Complex evidence theory is a generalized Dempster-Shafer evidence theory,which has the ability to express uncertain information.One of the key issues is the uncertainty measure of Complex Basic Belief Assignment(CBBA)...Complex evidence theory is a generalized Dempster-Shafer evidence theory,which has the ability to express uncertain information.One of the key issues is the uncertainty measure of Complex Basic Belief Assignment(CBBA).However,the research on the uncertainty measure of complex evidence theory is still an open issue.Therefore,in this paper,first,the Fractal-based Complex Belief(FCB)entropy as a generalization of Fractal-based Belief(FB)entropy,which has superiority in uncertainty measurement of CBBA,is proposed.Second,on the basis of FCB entropy,we propose Fractal-based Supremum Complex Belief(FSCB)entropy and Fractal-based Infimum Complex Belief(FICB)entropy,with FSCB entropy as the upper bound and FICB entropy as the lower bound.They are collectively called the proposed FCB entropy.Furthermore,we analyze the properties,physical interpretation and numerical examples to prove the rationality of the proposed method.Finally,a practical information fusion application is proposed to prove that the proposed FCB entropy can reasonably measure the uncertainty of CBBA.The results show that,the proposed FCB entropy can handle the uncertainty measure of CBBA,which can be a reasonable way for uncertainty measure in complex evidence theory.展开更多
Three copper(Ⅱ),nickel and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Cu_(2)(μ-H2dbda)2(phen)2]·2H_(2)O(1),[Ni(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpb)(H_(2)O)2]n(2),and[Cd(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpa)]n(3),have been constructed hydrothermally using H4dbda(...Three copper(Ⅱ),nickel and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Cu_(2)(μ-H2dbda)2(phen)2]·2H_(2)O(1),[Ni(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpb)(H_(2)O)2]n(2),and[Cd(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpa)]n(3),have been constructed hydrothermally using H4dbda(4,4'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid),phen(1,10-phenanthroline),bpb(1,4-bis(pyrid-4-yl)benzene),bpa(bis(4-pyridyl)amine),and copper,nickel and cadmium chlorides at 160℃.The products were isolated as stable crystalline solids and were characterized by IR spectra,elemental analyses,thermogravimetric analyses,and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction analyses.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that three complexes crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n,tetragonal I42d,and orthorhombic P21212 space groups.The complexes exhibit molecular dimers(1)or 2D metal-organic networks(2 and 3).The catalytic performances in the Knoevenagel reaction of these complexes were investigated.Complex 1 exhibits an effective catalytic activity and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction at room temperature.CCDC:2463800,1;2463801,2;2463802,3.展开更多
Six new lanthanide complexes:[Ln(3,4-DEOBA)3(4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy)]2·2C_(2)H_(5)OH,[Ln=Dy(1),Eu(2),Tb(3),Sm(4),Ho(5),Gd(6);3,4-DEOBA-=3,4-diethoxybenzoate,4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'...Six new lanthanide complexes:[Ln(3,4-DEOBA)3(4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy)]2·2C_(2)H_(5)OH,[Ln=Dy(1),Eu(2),Tb(3),Sm(4),Ho(5),Gd(6);3,4-DEOBA-=3,4-diethoxybenzoate,4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine]were successfully synthesized by the volatilization of the solution at room temperature.The crystal structures of six complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technology.The results showed that the complexes all have a binuclear structure,and the structures contain free ethanol molecules.Moreover,the coordination number of the central metal of each structural unit is eight.Adjacent structural units interact with each other through hydrogen bonds and further expand to form 1D chain-like and 2D planar structures.After conducting a systematic study on the luminescence properties of complexes 1-4,their emission and excitation spectra were obtained.Experimental results indicated that the fluorescence lifetimes of complexes 2 and 3 were 0.807 and 0.845 ms,respectively.The emission spectral data of complexes 1-4 were imported into the CIE chromaticity coordinate system,and their corre sponding luminescent regions cover the yellow light,red light,green light,and orange-red light bands,respectively.Within the temperature range of 299.15-1300 K,the thermal decomposition processes of the six complexes were comprehensively analyzed by using TG-DSC/FTIR/MS technology.The hypothesis of the gradual loss of ligand groups during the decomposition process was verified by detecting the escaped gas,3D infrared spectroscopy,and ion fragment information detected by mass spectrometry.The specific decomposition path is as follows:firstly,free ethanol molecules and neutral ligands are removed,and finally,acidic ligands are released;the final product is the corresponding metal oxide.CCDC:2430420,1;2430422,2;2430419,3;2430424,4;2430421,5;2430423,6.展开更多
Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been construc...Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been constructed hydrothermally at 160℃ using H_(3)tpta([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-4,4',5'-tricarboxylic acid),py(pyridine),H_(2)biim(2,2'-biimidazole),dpe(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene),and zinc,nickel and cadmium chlorides,resulting in the formation of stable crystalline solids which were subsequently analyzed using infrared spectroscopy,element analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,as well as structural analyses conducted via single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The findings from these single-crystal Xray diffraction studies indicate that complexes 1-3 form crystals within the monoclinic system P2_(1)/c space group(1)or triclinic system P1 space group(2 and 3),and possess 1D,0D,and 3D structures,respectively.Complex 1 demonstrated substantial catalytic efficiency and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of Knoevenagel condensation under ambient temperature conditions.In addition,complex 1 also showcased notable anti-wear performance when used in polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricants.CCDC:2449810,1;2449811,2;2449812,3.展开更多
The deep geologic processes between the Xing’an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton in the Mesozoic are crucial to reveal the magmatic and tectonic evolution and their constraints on mineralization in ...The deep geologic processes between the Xing’an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton in the Mesozoic are crucial to reveal the magmatic and tectonic evolution and their constraints on mineralization in the Jiapigou-Haigou collage zone.In this paper,We have presented the geochronology,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions of the Middle Jurassic granitic complexes in the Songjianghe area,Jilin Province.The granitic complexes can be categorized into four groups based on their geologic characteristics,with corresponding zircon U-Pb isotope ages of 177 Ma,172 Ma,169 Ma and 168-167 Ma,respectively.These granitoids exhibit calcalkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,metaluminous to weakly peraluminous Ⅰ-type characteristics,which show relative enrichment in LILEs(Rb,Sr,Ba)and depletion in HFSEs(Nb,Zr).Geochemical analyses reveal high initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of 0.70633-0.70740,coupled with lowεNd(t)values ranging from−10.65 to−13.23.The zircon analyses show similarly negativeεHf(t)values ranging from−16.9 to−3.2.The integrated elemental and Hf-Sr-Nd isotopic signatures demonstrate that the primitive magmas of the four group rocks were primarily derived from partial melting of thickened Archean lower crust,with the exception of the Group Ⅳ rocks,which exhibit significant evidence of crustal contamination.The residual mineral assemblages during the magma-forming process varied from amphibole to eclogite facies.These findings indicate that magmatism in the Songjianghe region likely resulted from the accretion and delamination of the Archean crust in the collage zone during the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.展开更多
Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced mus...Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced muscle damage,chronic pain syndromes,tendinopathies,and muscle atrophy.This review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for H2 therapy and identifies research gaps.A comprehensive search of PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library(up to April 2025)yielded 45 eligible studies:25 preclinical and 20 clinical trials.Preclinical models consistently showed reductions in reactive oxygen species,inflammatory cytokines,and improved cell viability.Clinical trials reported symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis,decreased Disease Activity Score 28 in rheumatoid arthritis,and accelerated clearance of muscle damage markers.Delivery methods varied-hydrogen-rich water,gas inhalation,and saline infusion-hindering direct comparison.Mechanistic biomarkers were inconsistently reported,limiting understanding of target engagement.Common limitations included small sample sizes,short durations,and protocol heterogeneity.Despite these constraints,findings suggest H2 may serve as a promising adjunctive therapy via antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective mechanisms.Future research should prioritize standardized delivery protocols,robust mechanistic endpoints,and longer-term randomized trials to validate clinical efficacy and optimize therapeutic strategies.展开更多
