The agro-pastoral ecotone epitomizes the ecologically fragile semi-arid zone,where the soil microbiomes play a pivotal role in regulating its multifunctionality.However,whether and how changes in soil structure and or...The agro-pastoral ecotone epitomizes the ecologically fragile semi-arid zone,where the soil microbiomes play a pivotal role in regulating its multifunctionality.However,whether and how changes in soil structure and organic matter composition under different land uses affect microbial community structure remain unclear.Here,land-use types in the agro-pastoral ecotone,including shrubland(BF),artificial grassland(ArG),abandoned grassland(AbG),and maize farmland(MA),were chosen to explore the response relationships between soil microbial communities and the aggregates and dissolved organic matter(DOM)composition.The results showed that compared to MA,the macroaggregates in BF,AbG,and ArG were increased by 123.0,92.79,and 63.71%,respectively,while MA soil had the greatest abundance of<100μm particles.The higher aromatic carbon with high aromaticity and molecular weight in BF soil DOM contributed to its highest mineral-associated organic carbon level(12.61 g kg^(-1)),while MA soil organic carbon had highly efficient decomposition due to its high content of aliphatic and carboxy carbon,so it is prone to loss from the active carbon pools.The transition in land use from shrubland to grassland and farmland has facilitated the conversion of stable aromatic carbon to unstable carboxy carbon.The taxonomic analysis revealed that soil bacterial and fungal communities in the four land uses were dominated by Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota,Chloroflexi,and Ascomycota.More taxonomic groups from phylum to family were enriched in BF soil.The DOM components and organic carbon are crucial variables shaping the composition of soil bacterial communities,jointly explaining 61.66% of the variance,while aggregates are important variables driving the composition of fungal communities,with an explanation rate of 20.49%.Our results suggest that DOM components and aggregates impact the soil microbial structure;and the transition in land use from agricultural land to grassland and shrubland in the agro-pastoral ecotone enhances aggregate stability,carbon sequestration potential,and microbial diversity.展开更多
Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0～15, 15～30,30～45, 45～60, 60～80 and 80～100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from YongshouCounty, Shaanxi Province, China, were det...Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0～15, 15～30,30～45, 45～60, 60～80 and 80～100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from YongshouCounty, Shaanxi Province, China, were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremnerprocedure, respectively. Correlation, multiple regression and path analyses were performed to studythe relation of mineralizable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regressionanalyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlatedwith, the total acid hydrolyzable N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzableN, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with themineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regressionequations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, onthe other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partialregression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, thehydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations. Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid Nand ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of theamino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested that the mineralized N in the soils tested wasmainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the majorsources for its production.展开更多
Soil aggregates determine the basic structure of soil,and their composition and stability are influenced by the various types of cementitious substances occurring in soil.To explore the main limiting factors of soil a...Soil aggregates determine the basic structure of soil,and their composition and stability are influenced by the various types of cementitious substances occurring in soil.To explore the main limiting factors of soil aggregation in the process of vegetation succession with granite as the parent material,five stages of vegetation succession in an eroded area were selected:bare land(BL),grassland(GL),grassland shrub transition land(GS),shrubland(SL)and secondary forest(SF).Soil samples were collected to determine the composition and stability of aggregates.The contents of organic and inorganic cementitious substances,including organic matter components and iron aluminum oxides,were determined at five soil aggregate grain levels.The results indicated that the stability of soil aggregates and the>0.25 mm water-stable aggregate content(WR_(0.25))increased with vegetation succession.Based on the Le Bissonnais(LB)method,the mean weight diameter(MWD)of soil aggregates increased,and the relative dissipation index(RSI)and relative mechanical crushing index(RMI)decreased.The humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA)contents in soil aggregates increased with vegetation succession,and the soil humus content at the SF stage increased by more than 13.54%over the BL level.Upon different vegetation succession stage,the iron and aluminum oxides for the SL and the SF were at a high level,and the contents of free-form iron oxide(Fe_(d))and amorphous iron oxide(Fe_(o))for BL were high.Correlation analysis indicated that the soil humic degree(PQ)and the contents of amorphous alumina(Al_(o))were positively correlated with aggregate stability to varying degrees.Redundancy analysis(RDA)revealed that PQ values of 1-2 mm(PQ_(2))and 0.25-0.5 mm(PQ_(4))aggregates,the contents of Fe_(o) of bulk soil(Fe_(oB)),>2 mm(Fe_(o1)),1-2 mm(Fe_(o2)),and<0.25 mm(Fe_(o5))aggregates,and the contents of Al_(o) of>2 mm(Al_(o1))aggregates could explain 99.4%of the changes in soil aggregate stability at different vegetation succession stages.Al_(o1) had a contribution rate of 71.2%and is the key factor for improving the stability of soil aggregates.展开更多
