed systems that are resilient to climate change,and educating farmers on the use of climate-smart farming methods.This study highlights the importance of aligning farmers’perceptions with observed climatic data to design effective adaptation strategies.The findings of this study can guide policy-makers and development practitioners in strengthening climate-resilient agriculture and ensuring long-term food security in coastal Bangladesh.展开更多
China＇s success in reform and opening up policy for twenty years is regarded as China＇s miracles in the world, whereas the income differential widening phenomenon has been the focus of the policymakers and researche...China＇s success in reform and opening up policy for twenty years is regarded as China＇s miracles in the world, whereas the income differential widening phenomenon has been the focus of the policymakers and researchers. This article researches 1994-2003 China＇s rural regions income differential and its decomposition. The method this paper used to measure the disparity is Gini Index. There are many ways to compute it, so the easiest way to decompose Gini Index-Matrix method is adopted. And based on it, farmer＇s income could be divided into wage income, fanning income, transfer income and property income according to its composition. The conclusion is that all of the indexes are between 0.2 and 0.3, at the comparatively average level. From the fluctuation trend, it increased from 1994 to 1995, while reduced from 1995 to 1996, fluctuated in 1997, and then diminished again. In general, farmer＇s regions income differential stays at comparatively average level, but it has the widening trend with time. Through decomposing Gini Index, wage income is the most important increasing factor, while fanning income is the reducing factor.展开更多
This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one...This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one or more optimized wheel profiles according to train operators’needs,e.g.,reducing wheel wear,mitigating the development of wheel out-of-roundness(OOR),improving the shape stability of the wheel profile.Specifically,WPFTS includes four modules:(I)a wheel profile generation module based on the rotary-scaling finetuning(RSFT)method;(II)a multi-objective generation module consisting of a rigid multi-body dynamics simulation(MBS)model,an analytical model,and a rigid–flexible MBS model,for generating 11 objectives related to wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort;(III)a weight assignment module consisting of an adaptive weight assignment strategy and a manual weight assignment strategy;and(IV)an optimization module based on radial basis function(RBF)and particle swarm optimization(PSO).Finally,three cases are introduced to show how WPTFS recommends a wheel profile according to train operators’needs.Among them,a wheel profile with high shape stability,a wheel profile for mitigating the development of wheel OOR,and a wheel profile considering hunting stability and derailment safety are developed,respectively.展开更多
This study analyses spatial variab （amount and concentration） based on data lity and trends in annual and monthly precipitation from 42 stations in mainland Portugal during the period 1960-2011. Relationships betwee...This study analyses spatial variab （amount and concentration） based on data lity and trends in annual and monthly precipitation from 42 stations in mainland Portugal during the period 1960-2011. Relationships between certain geographic variables （elevation, latitude and longitude） and precipitation variability were also determined in order to check for specific dependencies and spatial patterns in precipitation distribution, concentration and changing trends. Trends and relationships have been analysed using both parametric and non-parametric tests. The results showed that annual precipitation had decreased in all stations and that this trend is statistically significant for most of the time series （70% of the stations showed nega- tive trends with at least a 0.1 significance level）. The Annual Precipitation Concentration In- dex revealed an opposite behaviour pattern, suggesting that even though the annual trend for precipitation amount was negative overall, more than half of the udometric stations registered a more marked seasonality for precipitation during the period 1960-2011. However, only one station showed statistical significant time trend. Regarding the influence of geographical features, latitude is the most important variable, governing spatial distribution and variations in annual precipitation as well as its intra-annual changeability. These important changes in precipitation, involving both amount and concentration, may have severe consequences for ecosystems and societies.展开更多