The complexes 1-4 of cyclobutanocucurbit[5]uril(CyB5Q[5])with Na^(+)/K^(+)have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The results show that although the inorganic salts are used when th...The complexes 1-4 of cyclobutanocucurbit[5]uril(CyB5Q[5])with Na^(+)/K^(+)have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The results show that although the inorganic salts are used when the cations are the same and the anions are different,in complex 1,Na^(+)closes one port of CyB5Q[5]through Na—O seven coordination bonds to form a molecular bowl;in complex 3,Na^(+)completely closes the two ports of CyB5Q[5]to form a molecular capsule with six Na—O coordination bonds;in complexes 2 and 4,the two ports of CyB5Q[5]are completely closed to form K—O coordinated molecular capsules,but the K^(+)of complex 2 is six-coordinated and that of complex 4 is eight-/nine-coordinated.and complex 4 are connected by three oxygen bridges to form a 1D molecular chain.CCDC:2457122,1;2457121,2;2457400,3;2457120,4.展开更多
Complex trimalleolar ankle fractures are a major orthopaedic challenge,with an incidence of 4.22 per 10000 person-years in the United States and an annual cost of 3.4 billion dollars.This review synthesizes current ev...Complex trimalleolar ankle fractures are a major orthopaedic challenge,with an incidence of 4.22 per 10000 person-years in the United States and an annual cost of 3.4 billion dollars.This review synthesizes current evidence on diagnostic protocols and management strategies,highlighting optimal approaches and emerging trends.Initial care emphasizes soft tissue assessment,often guided by the Tscherne classification,and fracture classification systems.External fixation may be required in open injuries,while early open reduction and internal fixation within six days is linked to improved outcomes.Minimally invasive techniques for the lateral malleolus,including intramedullary nailing and locking plates,are effective,while medial malleolus fractures are commonly managed with screw fixation or tension-band wiring.Posterior malleolus fragments involving more than 25%of the articular surface usually warrant fixation.Alternatives to syndesmotic screws,such as cortical buttons or high-strength sutures,reduce the need for secondary procedures.Arthroscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation benefits younger,active patients by enabling concurrent management of intra-articular and ligamentous injuries.Postoperative care prioritizes early weight-bearing and validated functional scores.Despite advances,complications remain common,and further research is needed to refine surgical strategies and improve outcomes.展开更多
Objective Petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes and their tectonic implications are of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze craton as well as the paleoposition of the Yangtze craton r...Objective Petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes and their tectonic implications are of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze craton as well as the paleoposition of the Yangtze craton relative to the Columbia supercontinent.Till now,展开更多
A synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine ＋ quartz assemblage from two localities （Tonagh Island （TI） and Priestley Peak （PP）） in the Napier Comple...A synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine ＋ quartz assemblage from two localities （Tonagh Island （TI） and Priestley Peak （PP）） in the Napier Complex,East Antarctica,provides unequivocal evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism possibly associated with the collisional orogeny during Neoarchean.The reaction microstructures associated with sapphirine ＋ quartz vary among the samples,probably suggesting different tectonic conditions during the metamorphic evolution.Sapphirine and quartz in TI sample were probably in equilibrium at the peak stage,but now separated by corona of Grt ＋ Sil ＋ Opx suggesting near isobaric cooling after the peak metamorphism,whereas the Spr ＋ Qtz ＋ Sil ＋ Crd ＋ Spl assemblage replaces garnet in PP sample suggesting post-peak decompression.The application of mineral equilibrium modeling in NCKFMASHTO system demonstrated that Spr ＋ Qtz stability is lowered down to 930 ℃ due to small Fe3＋ contents in the rocks （mole Fe2O3/（FeO ＋ Fe2O3） =0.02）.The TI sample yields a peak p-T range of 950-1100 ℃ and 7.5-11 kbar,followed by cooling toward a retrograde stage of 800-950 ℃ and 8-10 kbar,possibly along a counterclockwise p-T path.In contrast,the peak condition of the PP sample shows 1000-1050 ℃ and ＞12 kbar,which was followed by the formation ofSpr ＋ Qtz corona around garnet at 930-970 ℃ and 6.7-7.7 kbar,suggesting decompression possibly along a clockwise p-T trajectory.Such contrasting p-T paths are consistent with a recent model on the structural framework of the Napier Complex that correlates the two areas to different crustal blocks.The different p-T paths obtained from the two localities might reflect the difference in the tectonic framework of these rocks within a complex Neoarchean subduction/collision belt.展开更多