Abstra ct Utilizing efficient and durable photocatalysts for the removal of carcinogen Cr(Ⅵ)in wide pH water environment is of great significance for environment remediation.Herein,three conjugated organic component-...Abstra ct Utilizing efficient and durable photocatalysts for the removal of carcinogen Cr(Ⅵ)in wide pH water environment is of great significance for environment remediation.Herein,three conjugated organic component-functionalized hourglass-type phosphomolybdate hybrids with the formulas(H_(2)DBQ)[Fe(-H_(2)O)_(3)]_(2){Fe[P_(4)Mo_(6)0_(31)H_(7)]_(2)}·7H_(2)O(1),(H_(2)DBQ)_(2)(H_(2)DBP)[Fe(H_(2)O)_(4)]{Fe[P_(4)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(7)]_(2)}·4H_(2)O(2),(H_(2)DBP)_(2){Fe[P_(4-)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(9)]_(2)}·10H_(2)O(3)(DBQ=2,2'-dimehyl-6,6'-biquinoline;DBP=4,4'-diaminobiphenyl)were synthesized via hydrothermal method as photocatalysts for reducing Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light illumination.Structure analysis showed that hybrids 1-3 consist of hourglass-type[Fe(P_(4)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(6))_(2)]^(10)-(abbr.Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2))poly anionic clusters functionalized with different proportional of conjugated organic components(DBQ and DBP)effectively regulated their visible-light absorption capabilities and electron structures,which could be employed to reflect the structure-activity relationship of materials.When used as catalysts for reducing Cr(Ⅵ),hybrids 1-3 displayed distinct photocatalytic activities with Cr(Ⅵ)removal efficiencies of 91%,86%and 81%with only 10 W of white light being used as illumination,which are superior to that of pristine Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2)salt(62%).Moreover,hybrid 1 also maintained high Cr(Ⅵ)removal efficiencies above~85%and high structural stabilities in solutions with wide pH ranges of2.5-10.0.Mechanism investigation showed that the higher organic component conjugation levels could promote the optic al absorption and facilitate the electron transfer between Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2)and org anic components,thus resulting in effective Cr(Ⅵ)reduction photocatalytic efficacy.This work provides a viable way to design the photocatalysts based on polyoxometalates for removing wastewater pollutants.展开更多
In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The result...In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The results indicated that in addition to the amino sugar-N,all the soil organic N components within the same soil layer in wasteland were more than those in apple-pear orchard soil;with the layer depth increasing,the contents of different organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil and wasteland were decreased;and the proportion of each organic N component within total hydrolysable N was different,and the percentages of ammonia N and amino acid-N components within total hydrolysable N were higher,especially the percentage of ammonia N components within total hydrolysable N was the highest.展开更多
Water-soluble organic acid anions(WSOAA)in subsurface water have been intensively studied during past several decades.They are used as natural gas precursor,tracer for the movement of underground fluid,indicator for p...Water-soluble organic acid anions(WSOAA)in subsurface water have been intensively studied during past several decades.They are used as natural gas precursor,tracer for the movement of underground fluid,indicator for porosity improvement,and detecter of deep subsurface life on the Earth.However,little is known about the distributions and origins of organic acids at deep-ultradeep depth underground.Herein,we collected twenty-nine source rock samples covering a wide maturity range from the Ordos,Qinshui,Junggar,Minhe,and Southern North China basins,as well as six subsurface water samples with depth between 6544 and 8396 m from industrial gas producing wells in the Tarim Basin,China.We carried out pyrolysis experiments at various temperatures(250–450℃)to investigate the role of water on the generation of organic acids.Results show that there are considerable amounts of WSOAA detected in both high-over mature source rocks and deep-ultradeep subsurface water.WSOAA mainly consists of monocarboxylates,predominately formate and acetate.High-TOC oil-generating source rock has low production rate of organic acids due to lack of hydrogen.Different source rocks have distinct ratios of formate to acetate concentration,expressed as c(formate)/c(acetate),which is due to significant differences in both initial molecular structure and metabolite.This indicates that c(formate)/c(acetate)can be used to distinguish types of organic matters(OMs).Concentrations of WSOAA show a“sharp decrease-slight increase-slow decrease”evolution trend with progressive maturity.Moreover,there are higher production rates of organic acids under hydrous pyrolysis experiments at≥400℃.All geochemical signatures indicate that at both deep-ultradeep depth and high-over mature stages,the formation of organic acids is attributed to the thermochemical oxidation of organic components by mainly hydroxyl radicals,challenging the traditional model of organic acid evolution.This work suggests that petroleum exploration can be extended to great depths in sedimentary basins,when formation temperatures are not exceeding 230℃.展开更多
Soil dissolved organic matter （DOM） consists of many organic compounds and plays an important role in contaminant transport in the ecosystem. However, the effects of different extraction conditions on contents of di...Soil dissolved organic matter （DOM） consists of many organic compounds and plays an important role in contaminant transport in the ecosystem. However, the effects of different extraction conditions on contents of different DOM components are poorly understood. We extracted DOM from three soils using different extraction times, solid to liquid ratios （SLR）, and extraction solution （KC1） concentrations, and evaluated the extractions using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix （EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy. The sum of the contents of the main DOM components （protein-, fulvic-, and humic-like compounds） increased by 0.6-3.5, 2.5-3.9, and 0.11 0.37 times （P 〈 0.05） when SLR decreased from 1：2 to 1：10, the extraction solution concentration increased from 0.01 to 1.5 mol L-1, and extraction time increased from 10 to 300 rain, respectively. The three-dimensional EEM fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful tool to characterize the components of DOM and evaluate DOM extraction in soils.展开更多