On the basis of analyzing yearly data and spatial relationships between tourism spots, star hotels and travel agencies of Hainan Province, and comparing all the methods of measuring industrial spatial agglomeration, t...On the basis of analyzing yearly data and spatial relationships between tourism spots, star hotels and travel agencies of Hainan Province, and comparing all the methods of measuring industrial spatial agglomeration, this paper chose Hefindahl index, Location Quotient, nearest neighbor index, spatial connection index and geographic concentration index to measure Hainan tourism agglomeration. By applying these methods, total tourism agglomeration, agglomeration of tourism factors and regional agglomeration differences were studied. The results showed that the overall agglomeration increases as time flows, and the eastern part is the most agglomerated, the west takes the second, with the middle ranking the least. The large-scale agglomeration regions are Sanya and Haikou. The influencing factors of Hainan tourism spatial agglomeration were concluded as tourism resource endowment, industrial attributes, geographic conditions, governmental policies and the overall economic development level, etc. In addition, the paper proposed tourism spatial agglomeration modes of Hainan Province at various spatial scales.展开更多
This study seeks to understand long-term changes of rainfall for the Great Kei River catchment (GKRc) in South Africa for water resources management and planning. Monthly and annual rainfall time series data from 1950...This study seeks to understand long-term changes of rainfall for the Great Kei River catchment (GKRc) in South Africa for water resources management and planning. Monthly and annual rainfall time series data from 1950 to 2017 for 11 rainfall gauging stations are analyzed using various statistical methods. Data obtained from South African Weather Services (SAWS) was quality controlled to enable the use of Mann-Kendall (MK), Theil Sen’s method, Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI), among others to characterise rainfall. Rainfall in the catchment is seasonal (particularly wet in spring and summer) and highly variable with a PCI of 17.2. Years which received rain above and below the mean inter-annually were 46% and 54%, respectively. Seasonality trends also confirm that the GKRc has been progressively receiving less rainfall since 1950, especially in the autumn. The methods are novel in understanding historical and existing trends, variability and characteristics that control freshwater availability in this catchment.展开更多
Based on the property of entropy,a new index Q was defined to measure the temporal concentration property of summertime daily rainfall in China,based on daily precipitation data collected at 553 observation stations i...Based on the property of entropy,a new index Q was defined to measure the temporal concentration property of summertime daily rainfall in China,based on daily precipitation data collected at 553 observation stations in China during 1961–2010.Furthermore,changes in the temporal concentration property of summer precipitation in China were investigated.The results indicate that the regions with larger Q values were located in most parts of Northwest China and the north of the Yellow River,where daily precipitation tended to become temporally concentrated during the study period.On the contrary,smaller Q values were found in eastern Tibetan Plateau,southeastern Northwest China,and most parts of Southwest and South China.The most obvious increasing trend of Q index was found in South China and most parts of Southwest China,where precipitation showed a temporal concentration trend.However,a decreasing trend of Q index was found in Northwest China,the Tibetan Plateau,and the north of the Huaihe River.Variations of the Q index and the summer rainfall total during 1961–2010 in China both exhibited an increasing trend,implying larger temporal variability in rainfall attributes.It is illustrated that the summer precipitation in general became more temporally concentrated with more intense rainfall events and wetter days.展开更多
The primary object of this paper is to examine the spatial-temporal pattern evolution of manufacturing geographical agglomeration of the old industrial base.Industrial spatial agglomeration index and concentration rat...The primary object of this paper is to examine the spatial-temporal pattern evolution of manufacturing geographical agglomeration of the old industrial base.Industrial spatial agglomeration index and concentration ratio are used in this paper.Multiple linear regression models are also applied to try to explore the internal driving mechanisms on manufacturing geographical agglomeration.The results show that:1) the manufacturing agglomeration degree of Jilin Province is increasing gradually.The spatial polarization structure is visible;and the central region is the agglomeration area,in addition,the manufacturing industries of Changchun Proper present a trend of dispersion;2) the structure of manufacturing industries has changed,and the concentration ratio of labor-intensive manufacturing industry is declining,while the proportions of technology-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industry are relatively rising;3) marketing level,location accessibility,labor resources,capital,science and technology innovation capability,scale economy and the level of globalization affect manufacturing agglomeration with different degree.There are significant differences of the effects about employment,technology,the quality of residents and the export-oriented market on the industrial concentration ratio;4) in the future,the impact of policy and institution,export-oriented market and quality of resident on manufacturing geographical agglomeration pattern will be more profound.展开更多