Objective The Yangtze craton collisional orogeny at ca. extensional events at ca. 1 experienced Paleoproterozoic 1.95-2.0 Ga and post-orogenic 85 Ga related to amalgamation of the Columbia （Nuna） supercontinent （Zh...Objective The Yangtze craton collisional orogeny at ca. extensional events at ca. 1 experienced Paleoproterozoic 1.95-2.0 Ga and post-orogenic 85 Ga related to amalgamation of the Columbia （Nuna） supercontinent （Zhao and Cawood, 2012）. A ca. 2.15 Ga suprasubduction zone ophiolitic melange was recongized in the Archean- Paleoproterozoic Kongling Complex of the northern Yangtze craton （Han et al., 2017）. However, the tectonic evolution in early Paleoproterozoic from 2.4 Ga to 2.2 Ga remains unclear. We report here the presence of a suite of Paleoproterozoic （2.2 Ga） granites in the Huangling dome, northern Yangtze craton, which may provide important insights into crustal growth processes in the craton prior to the assembly of Columbia.展开更多
The Kuandian Complex is scarcely preserved Early Proterozoic volcanic suite, formed2.3-2.4 Ga ago. It is located in an Early Proterozoic mobile belt bounded by the ArchaeanRangrim and Ryonggang Blocks of the northeast...The Kuandian Complex is scarcely preserved Early Proterozoic volcanic suite, formed2.3-2.4 Ga ago. It is located in an Early Proterozoic mobile belt bounded by the ArchaeanRangrim and Ryonggang Blocks of the northeastern Sino-Korean Craton. The Complex ismainly made up of amphibolites, gneisses, leucoleptite, leptite and layered granite. Petrologicaland geochemical studies show that the protoliths of the Complex are mainly assoctations ofbimodal volcanics and anorogenic granites. The Kuandian amphibolites are depleted in Nb, Ta,P and Ti, and enriched in LILE, e.g. K, Rb and Cs, with pronounced depletion of Sr relative toNd and Pb; La/Nb ratios are higher than 1(1.75 to 5.18). The trace element patterns of theamphibolites are similar to continental flood basalts formed by the Gondwana break-up, suchas those in South Karoo and Tasmania, which shows continental contamination. ε_(Nd) valuesranging from 0.70 to 1.94 of the Kuandian amphibolites and the relationships between Nb/Yband La/Yb suggest that contamination of basaltic magma happened in the mantle, rather thanalong the conduit. Isotope ratios of ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(207)Pb/ ^(204)Pb, ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(143)Nd/^(144)Ndand ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr indicate that the magma was derived from a contaminated mantle source likeDMM or a mixture of DMM and EM2. The Kuandian Complex has Dupal anomaly, as is thecase with some continental basalts in the south hemisphere, e.g. in South Karoo and Tasmania.Petrochemical modelling proposes that the Kuandian gneiss, granite, and amphibolite camefrom the same parental magma, being products of strong fractional crystallization. Protoliths ofthe Kuandian Complex were formed in extensional tectonic setting during the transition fromcontinental crust to oceanic crust. The formation of the Kuandian Complex indicates that 2.3or 2.4 Ga ago tectonic evolution of the Sino-Korean craton was different from that of otherwell-studied Precambrian cratons, e.g. the North American shield, European platform andAustralian continent in that strong volcanic eruption resulted in its accretion. Besides, the con-taminated magma source with a Dupal anomaly for the Complex indicates that crust-mantleconvection whose scale was similar to that of the present plate tectonics had occurred at leastbefore the formation of the Kuandian Complex (2.3-2.4 Ga B.P).展开更多
To better understand the Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Dabie Orogen in the northern margin of Yangtze Block,we present geochronological data for metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in the Huwan...To better understand the Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Dabie Orogen in the northern margin of Yangtze Block,we present geochronological data for metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in the Huwan complex.A total of 385 detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS analyses for metasedimentary rocks yielded three^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb age populations:1.50-1.80 Ga,1.81-1.87 Ga and 1.93-2.0 Ga,providing a maximum depositional timing of ca.1.50 Ga;while metafelsic volcanic gneisses yielded protolith U-Pb ages of 1893±54 Ma.The peak ages are remarkably consistent with the tectonothermal events that occurred in the northern Yangtze Block,indicating the presence of Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic magmatism in the Dabie Orogen.The age range of 1.93-2.0 Ga correlates with the Paleoproterozoic