This work investigated the application of several fluorescence excitation–emission matrix analysis methods as natural organic matter（NOM） indicators for use in predicting the formation of trihalomethanes（THMs） an...This work investigated the application of several fluorescence excitation–emission matrix analysis methods as natural organic matter（NOM） indicators for use in predicting the formation of trihalomethanes（THMs） and haloacetic acids（HAAs）. Waters from four different sources（two rivers and two lakes） were subjected to jar testing followed by 24 hr disinfection by-product formation tests using chlorine. NOM was quantified using three common measures： dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and specific ultraviolet absorbance as well as by principal component analysis, peak picking,and parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra. Based on multi-linear modeling of THMs and HAAs, principle component（PC） scores resulted in the lowest mean squared prediction error of cross-folded test sets（THMs： 43.7（μg/L）^2, HAAs： 233.3（μg/L）^2）. Inclusion of principle components representative of protein-like material significantly decreased prediction error for both THMs and HAAs. Parallel factor analysis did not identify a protein-like component and resulted in prediction errors similar to traditional NOM surrogates as well as fluorescence peak picking. These results support the value of fluorescence excitation–emission matrix–principal component analysis as a suitable NOM indicator in predicting the formation of THMs and HAAs for the water sources studied.展开更多
Phosphorus(P)is an important nutrient element in the photosynthesis process of plants.The effect of stand age on P nutrient dynamics in subtropical plantations is unclear.In this study,the mechanisms of above-and belo...Phosphorus(P)is an important nutrient element in the photosynthesis process of plants.The effect of stand age on P nutrient dynamics in subtropical plantations is unclear.In this study,the mechanisms of above-and belowground P cycling in subtropical P.massoniana plantations of different stand ages(5,9,19,29 and 35 years)were investigated.The percentage of metabolic P in leaves exhibited an initial rise and subsequent decline with stand age of P.massoniana throughout the growing season,culminating in a metabolic P proportion of 34%–68% in litter.During the non-growing season,the main change in the P components of P.massoniana fine roots was a transition from metabolic P to residual P.Relative to during the growing season,soil ligand P fractions decreased by 7%–22% and exchangeable P fractions increased by 0–16%in the non-growing season.Organ P components tended to decrease with increasing stand age,mainly due to the gradual decrease in soil-bioavailable P,a trend alleviated by litter input.The generation of dissolved P by soil phosphatases would limit the reduction in soilbioavailable P caused by leaf P resorption to some extent.The differences in leaf organ P components between the growing and non-growing seasons are attributed to the allocation of P by the P.massoniana.Overall,the results of this study provide a basis for exploring the mechanisms of soil bioavailable P and soil P enzymemediated organ P component allocation in P.massoniana forests.These findings will help improve the management of P-limited P.massoniana plantations to enhance their productivity.展开更多
Chemical looping gasification(CLG)characteristics and kinetic analysis of Chlorella(CHL),simulated Chlorella(V-CHL)and medium-chain triglycerides(MCT)were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a...Chemical looping gasification(CLG)characteristics and kinetic analysis of Chlorella(CHL),simulated Chlorella(V-CHL)and medium-chain triglycerides(MCT)were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with an online mass spectrometer.The apparent activation energy was obtained via Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)method.In the result of the weightless behavior,the addition of oxygen carrier inhibited the decomposition of V-CHL at lower temperatures but promoted its decomposition at high temperatures.The values of chemical looping process characteristic parameters showed that a 10 wt%oxygen carrier would maximize the release of volatile products in the CLG of MCT,with 5.12×10^(-6)%⋅min^(-1)⋅℃^(-3).Oxygen carriers also affected gaseous products.The LHV of gaseous products of CHL reached the largest when the oxygen carrier was 10 wt%,which was 8.13 MJ/m^(3).And the gaseous product of MCT had the largest LHV with 30 wt%oxygen carrier,which was 8.83 MJ/m^(3).According to the kinetic analysis,the minimum value of apparent activation energy of MCT chemical looping gasification was 89.54 kJ⋅mol^(-1) with the oxygen carrier of 30 wt%,which was 50%less than that of MCT pyrolysis.And the minimum value for V-CHL was obtained when the mass fraction of Fe2O3 was 50 wt%.This paper could provide a reference for the choice of algae,the design of reactors,and the targeted regulation of the gaseous product for the algae CLG process.展开更多
The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels...The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels due to its cleanliness and renewability.In this study,vegetable wastes(VWs),an abundant kind of biomass resource,were treated by anaerobic digestion(AD)to be converted into methane.The total solids(TS),volatile solids(VS),elemental contents,and organic components of 17 kinds of typical VWs were systematically determined.The methane production performances were then measured and ranged from 120.1 mL/g VS(for pepper stem)to 377.7 mL/g VS(for bok choy).To easily and quickly predict the methane yields of VWs,a curvilinear relationship between different organic compositions(e.g.,cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin,non-structural carbohydrate,protein,and VFA contents)and methane production was established and proved to be a useful tool for methane prediction.Four kinetic models(first-order model,Fitzhugh model,Cone model,modified Gompertz model)were applied to simulate the process of AD,and Cone and modified Gompertz models were shown to describe the AD process well.This study will not only provide basic data about the characteristics and methane production of 17 kinds of VWs but also contribute a method for predicting the methane yields of vegetable wastes,which is also valuable in future agro-industrial applications.展开更多