Population distribution and agglomeration patterns are critical indicators of regional economic and social development.Analyzing Nepal’s population distribution and agglomeration patterns can provide valuable insight...Population distribution and agglomeration patterns are critical indicators of regional economic and social development.Analyzing Nepal’s population distribution and agglomeration patterns can provide valuable insights into the underlying spatial distribution,while offering data support and theoretical foundations for formulating effective regional development strategies.This study uses population and land data from Nepal’s counties for the years 1981,2001,and 2021,and employs quantitative analysis methods,including the Gini coefficient,population growth rate,and population concentration index to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution and agglomeration patterns.The results show three key insights.(1)The degree of population distribution imbalance has increased,with the Gini coefficient rising from 0.424 in 1981 to 0.531 in 2021.(2)Population growth follows a regional pattern of“rapid growth in the south and slower growth in the north,”with the Terai Plain experiencing rapid expansion,the central mountainous region growing steadily,and the northern highland areas experiencing slow growth.(3)The population concentration displays a tiered distribution pattern of“high concentration in the plains,significant differentiation in the mountainous areas,and extreme sparsity in the high mountain regions”.展开更多
Background Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to anal...Background Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to analyze the parallel and vertical equity of health service utilization of urban residents and then find its influencing factors. Methods In August 2011, a household survey was conducted at 18 communities of Baoji City by multi-stage stratified random sampling. Based on the survey data, we calculated a concentration index of health service utilization for different income residents and a difference index of different ages. We then investigated the influencing factors of health service utilization by employing the Logistic regression model and log-linear regression model. Results The two-week morbidity rate of sampled residents was 19.43%, the morbidity rate of chronic diseases was 21.68%, and the required hospitalization rate after medical diagnosis was 11.36%. Among out-patient service utilization, the two-week out-patient rate, number of two-week out-patients, and out-patient expense had good parallel and vertical equity, while out-patient compensation expense had poor parallel and vertical equity. The inpatient service utilization, hospitalization rate, number of inpatients, days stayed in the hospital, and inpatient expense had good parallel equity, while inpatient compensation expense had poor parallel equity. While the hospitalization rate and number of inpatients had vertical equity, the days stayed in hospital, inpatient expense, and inpatient compensation expense had vertical inequity. Conclusions Urban residents＇ health was at a low level and there was not good health service utilization. There existed rather poor equity of out-patient compensation expense. The equity of inpatient service utilization was quite poor. Income difference and the type of medical insurance had great effects on the equity of health service utilization.展开更多
Objective To determine the synergistic effects of berberine hydrochloride, baicalein,and borneol in different combinations on Candida albicans. Methods The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal ...Objective To determine the synergistic effects of berberine hydrochloride, baicalein,and borneol in different combinations on Candida albicans. Methods The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC） and minimal bactericidal concentration（MBC） of the three agents, and the checkerboard method was simultaneously used to determine the MIC and fractional inhibitory concentration index（FICI） of the combination of three antimicrobial agents to study their extracorporeal effects. Results Berberine hydrochloride was the most potent inhibitor of C. albicans（MIC and MBC of 0.160 and 0.640 mg/mL）, followed by borneol（MIC and MBC of 0.320 and 0.640 mg/mL） and baicalein（MIC and MBC of 1.28 and 20.48 mg/mL）. Moreover, the antifungal effect of the combination was significantly stronger than that tested alone. Further in vivo study showed that the mortality rate of tainted mice reduced over 50% compared with the control group. Conclusion The results of experiments in vitro and in vivo indicate the synergistic effect of the combination of three antimicrobial agents on C. albicans, which can make reference for the future clinical treatment.展开更多