collision;the age range of 1.81-1.87 Ga coincides with the period of the post-orogenic extension;and the age range of 1.50-1.80 Ga is interpreted to associate with an extensional regime.Zircon cores with age of 1732-1965 Ma haveε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from-11.70 to-2.47,indicating that juvenile crust involved in their magma sources.Owing to the similar age spectra,we proposed that the nucleus of the Dabie Orogen was close to the Yangtze Block since the Paleoproterozoic.The Huwan complex has an intimate affiliation to the Yangtze Block,and implies multiple orogenic cycles.It was not only experienced the Paleo-Tethys ocean subduction and collision,but also recorded Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic tectono-magmatic events in the Dabie Orogen.展开更多
Researchers have often commented on the high correlation between McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity (CC) and lines of code (LOC). Many have believed this correlation high enough to justify adjusting CC by LOC or even sub...Researchers have often commented on the high correlation between McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity (CC) and lines of code (LOC). Many have believed this correlation high enough to justify adjusting CC by LOC or even substituting LOC for CC. However, from an empirical standpoint the relationship of CC to LOC is still an open one. We undertake the largest statistical study of this relationship to date. Employing modern regression techniques, we find the linearity of this relationship has been severely underestimated, so much so that CC can be said to have absolutely no explana-tory power of its own. This research presents evidence that LOC and CC have a stable practically perfect linear rela-tionship that holds across programmers, languages, code paradigms (procedural versus object-oriented), and software processes. Linear models are developed relating LOC and CC. These models are verified against over 1.2 million randomly selected source files from the SourceForge code repository. These files represent software projects from three target languages (C, C++, and Java) and a variety of programmer experience levels, software architectures, and de-velopment methodologies. The models developed are found to successfully predict roughly 90% of CC’s variance by LOC alone. This suggest not only that the linear relationship between LOC and CC is stable, but the aspects of code complexity that CC measures, such as the size of the test case space, grow linearly with source code size across lan-guages and programming paradigms.展开更多
Fruit flies in Bactrocera tau complex are important pests, but their morphological taxonomy is still unsettled. In this paper, specimens from gac fruits（Momordica cochinchinensis） are attempted to classify by geomet...Fruit flies in Bactrocera tau complex are important pests, but their morphological taxonomy is still unsettled. In this paper, specimens from gac fruits（Momordica cochinchinensis） are attempted to classify by geometric morphometric and genetic analyses. Geometric morphometric study of wing venation and aculeus shape among samples suggested a new species in this taxon. Sequences in the cytochrome oxidase I region were compared with reference material in this complex, as well as other taxa within the same subgenus. Phylogenetic analysis based on COI revealed a new species of the B. tau complex, B. tau form J. Therefore, the criteria of body color patterns proved to be taxonomically valid for species classification and identification in this species complex.展开更多
A semi-regional study was carried out in the Yaounde-Sangmelima area, a densely vegetated tropical region of southern Cameroon located in the Central Africa Fold Belt (CAFB)/Congo Craton (CC) transition zone. Towards ...A semi-regional study was carried out in the Yaounde-Sangmelima area, a densely vegetated tropical region of southern Cameroon located in the Central Africa Fold Belt (CAFB)/Congo Craton (CC) transition zone. Towards structural lineaments and predictive hydrothermal porphyry deposits mapping, an integrated analysis of Landsat-8 OLI data, aeromagnetic, geological and mineral indices maps was performed. The Remote sensing using False colour composite images involving bands combinations and Crosta method (features oriented principal components analysis) enabled the mapping of the gneisses and schists domains without a clear differentiation between the Yaounde and Mbalmayo schists;despite the reflectance anomalies evidenced NW of Akonolinga, hydrothermal alterations in the study area failed to be detected. Besides, aeromagnetics depicted a moderately fractured northern zone (the CAFB) contrasting with a high densely fractured zone (the CC, known as Ntem complex). The Ntem complex displays signatures of a meta-igneous, an intrusive complex, greenstone relics south of Sangmelima and hydrothermal activity. Indeed, CET