Objective: Allergic asthma(AA) is a chronic airway infiammatory disease characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness(AHR). Pudilan anti-infiammatory oral liquid(PDL), along with its main medicinal material, Taraxaci H...Objective: Allergic asthma(AA) is a chronic airway infiammatory disease characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness(AHR). Pudilan anti-infiammatory oral liquid(PDL), along with its main medicinal material, Taraxaci Herba(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz, TH),has been widely used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Research has shown that the major ingredient of TH, the organic acid component(OAC), possesses favorable AA activity. However, the attenuated effects of PDL and OAC from TH(TH-OAC) on AA and their possible mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study analyzed the attenuating effects of PDL and TH-OAC on AA and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Young BALB/c mice were sensitized and stimulated to develop asthma using ovalbumin. Histological examinations were performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and protein expression detection of toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), TLR4, and orosomucoid 1-like protein 3(ORMDL3) were performed to detect the presence of infiammatory components in the lung tissue. The messenger RNA(mRNA) expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Results showed that PDL and TH-OAC alleviated augmented AHR and typical asthmatic pathological changes, including infiammatory infiltration and thickening of the alveolar wall. They also significantly reduced the levels of the immunoglobulin E, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Nitric oxide(NO) in lung tissues of mice. Protein and mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, and ORMDL3 were downregulated following treatment with PDL and TH-OAC. Conclusions: PDL and TH-OAC can reduce asthma-induced infiammatory damage to the bronchi. These results provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of asthma in clinical settings.展开更多
The volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are emitted by a wide array of products, which include a variety of chemicals, some of them may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Several analytical instrument incl...The volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are emitted by a wide array of products, which include a variety of chemicals, some of them may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Several analytical instrument including gas chromatograph, high preferment liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were used in this study. The results showed the aldehyde and ketone components of Chinese fir wood were little composed of formaldehyde, syn- acetaldehyde, anti-acetadehyde and acrolein, VOCs obtained by Tenax GR absorber consisted of the major component cedrene (42.92%) and another 28 components, and the major components of the VOCs from the sample by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were cedrene and cedrol.展开更多
Natural biominerals such as bone and teeth show how composite structures can combine organic and inorganic components to achieve both strong mechanical performance and essential biological functions.Inspired by these ...Natural biominerals such as bone and teeth show how composite structures can combine organic and inorganic components to achieve both strong mechanical performance and essential biological functions.Inspired by these systems,composite materials are becoming an increasingly important class of biomaterials capable of meeting the growing complexity of biomedical challenges.展开更多
Biochar application and conservation tillage are significant for long-term organic carbon(OC)sequestration in soil and enhancing crop yields,however,their effects on native soil organic carbon(native SOC)without bioch...Biochar application and conservation tillage are significant for long-term organic carbon(OC)sequestration in soil and enhancing crop yields,however,their effects on native soil organic carbon(native SOC)without biochar carbon sequestration in situ remain largely unknown.Here,an 11-year field experiment was carried out to examine different biochar application rates(0,30,60,and 90 Mg ha^(−1))on native SOC pools(native labile SOC pool I and II,and native recalcitrant SOC)and microbial activities in calcareous soil across an entire winter wheat-maize rotation.The proportions of C_(3) and C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization were quantified using soil basal respiration(SBR)combined with 13C natural isotope abundance measurements.The results showed that 39-51%of the biochar remained in the top 30 cm after 11 years.Biochar application rates significantly increased native SOC and native recalcitrant SOC contents but decreased the proportion of native labile SOC[native labile SOC pool I and II,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)].Biochar application tended to increase the indicators of microbial activities associated with SOC degradation,such as SBR,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity,and metabolic quotient(qCO_(2)).Meanwhile,higher biochar application rates(B60 and B90)significantly increased the C_(4)-derived CO_(2) proportion of the SBR and enhanced C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization.The effect of the biochar application rate on the content and proportion of native SOC fractions occurred in the 0-15 cm layer,however,there were no significant differences at 15-30 cm.Soil depth also significantly increased native labile SOC pool Ⅰ and Ⅱ contents and decreased qCO_(2).In conclusion,the biochar application rate significantly increased native SOC accumulation in calcareous soil by enhancing the proportion of native recalcitrant SOC,and biochar application and soil depth collectively influenced the seasonal turnover of native SOC fractions,which has important implications for long-term agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration.展开更多
In the current research,the use of a micromachined cantilever resonator as a platform for chemical gas sensing was examined.The microcantilever resonator integrates an electrothermal driving unit and a piezoresistive ...In the current research,the use of a micromachined cantilever resonator as a platform for chemical gas sensing was examined.The microcantilever resonator integrates an electrothermal driving unit and a piezoresistive detecting unit,and it is fabricated by direct bonding a silicon-on-insulator（SOI） wafer.With a particular polymer layer coated on the surface of the microcantilever,a gas sensor for volatile organic components（VOCs） detection can be realized.The operation mechanism provides the microcantilever resonator with integrated circuit（IC） compatibility in terms of both the fabrication process and operating voltage.The configuration of the microcantilever resonator can optimize the performance of the gas sensor.The SOI wafer provides a solution for the integrated fabrication of the microstructure,transducers,electronics,and the precise control of the resonator parameters.In this paper,the principles,design,analysis,process,and demonstration of the gas sensor based on the microcantilever resonator are presented.The experimental results provide confirmation that the polymer-coated microcantilever resonator has excellent performance with regard to VOC detection.展开更多