This paper aims to assess the care preferences of the elderly in China and how the multi-level factors including individuals,communities and provinces affect the elderly’s care preferences.Using data from the 2014 Ch...This paper aims to assess the care preferences of the elderly in China and how the multi-level factors including individuals,communities and provinces affect the elderly’s care preferences.Using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey(CLASS)and China Statistical Yearbook 2015,we apply concentra-tion index to examine the utilization of regional resources in the elderly and a multi-level model to examine those relationships.Results show that the elderly who live in communities with well-developed health care facilities prefer to choose family care.There are also significant differences at the provincial level.The developed prov-inces context increases the likelihood of formal care,but decreases informal care probability.In high social security expenditure provinces,the elderly are more likely to choose formal care.Our findings emphasize the influence of the communities and provinces context on the elderly’s care preferences.We suggest the government pay attention to the care status of the elderly who are outside the social care system.展开更多
文摘Relative tillering rate(RTR)increased linear-ly with the increasing of leaf N concentration(NLV)has been already reported.To testwhether this relationship could be used toquantitatively explain the difference in tilleringamong a wide range of N application,field ex- periments were conducted at the IRRI farm,Los Banos,Laguna,the Philippines.Two in- dica cultivars,IR 72 and IR68284H wereused.For each cultivar,12 treatments includ- ing 4 N levels(0,60,120,and 180kgN·ha)and 3 transplanting spacing(30×20,20×20,and 10×20cm)were arranged in a ran-domized split-plot design with 4 replications.The N treatments were designated as mainplots and spacings as subplots.Fourteen-day-old seedlings were transplanted with 3seedlings per hill.The subplot area was 20m~2.Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as basal,atmidtillering,and at panicle initiation in threeequal splits.P,K,and Zn were applied asbasal at normal dosage.The field was flooded.Plant samples were taken every 7-14 d from 14d after transplanting to flower
文摘In the animal raising sector of Hungary, the indigenious and special Hungarian product called Mangalica pig has a special significance. Some descriptions were made about the species but the concentration of this segment has not been examined, that is why the aim of the researchers is to analyse the concentration of the Mangalica population on the basis of various statistical methods in the last 10 years. The certain concentration indexes were the following the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve, the Gini-coefficient, the Herfindahl-index and the redundancy index. Through the analysis we realised that from 2000 a kind of concentration started, which in case of the concentration ratio, the Lorenz-curve and the Gini-coefficient were in 2001 and 2003 of the highest ratio. The Herfindal-index and redundancy index showed that the years of 2000 and 2002 were the most significant, because of a number of large-scale producers started their activities or developed their stocks in these years. On the basis of the results, it can be stated that in the years before the application and after the recession the concentration of the stock was instable, while at the beginning of the supporting period until the crisis the appearance of large-scale firms became equal but basically according to every index the concentration in the examined years was approximately average.
基金The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 41971368).
文摘Quantifying the aggregation patterns of urban population, economic activities, and land use are essential for understanding compact development, but little is known about the difference among the distribution characteristics and how the built environment influences urban aggre-gation. In this study, five elements are collected in Wuhan, China, namely population density, floor area ratio, business POIs, road network and built-up area as the representative of urban population, economic activities and land use. An inverse S-shape function is employed to fit the elements’ macro distribution. An aggregation degree index is proposed to measure the aggregation level of urban elements. The kernel density estimation is used to identify the aggregation patterns. The spatial regression model is used to identify the built environment factors influencing the spatial distribution of urban elements. Results indicates that all urban elements decay outward from the city center in an inverse S-shape manner. The business Pointof- Interest (POI) density and population density are highly aggregated;floor area ratio and road density are moderately aggregated, whereas the built-up density is poorly aggregated. Three types of spatial aggregation patterns are identified: a point-shaped pattern, an axial pattern and a planar pattern. The spatial regression modeling shows that the built environment is associated with the distribution of the urban population, economic activities and land use. Destination accessibility factors, transit accessibility factors and land use diversity factors shape the distribution of the business POI density, floor area ratio and road density. Design factors are positively associated with population density, floor area ratio and built-up density. Future planning should consider the varying spatial concentration of urban population, economic activities and land use as well as their relationships with built environment attributes. Results of this study will provide a systematic understanding of aggregation of urban land use, popula-tion, and economic activities in megacities as well as some suggestions for planning and compact development.
基金The funding of this study was of the 2021 Shandong Province Higher Education“Young Innovative Talent Introduction and Training Program”(Public Health Safety Risk Assessment and Response Innovation Team)the annual education and teaching reform and research project at the school level of Shandong Second Medical University(No.2023YBD006)+1 种基金the Public Health Standards Research and Development Project of the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau(No.233007)the Public Health Standards Revision and Supervision Support Project of the National Disease Control and Prevention Bureau (No.242401).
文摘Objective To assess health equity in the Yangtze River region to improve understanding of the correlation between hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) and socioeconomic factors.Methods From 2014–2016, data on HFMD incidence, population statistics, economic indicators, and meteorology from 26 cities along the Yangtze River were analyzed. A multi-city random-effects metaanalysis was performed to study the relationship between temperature and HFMD transmission, and health equity was assessed with respect to socio-economic impact.Results Over the study period, 919,458 HFMD cases were reported, with Shanghai(162,303) having the highest incidence and Tongling(5,513) having the lowest. Males were more commonly affected(male-to-female ratio, 1.49:1). The exposure-response relationship had an M-shaped curve, with two HFMD peaks occurring at 4 ℃ and 26 ℃. The relative risk had two peaks at 1.30 ℃(1.834, 95% CI:1.204–2.794) and 31.4 ℃(1.143, 95% CI: 0.901–1.451), forming an M shape, with the first peak higher than the second. The most significant impact of temperature on HFMD was observed between –2 ℃ and18.1 ℃. The concentration index(0.2463) indicated moderate concentration differences, whereas the Theil index(0.0418) showed low inequality in distribution.Conclusion The incidence of HFMD varied across cities, particularly with changes in temperature.Economically prosperous areas showed higher risks, indicating disparities. Targeted interventions in these areas are crucial for mitigating the risk of HFMD.
基金supported by the Research Grant of Military Institute of Science and Technology,Bangladesh。
文摘Coastal Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to various impacts of climate change,including rising temperatures,unpredictable precipitation,cyclones,droughts,and saltwater intrusion.These factors collectively threaten agricultural productivity and food security.This study examines the relationship between farmers’perceptions and observable climatic trends,with a focus on the sustainability of food systems and the promotion of adaptable farming techniques in Bagerhat District,Bangladesh.A mixed-methods strategy was employed,incorporating household surveys(a total of 110 purposively selected farmers),focus group discussions,key informant interviews,and climatic data analysis.The Mann-Kendall test,Sen’s slope estimator,precipitation concentration index(PCI),and standardized rainfall anomaly index(SRAI)were employed to analyze climate trends from 1991 to 2020.The findings showed that more than 70.00%of respondents indicated that summers were becoming warmer,over 50.00%reported that winters were becoming colder,and 63.00%stated that yearly precipitation was decreasing.Farmers reported an increase in flood occurrences and a decline in the predictability of precipitation.Between 2011 and 2019,the output of most rice varieties decreased,with the exception of high-yielding Aman rice and hybrid Boro rice.The results also showed that 60.00%of respondents reported experiencing salinity intrusion,and 57.00%attributed significant yield losses to salinity.Planting salt-tolerant rice varieties(such as BRRI Dhan 67 and Binadhan-10),practicing homestead vegetable cultivation,and moderately integrating shrimp aquaculture were also common adaptive measures.To improve long-term food security in coastal Bangladesh,we suggest growing more salt-tolerant crop varieties,promoting vertical and homestead gardening,enhancing seed systems that are resilient to climate change,and educating farmers on the use of climate-smart farming methods.This study highlights the importance of aligning farmers’perceptions with observed climatic data to design effective adaptation strategies.The findings of this study can guide policy-makers and development practitioners in strengthening climate-resilient agriculture and ensuring long-term food security in coastal Bangladesh.