The pursuit of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries has driven the development of high-voltage cathodes such as LiCoO2(LCO)[1].However,cycling beyond 4.5 V(vs.Li/Li+),especially at elevated temperatures,introduce...The pursuit of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries has driven the development of high-voltage cathodes such as LiCoO2(LCO)[1].However,cycling beyond 4.5 V(vs.Li/Li+),especially at elevated temperatures,introduces severe challenges of accelerated interfacial side reactions,e.g.,dissolution of the cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and transition metal ions[2,3].Conventional carbonate-based electrolytes form CEI layers rich in organic components with poor thermal and electrochemical stability,which leads to rapid capacity fade,gas evolution,and safety hazards,thereby putting rigorous requirements on deliberate electrolyte design[4,5].展开更多
基金funded by the Inner Mongolia Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects,China(2021GG0393)。
文摘The agro-pastoral ecotone epitomizes the ecologically fragile semi-arid zone,where the soil microbiomes play a pivotal role in regulating its multifunctionality.However,whether and how changes in soil structure and organic matter composition under different land uses affect microbial community structure remain unclear.Here,land-use types in the agro-pastoral ecotone,including shrubland(BF),artificial grassland(ArG),abandoned grassland(AbG),and maize farmland(MA),were chosen to explore the response relationships between soil microbial communities and the aggregates and dissolved organic matter(DOM)composition.The results showed that compared to MA,the macroaggregates in BF,AbG,and ArG were increased by 123.0,92.79,and 63.71%,respectively,while MA soil had the greatest abundance of<100μm particles.The higher aromatic carbon with high aromaticity and molecular weight in BF soil DOM contributed to its highest mineral-associated organic carbon level(12.61 g kg^(-1)),while MA soil organic carbon had highly efficient decomposition due to its high content of aliphatic and carboxy carbon,so it is prone to loss from the active carbon pools.The transition in land use from shrubland to grassland and farmland has facilitated the conversion of stable aromatic carbon to unstable carboxy carbon.The taxonomic analysis revealed that soil bacterial and fungal communities in the four land uses were dominated by Proteobacteria,Actinobacteriota,Chloroflexi,and Ascomycota.More taxonomic groups from phylum to family were enriched in BF soil.The DOM components and organic carbon are crucial variables shaping the composition of soil bacterial communities,jointly explaining 61.66% of the variance,while aggregates are important variables driving the composition of fungal communities,with an explanation rate of 20.49%.Our results suggest that DOM components and aggregates impact the soil microbial structure;and the transition in land use from agricultural land to grassland and shrubland in the agro-pastoral ecotone enhances aggregate stability,carbon sequestration potential,and microbial diversity.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation(NKBRSF)(No.G1999011707)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NFSC)(Nos.49890330,30230230 and 30070429).
文摘Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0～15, 15～30,30～45, 45～60, 60～80 and 80～100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from YongshouCounty, Shaanxi Province, China, were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremnerprocedure, respectively. Correlation, multiple regression and path analyses were performed to studythe relation of mineralizable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regressionanalyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlatedwith, the total acid hydrolyzable N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzableN, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with themineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regressionequations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, onthe other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partialregression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, thehydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations. Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid Nand ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of theamino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested that the mineralized N in the soils tested wasmainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the majorsources for its production.
基金financial support for the research provided by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2021GXNSFBA075017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42007055,42107350)the Guangxi Science and Technology Base and talent Special project(No.AD20159031)。
文摘Soil aggregates determine the basic structure of soil,and their composition and stability are influenced by the various types of cementitious substances occurring in soil.To explore the main limiting factors of soil aggregation in the process of vegetation succession with granite as the parent material,five stages of vegetation succession in an eroded area were selected:bare land(BL),grassland(GL),grassland shrub transition land(GS),shrubland(SL)and secondary forest(SF).Soil samples were collected to determine the composition and stability of aggregates.The contents of organic and inorganic cementitious substances,including organic matter components and iron aluminum oxides,were determined at five soil aggregate grain levels.The results indicated that the stability of soil aggregates and the>0.25 mm water-stable aggregate content(WR_(0.25))increased with vegetation succession.Based on the Le Bissonnais(LB)method,the mean weight diameter(MWD)of soil aggregates increased,and the relative dissipation index(RSI)and relative mechanical crushing index(RMI)decreased.The humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA)contents in soil aggregates increased with vegetation succession,and the soil humus content at the SF stage increased by more than 13.54%over the BL level.Upon different vegetation succession stage,the iron and aluminum oxides for the SL and the SF were at a high level,and the contents of free-form iron oxide(Fe_(d))and amorphous iron oxide(Fe_(o))for BL were high.Correlation analysis indicated that the soil humic degree(PQ)and the contents of amorphous alumina(Al_(o))were positively correlated with aggregate stability to varying degrees.Redundancy analysis(RDA)revealed that PQ values of 1-2 mm(PQ_(2))and 0.25-0.5 mm(PQ_(4))aggregates,the contents of Fe_(o) of bulk soil(Fe_(oB)),>2 mm(Fe_(o1)),1-2 mm(Fe_(o2)),and<0.25 mm(Fe_(o5))aggregates,and the contents of Al_(o) of>2 mm(Al_(o1))aggregates could explain 99.4%of the changes in soil aggregate stability at different vegetation succession stages.Al_(o1) had a contribution rate of 71.2%and is the key factor for improving the stability of soil aggregates.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21871076 and21901060)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.B2022205005,B2020205008,B2019205074 and B2016205051)+3 种基金the Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Education Department(No.BJ2020037)the Innovation Capability Improvement Plan Project of Hebei Province(No.22567604H)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2021TQ0095)the Science Foundation of Hebei Normal University(No.L2019B15)。