基金Under the auspices of Soft Science Project of Agricultural Department of China (No.0508)
文摘China＇s success in reform and opening up policy for twenty years is regarded as China＇s miracles in the world, whereas the income differential widening phenomenon has been the focus of the policymakers and researchers. This article researches 1994-2003 China＇s rural regions income differential and its decomposition. The method this paper used to measure the disparity is Gini Index. There are many ways to compute it, so the easiest way to decompose Gini Index-Matrix method is adopted. And based on it, farmer＇s income could be divided into wage income, fanning income, transfer income and property income according to its composition. The conclusion is that all of the indexes are between 0.2 and 0.3, at the comparatively average level. From the fluctuation trend, it increased from 1994 to 1995, while reduced from 1995 to 1996, fluctuated in 1997, and then diminished again. In general, farmer＇s regions income differential stays at comparatively average level, but it has the widening trend with time. Through decomposing Gini Index, wage income is the most important increasing factor, while fanning income is the reducing factor.
基金This work was supported by China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201707000113).
文摘This paper develops a wheel profile fine-tuning system(WPFTS)that comprehensively considers the influence of wheel profile on wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort.WPFTS can recommend one or more optimized wheel profiles according to train operators’needs,e.g.,reducing wheel wear,mitigating the development of wheel out-of-roundness(OOR),improving the shape stability of the wheel profile.Specifically,WPFTS includes four modules:(I)a wheel profile generation module based on the rotary-scaling finetuning(RSFT)method;(II)a multi-objective generation module consisting of a rigid multi-body dynamics simulation(MBS)model,an analytical model,and a rigid–flexible MBS model,for generating 11 objectives related to wheel damage,vehicle stability,vehicle safety,and passenger comfort;(III)a weight assignment module consisting of an adaptive weight assignment strategy and a manual weight assignment strategy;and(IV)an optimization module based on radial basis function(RBF)and particle swarm optimization(PSO).Finally,three cases are introduced to show how WPTFS recommends a wheel profile according to train operators’needs.Among them,a wheel profile with high shape stability,a wheel profile for mitigating the development of wheel OOR,and a wheel profile considering hunting stability and derailment safety are developed,respectively.
基金the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) Pluriannual Financial Support Programme
文摘This study analyses spatial variab （amount and concentration） based on data lity and trends in annual and monthly precipitation from 42 stations in mainland Portugal during the period 1960-2011. Relationships between certain geographic variables （elevation, latitude and longitude） and precipitation variability were also determined in order to check for specific dependencies and spatial patterns in precipitation distribution, concentration and changing trends. Trends and relationships have been analysed using both parametric and non-parametric tests. The results showed that annual precipitation had decreased in all stations and that this trend is statistically significant for most of the time series （70% of the stations showed nega- tive trends with at least a 0.1 significance level）. The Annual Precipitation Concentration In- dex revealed an opposite behaviour pattern, suggesting that even though the annual trend for precipitation amount was negative overall, more than half of the udometric stations registered a more marked seasonality for precipitation during the period 1960-2011. However, only one station showed statistical significant time trend. Regarding the influence of geographical features, latitude is the most important variable, governing spatial distribution and variations in annual precipitation as well as its intra-annual changeability. These important changes in precipitation, involving both amount and concentration, may have severe consequences for ecosystems and societies.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51309134)Research Starting Funds for Imported TalentsNingxia University(BQD2012011)
文摘On the basis of analyzing yearly data and spatial relationships between tourism spots, star hotels and travel agencies of Hainan Province, and comparing all the methods of measuring industrial spatial agglomeration, this paper chose Hefindahl index, Location Quotient, nearest neighbor index, spatial connection index and geographic concentration index to measure Hainan tourism agglomeration. By applying these methods, total tourism agglomeration, agglomeration of tourism factors and regional agglomeration differences were studied. The results showed that the overall agglomeration increases as time flows, and the eastern part is the most agglomerated, the west takes the second, with the middle ranking the least. The large-scale agglomeration regions are Sanya and Haikou. The influencing factors of Hainan tourism spatial agglomeration were concluded as tourism resource endowment, industrial attributes, geographic conditions, governmental policies and the overall economic development level, etc. In addition, the paper proposed tourism spatial agglomeration modes of Hainan Province at various spatial scales.