文摘Abstra ct Utilizing efficient and durable photocatalysts for the removal of carcinogen Cr(Ⅵ)in wide pH water environment is of great significance for environment remediation.Herein,three conjugated organic component-functionalized hourglass-type phosphomolybdate hybrids with the formulas(H_(2)DBQ)[Fe(-H_(2)O)_(3)]_(2){Fe[P_(4)Mo_(6)0_(31)H_(7)]_(2)}·7H_(2)O(1),(H_(2)DBQ)_(2)(H_(2)DBP)[Fe(H_(2)O)_(4)]{Fe[P_(4)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(7)]_(2)}·4H_(2)O(2),(H_(2)DBP)_(2){Fe[P_(4-)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(9)]_(2)}·10H_(2)O(3)(DBQ=2,2'-dimehyl-6,6'-biquinoline;DBP=4,4'-diaminobiphenyl)were synthesized via hydrothermal method as photocatalysts for reducing Cr(Ⅵ)under visible light illumination.Structure analysis showed that hybrids 1-3 consist of hourglass-type[Fe(P_(4)Mo_(6)O_(31)H_(6))_(2)]^(10)-(abbr.Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2))poly anionic clusters functionalized with different proportional of conjugated organic components(DBQ and DBP)effectively regulated their visible-light absorption capabilities and electron structures,which could be employed to reflect the structure-activity relationship of materials.When used as catalysts for reducing Cr(Ⅵ),hybrids 1-3 displayed distinct photocatalytic activities with Cr(Ⅵ)removal efficiencies of 91%,86%and 81%with only 10 W of white light being used as illumination,which are superior to that of pristine Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2)salt(62%).Moreover,hybrid 1 also maintained high Cr(Ⅵ)removal efficiencies above~85%and high structural stabilities in solutions with wide pH ranges of2.5-10.0.Mechanism investigation showed that the higher organic component conjugation levels could promote the optic al absorption and facilitate the electron transfer between Fe{P_(4)Mo_(6)}_(2)and org anic components,thus resulting in effective Cr(Ⅵ)reduction photocatalytic efficacy.This work provides a viable way to design the photocatalysts based on polyoxometalates for removing wastewater pollutants.
文摘In order to evaluate the effects of soil depth on the contents of soil organic nitrogen,organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil profile were quantified using the method proposed by Bremner in 1965.The results indicated that in addition to the amino sugar-N,all the soil organic N components within the same soil layer in wasteland were more than those in apple-pear orchard soil;with the layer depth increasing,the contents of different organic nitrogen forms in apple-pear orchard soil and wasteland were decreased;and the proportion of each organic N component within total hydrolysable N was different,and the percentages of ammonia N and amino acid-N components within total hydrolysable N were higher,especially the percentage of ammonia N components within total hydrolysable N was the highest.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.42203027,U2244209,41872147)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M730039).
文摘Water-soluble organic acid anions(WSOAA)in subsurface water have been intensively studied during past several decades.They are used as natural gas precursor,tracer for the movement of underground fluid,indicator for porosity improvement,and detecter of deep subsurface life on the Earth.However,little is known about the distributions and origins of organic acids at deep-ultradeep depth underground.Herein,we collected twenty-nine source rock samples covering a wide maturity range from the Ordos,Qinshui,Junggar,Minhe,and Southern North China basins,as well as six subsurface water samples with depth between 6544 and 8396 m from industrial gas producing wells in the Tarim Basin,China.We carried out pyrolysis experiments at various temperatures(250–450℃)to investigate the role of water on the generation of organic acids.Results show that there are considerable amounts of WSOAA detected in both high-over mature source rocks and deep-ultradeep subsurface water.WSOAA mainly consists of monocarboxylates,predominately formate and acetate.High-TOC oil-generating source rock has low production rate of organic acids due to lack of hydrogen.Different source rocks have distinct ratios of formate to acetate concentration,expressed as c(formate)/c(acetate),which is due to significant differences in both initial molecular structure and metabolite.This indicates that c(formate)/c(acetate)can be used to distinguish types of organic matters(OMs).Concentrations of WSOAA show a“sharp decrease-slight increase-slow decrease”evolution trend with progressive maturity.Moreover,there are higher production rates of organic acids under hydrous pyrolysis experiments at≥400℃.All geochemical signatures indicate that at both deep-ultradeep depth and high-over mature stages,the formation of organic acids is attributed to the thermochemical oxidation of organic components by mainly hydroxyl radicals,challenging the traditional model of organic acid evolution.This work suggests that petroleum exploration can be extended to great depths in sedimentary basins,when formation temperatures are not exceeding 230℃.
基金the financial support of the Special Environmental Research Fund for Public Welfare of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China (No.201309035)the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51408587)
文摘Soil dissolved organic matter （DOM） consists of many organic compounds and plays an important role in contaminant transport in the ecosystem. However, the effects of different extraction conditions on contents of different DOM components are poorly understood. We extracted DOM from three soils using different extraction times, solid to liquid ratios （SLR）, and extraction solution （KC1） concentrations, and evaluated the extractions using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix （EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy. The sum of the contents of the main DOM components （protein-, fulvic-, and humic-like compounds） increased by 0.6-3.5, 2.5-3.9, and 0.11 0.37 times （P 〈 0.05） when SLR decreased from 1：2 to 1：10, the extraction solution concentration increased from 0.01 to 1.5 mol L-1, and extraction time increased from 10 to 300 rain, respectively. The three-dimensional EEM fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful tool to characterize the components of DOM and evaluate DOM extraction in soils.
基金funded in part by the Canadian Water Network and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Chair in Drinking Water Research at the University of Toronto
文摘This work investigated the application of several fluorescence excitation–emission matrix analysis methods as natural organic matter（NOM） indicators for use in predicting the formation of trihalomethanes（THMs） and haloacetic acids（HAAs）. Waters from four different sources（two rivers and two lakes） were subjected to jar testing followed by 24 hr disinfection by-product formation tests using chlorine. NOM was quantified using three common measures： dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and specific ultraviolet absorbance as well as by principal component analysis, peak picking,and parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra. Based on multi-linear modeling of THMs and HAAs, principle component（PC） scores resulted in the lowest mean squared prediction error of cross-folded test sets（THMs： 43.7（μg/L）^2, HAAs： 233.3（μg/L）^2）. Inclusion of principle components representative of protein-like material significantly decreased prediction error for both THMs and HAAs. Parallel factor analysis did not identify a protein-like component and resulted in prediction errors similar to traditional NOM surrogates as well as fluorescence peak picking. These results support the value of fluorescence excitation–emission matrix–principal component analysis as a suitable NOM indicator in predicting the formation of THMs and HAAs for the water sources studied.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research Institution(CAFYBB2021QD002-2 and CAFYBB2020ZE001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2200404-02)the Qianjiangyuan National Forest Ecological Research Station.
文摘Phosphorus(P)is an important nutrient element in the photosynthesis process of plants.The effect of stand age on P nutrient dynamics in subtropical plantations is unclear.In this study,the mechanisms of above-and belowground P cycling in subtropical P.massoniana plantations of different stand ages(5,9,19,29 and 35 years)were investigated.The percentage of metabolic P in leaves exhibited an initial rise and subsequent decline with stand age of P.massoniana throughout the growing season,culminating in a metabolic P proportion of 34%–68% in litter.During the non-growing season,the main change in the P components of P.massoniana fine roots was a transition from metabolic P to residual P.Relative to during the growing season,soil ligand P fractions decreased by 7%–22% and exchangeable P fractions increased by 0–16%in the non-growing season.Organ P components tended to decrease with increasing stand age,mainly due to the gradual decrease in soil-bioavailable P,a trend alleviated by litter input.The generation of dissolved P by soil phosphatases would limit the reduction in soilbioavailable P caused by leaf P resorption to some extent.The differences in leaf organ P components between the growing and non-growing seasons are attributed to the allocation of P by the P.massoniana.Overall,the results of this study provide a basis for exploring the mechanisms of soil bioavailable P and soil P enzymemediated organ P component allocation in P.massoniana forests.These findings will help improve the management of P-limited P.massoniana plantations to enhance their productivity.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:22038011,51976168)the K.C.Wong Education Foundation,and the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2021JLM-17).
文摘Chemical looping gasification(CLG)characteristics and kinetic analysis of Chlorella(CHL),simulated Chlorella(V-CHL)and medium-chain triglycerides(MCT)were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with an online mass spectrometer.The apparent activation energy was obtained via Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)method.In the result of the weightless behavior,the addition of oxygen carrier inhibited the decomposition of V-CHL at lower temperatures but promoted its decomposition at high temperatures.The values of chemical looping process characteristic parameters showed that a 10 wt%oxygen carrier would maximize the release of volatile products in the CLG of MCT,with 5.12×10^(-6)%⋅min^(-1)⋅℃^(-3).Oxygen carriers also affected gaseous products.The LHV of gaseous products of CHL reached the largest when the oxygen carrier was 10 wt%,which was 8.13 MJ/m^(3).And the gaseous product of MCT had the largest LHV with 30 wt%oxygen carrier,which was 8.83 MJ/m^(3).According to the kinetic analysis,the minimum value of apparent activation energy of MCT chemical looping gasification was 89.54 kJ⋅mol^(-1) with the oxygen carrier of 30 wt%,which was 50%less than that of MCT pyrolysis.And the minimum value for V-CHL was obtained when the mass fraction of Fe2O3 was 50 wt%.This paper could provide a reference for the choice of algae,the design of reactors,and the targeted regulation of the gaseous product for the algae CLG process.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0800801).
文摘The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels due to its cleanliness and renewability.In this study,vegetable wastes(VWs),an abundant kind of biomass resource,were treated by anaerobic digestion(AD)to be converted into methane.The total solids(TS),volatile solids(VS),elemental contents,and organic components of 17 kinds of typical VWs were systematically determined.The methane production performances were then measured and ranged from 120.1 mL/g VS(for pepper stem)to 377.7 mL/g VS(for bok choy).To easily and quickly predict the methane yields of VWs,a curvilinear relationship between different organic compositions(e.g.,cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin,non-structural carbohydrate,protein,and VFA contents)and methane production was established and proved to be a useful tool for methane prediction.Four kinetic models(first-order model,Fitzhugh model,Cone model,modified Gompertz model)were applied to simulate the process of AD,and Cone and modified Gompertz models were shown to describe the AD process well.This study will not only provide basic data about the characteristics and methane production of 17 kinds of VWs but also contribute a method for predicting the methane yields of vegetable wastes,which is also valuable in future agro-industrial applications.