文摘This study seeks to understand long-term changes of rainfall for the Great Kei River catchment (GKRc) in South Africa for water resources management and planning. Monthly and annual rainfall time series data from 1950 to 2017 for 11 rainfall gauging stations are analyzed using various statistical methods. Data obtained from South African Weather Services (SAWS) was quality controlled to enable the use of Mann-Kendall (MK), Theil Sen’s method, Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI), among others to characterise rainfall. Rainfall in the catchment is seasonal (particularly wet in spring and summer) and highly variable with a PCI of 17.2. Years which received rain above and below the mean inter-annually were 46% and 54%, respectively. Seasonality trends also confirm that the GKRc has been progressively receiving less rainfall since 1950, especially in the autumn. The methods are novel in understanding historical and existing trends, variability and characteristics that control freshwater availability in this catchment.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41575094 and 41275092)Project for Postgraduate Scientific Research and Innovation of Jiangsu Province(KYLX_0842 and CXZZ12-0485)Innovation Program of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2015LASW-A03)
文摘Based on the property of entropy,a new index Q was defined to measure the temporal concentration property of summertime daily rainfall in China,based on daily precipitation data collected at 553 observation stations in China during 1961–2010.Furthermore,changes in the temporal concentration property of summer precipitation in China were investigated.The results indicate that the regions with larger Q values were located in most parts of Northwest China and the north of the Yellow River,where daily precipitation tended to become temporally concentrated during the study period.On the contrary,smaller Q values were found in eastern Tibetan Plateau,southeastern Northwest China,and most parts of Southwest and South China.The most obvious increasing trend of Q index was found in South China and most parts of Southwest China,where precipitation showed a temporal concentration trend.However,a decreasing trend of Q index was found in Northwest China,the Tibetan Plateau,and the north of the Huaihe River.Variations of the Q index and the summer rainfall total during 1961–2010 in China both exhibited an increasing trend,implying larger temporal variability in rainfall attributes.It is illustrated that the summer precipitation in general became more temporally concentrated with more intense rainfall events and wetter days.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371135)Science and Technology Guide Plan Soft Science Project of Jilin Province(No.20120635)
文摘The primary object of this paper is to examine the spatial-temporal pattern evolution of manufacturing geographical agglomeration of the old industrial base.Industrial spatial agglomeration index and concentration ratio are used in this paper.Multiple linear regression models are also applied to try to explore the internal driving mechanisms on manufacturing geographical agglomeration.The results show that:1) the manufacturing agglomeration degree of Jilin Province is increasing gradually.The spatial polarization structure is visible;and the central region is the agglomeration area,in addition,the manufacturing industries of Changchun Proper present a trend of dispersion;2) the structure of manufacturing industries has changed,and the concentration ratio of labor-intensive manufacturing industry is declining,while the proportions of technology-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industry are relatively rising;3) marketing level,location accessibility,labor resources,capital,science and technology innovation capability,scale economy and the level of globalization affect manufacturing agglomeration with different degree.There are significant differences of the effects about employment,technology,the quality of residents and the export-oriented market on the industrial concentration ratio;4) in the future,the impact of policy and institution,export-oriented market and quality of resident on manufacturing geographical agglomeration pattern will be more profound.