基金funded by the National Key R and D Program of China (2018YFC1706900, 2018YFC1706902)“Double First-Class” University project of China Pharmaceutical University (CPU2018GF07, CPU2018PZQ19)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (YB201819)the Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University (No. SKLNMZZ202025)
文摘Objective: Allergic asthma(AA) is a chronic airway infiammatory disease characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness(AHR). Pudilan anti-infiammatory oral liquid(PDL), along with its main medicinal material, Taraxaci Herba(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz, TH),has been widely used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Research has shown that the major ingredient of TH, the organic acid component(OAC), possesses favorable AA activity. However, the attenuated effects of PDL and OAC from TH(TH-OAC) on AA and their possible mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study analyzed the attenuating effects of PDL and TH-OAC on AA and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Young BALB/c mice were sensitized and stimulated to develop asthma using ovalbumin. Histological examinations were performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and protein expression detection of toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), TLR4, and orosomucoid 1-like protein 3(ORMDL3) were performed to detect the presence of infiammatory components in the lung tissue. The messenger RNA(mRNA) expression levels were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Results showed that PDL and TH-OAC alleviated augmented AHR and typical asthmatic pathological changes, including infiammatory infiltration and thickening of the alveolar wall. They also significantly reduced the levels of the immunoglobulin E, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Nitric oxide(NO) in lung tissues of mice. Protein and mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, and ORMDL3 were downregulated following treatment with PDL and TH-OAC. Conclusions: PDL and TH-OAC can reduce asthma-induced infiammatory damage to the bronchi. These results provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of asthma in clinical settings.
基金Supported by key foundation research project (G1999016001) of China and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
文摘The volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are emitted by a wide array of products, which include a variety of chemicals, some of them may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Several analytical instrument including gas chromatograph, high preferment liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were used in this study. The results showed the aldehyde and ketone components of Chinese fir wood were little composed of formaldehyde, syn- acetaldehyde, anti-acetadehyde and acrolein, VOCs obtained by Tenax GR absorber consisted of the major component cedrene (42.92%) and another 28 components, and the major components of the VOCs from the sample by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were cedrene and cedrol.
文摘Natural biominerals such as bone and teeth show how composite structures can combine organic and inorganic components to achieve both strong mechanical performance and essential biological functions.Inspired by these systems,composite materials are becoming an increasingly important class of biomaterials capable of meeting the growing complexity of biomedical challenges.
基金This research received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61511012).
文摘Biochar application and conservation tillage are significant for long-term organic carbon(OC)sequestration in soil and enhancing crop yields,however,their effects on native soil organic carbon(native SOC)without biochar carbon sequestration in situ remain largely unknown.Here,an 11-year field experiment was carried out to examine different biochar application rates(0,30,60,and 90 Mg ha^(−1))on native SOC pools(native labile SOC pool I and II,and native recalcitrant SOC)and microbial activities in calcareous soil across an entire winter wheat-maize rotation.The proportions of C_(3) and C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization were quantified using soil basal respiration(SBR)combined with 13C natural isotope abundance measurements.The results showed that 39-51%of the biochar remained in the top 30 cm after 11 years.Biochar application rates significantly increased native SOC and native recalcitrant SOC contents but decreased the proportion of native labile SOC[native labile SOC pool I and II,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)].Biochar application tended to increase the indicators of microbial activities associated with SOC degradation,such as SBR,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity,and metabolic quotient(qCO_(2)).Meanwhile,higher biochar application rates(B60 and B90)significantly increased the C_(4)-derived CO_(2) proportion of the SBR and enhanced C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization.The effect of the biochar application rate on the content and proportion of native SOC fractions occurred in the 0-15 cm layer,however,there were no significant differences at 15-30 cm.Soil depth also significantly increased native labile SOC pool Ⅰ and Ⅱ contents and decreased qCO_(2).In conclusion,the biochar application rate significantly increased native SOC accumulation in calcareous soil by enhancing the proportion of native recalcitrant SOC,and biochar application and soil depth collectively influenced the seasonal turnover of native SOC fractions,which has important implications for long-term agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 50605040)
文摘In the current research,the use of a micromachined cantilever resonator as a platform for chemical gas sensing was examined.The microcantilever resonator integrates an electrothermal driving unit and a piezoresistive detecting unit,and it is fabricated by direct bonding a silicon-on-insulator（SOI） wafer.With a particular polymer layer coated on the surface of the microcantilever,a gas sensor for volatile organic components（VOCs） detection can be realized.The operation mechanism provides the microcantilever resonator with integrated circuit（IC） compatibility in terms of both the fabrication process and operating voltage.The configuration of the microcantilever resonator can optimize the performance of the gas sensor.The SOI wafer provides a solution for the integrated fabrication of the microstructure,transducers,electronics,and the precise control of the resonator parameters.In this paper,the principles,design,analysis,process,and demonstration of the gas sensor based on the microcantilever resonator are presented.The experimental results provide confirmation that the polymer-coated microcantilever resonator has excellent performance with regard to VOC detection.
文摘The pursuit of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries has driven the development of high-voltage cathodes such as LiCoO2(LCO)[1].However,cycling beyond 4.5 V(vs.Li/Li+),especially at elevated temperatures,introduces severe challenges of accelerated interfacial side reactions,e.g.,dissolution of the cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and transition metal ions[2,3].Conventional carbonate-based electrolytes form CEI layers rich in organic components with poor thermal and electrochemical stability,which leads to rapid capacity fade,gas evolution,and safety hazards,thereby putting rigorous requirements on deliberate electrolyte design[4,5].