基金The CAS-ANSO Sustainable Development Research Project(CAS-ANSO-SDRP-2024-05)。
文摘Population distribution and agglomeration patterns are critical indicators of regional economic and social development.Analyzing Nepal’s population distribution and agglomeration patterns can provide valuable insights into the underlying spatial distribution,while offering data support and theoretical foundations for formulating effective regional development strategies.This study uses population and land data from Nepal’s counties for the years 1981,2001,and 2021,and employs quantitative analysis methods,including the Gini coefficient,population growth rate,and population concentration index to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution and agglomeration patterns.The results show three key insights.(1)The degree of population distribution imbalance has increased,with the Gini coefficient rising from 0.424 in 1981 to 0.531 in 2021.(2)Population growth follows a regional pattern of“rapid growth in the south and slower growth in the north,”with the Terai Plain experiencing rapid expansion,the central mountainous region growing steadily,and the northern highland areas experiencing slow growth.(3)The population concentration displays a tiered distribution pattern of“high concentration in the plains,significant differentiation in the mountainous areas,and extreme sparsity in the high mountain regions”.
基金This study was supported by grants from the China Medical Board （No. 10-029）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 70873093）, the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Chinese Ministry of Education （No. 09YJAZH071）.
文摘Background Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to analyze the parallel and vertical equity of health service utilization of urban residents and then find its influencing factors. Methods In August 2011, a household survey was conducted at 18 communities of Baoji City by multi-stage stratified random sampling. Based on the survey data, we calculated a concentration index of health service utilization for different income residents and a difference index of different ages. We then investigated the influencing factors of health service utilization by employing the Logistic regression model and log-linear regression model. Results The two-week morbidity rate of sampled residents was 19.43%, the morbidity rate of chronic diseases was 21.68%, and the required hospitalization rate after medical diagnosis was 11.36%. Among out-patient service utilization, the two-week out-patient rate, number of two-week out-patients, and out-patient expense had good parallel and vertical equity, while out-patient compensation expense had poor parallel and vertical equity. The inpatient service utilization, hospitalization rate, number of inpatients, days stayed in the hospital, and inpatient expense had good parallel equity, while inpatient compensation expense had poor parallel equity. While the hospitalization rate and number of inpatients had vertical equity, the days stayed in hospital, inpatient expense, and inpatient compensation expense had vertical inequity. Conclusions Urban residents＇ health was at a low level and there was not good health service utilization. There existed rather poor equity of out-patient compensation expense. The equity of inpatient service utilization was quite poor. Income difference and the type of medical insurance had great effects on the equity of health service utilization.
基金Science and Technology Program of Tianjin,China(No.15PTCYSY00030 and No.16ZXHLGX00170)
文摘Objective To determine the synergistic effects of berberine hydrochloride, baicalein,and borneol in different combinations on Candida albicans. Methods The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC） and minimal bactericidal concentration（MBC） of the three agents, and the checkerboard method was simultaneously used to determine the MIC and fractional inhibitory concentration index（FICI） of the combination of three antimicrobial agents to study their extracorporeal effects. Results Berberine hydrochloride was the most potent inhibitor of C. albicans（MIC and MBC of 0.160 and 0.640 mg/mL）, followed by borneol（MIC and MBC of 0.320 and 0.640 mg/mL） and baicalein（MIC and MBC of 1.28 and 20.48 mg/mL）. Moreover, the antifungal effect of the combination was significantly stronger than that tested alone. Further in vivo study showed that the mortality rate of tainted mice reduced over 50% compared with the control group. Conclusion The results of experiments in vitro and in vivo indicate the synergistic effect of the combination of three antimicrobial agents on C. albicans, which can make reference for the future clinical treatment.
文摘This paper aims to assess the care preferences of the elderly in China and how the multi-level factors including individuals,communities and provinces affect the elderly’s care preferences.Using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey(CLASS)and China Statistical Yearbook 2015,we apply concentra-tion index to examine the utilization of regional resources in the elderly and a multi-level model to examine those relationships.Results show that the elderly who live in communities with well-developed health care facilities prefer to choose family care.There are also significant differences at the provincial level.The developed prov-inces context increases the likelihood of formal care,but decreases informal care probability.In high social security expenditure provinces,the elderly are more likely to choose formal care.Our findings emphasize the influence of the communities and provinces context on the elderly’s care preferences.We suggest the government pay attention to the care status of the elderly who are outside the social care system.