porphyry analysis tool detected many porphyry centres. In general, the study revealed many lineaments including contacts, fractures faults zones and strike-slips. The major aeromagnetics structures are SW-NE to WSW-ENE and WNW-ESE to NW-SE while those from Landsat-8 are NE-SW, WNW-ESE, NW-SE, WSW-ENE and NW-ESE to NNW-SSE. Together, these structures depict trans-compressions or trans-tensions corresponding to a broad NE-SW strike-slips channel that affect both the CAFB and the Ntem Complex, and they control the intrusions thus confirming a pervasive hydrothermal activity within the Ntem Complex. The proximity or coincidence of these porphyry centres with some mapped Iron-Gold affiliated mineral indices and porphyry granites indicate the possible occurrence of many hydrothermal ore deposits. These results show the high probability for the Ntem complex to host porphyry deposits so they may serve to boost mineral exploration in the Yaounde-Sangmelima region and in the entire southern Cameroon as well.展开更多
The Early Paleoproterozoic Monchegorsk Complex is exposed over an area of 550 km;and comprises two layered mafite–ultramafite intrusions:the Monchepluton of ultramafic and mafic rocks and the predominantly gabbroid
Based on the geological and geochemical information about migmatites, the followinglines of evidence have been proposed for discriminating the anatectic leucosome in the DabieshanComplex: (1) its width is larger than ...Based on the geological and geochemical information about migmatites, the followinglines of evidence have been proposed for discriminating the anatectic leucosome in the DabieshanComplex: (1) its width is larger than that derived from the subsolidus genesis, cutting acrossregional foliation, thus giving rise to complicated folds and wider selvages; (2) it is composedof melanic and accessory minerals in addition to quartz and feldspars; (3) the significant difference in anorthites of plagioclase between paleosome and leucosome; (4) temperature and pressure (P/T) conditions revealed by the mineral compositions and assemblages are over those forthe onset of anatexis; and (5) it is enriched in the major elements (e. g. AiZO3, FeZO3 andTiO2) and immobile and incompatible elements (e. g. LREE, Th, Hf and Zr). Finally, bycombining the geological and geochemical features with the statistical data for the spatial distribution of minerals and mass-balance in the migmatites, it is concluded that anatexis is the cardinal mechanism of migmatization in the Dabieshan Complex.展开更多
The mafic enclaves from Paleoproterozoic domain are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing. In this paper, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry were jointly used to d...The mafic enclaves from Paleoproterozoic domain are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing. In this paper, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry were jointly used to determine the origin of the mafic enclaves and their relationship with the host granitoids of the Kan granite-gneiss complex. This study also provides new information on crust-mantle interactions. The mafic enclaves of the Kan vary in shape and size and have intermediate chemical compositions. The diagrams used show a number of similarities in the major elements (and often in the trace elements) between the mafic enclaves and the host granitoids. Geochemical show that the Kan rock are metaluminous, enriched in silica, medium to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. The similarities reflect a mixing of basic and acid magma. Mafic enclaves have a typical magmatic structure, which is characterized by magma mixing. The genesis of these rocks is associated with the context of subduction. They result from the mixing of a mafic magma originating from the mantle and linked to subduction, and a granitic magma (type I granite) that arises from the partial melting of the crust.展开更多
Ultramafic(dunite-clinopyroxenite) complexes with platinum mineralization are common in different tectonic settings. Among them are zoned complexes of the Ural-Alaskan type, zoned complexes of platforms(Konder massif,...Ultramafic(dunite-clinopyroxenite) complexes with platinum mineralization are common in different tectonic settings. Among them are zoned complexes of the Ural-Alaskan type, zoned complexes of platforms(Konder massif, Siberia), as well as layered intrusion complexes(Gulin massif, Siberia). In determining the genesis of these formations, an important role belongs to the study of melt inclusions and rock-forming minerals, including clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxenes of the ultramafic complexes exhibit a general trend of evolution, expressed as a decrease in magnesium content(Mg# = 0.95 to 0.7) and an increase in the contents of titanium and aluminum oxide(0–4.5% and 0.5–7.0%, respectively) in the dunite-clinopyroxenite series. In the coordinates of Ti-AL(IV) the clinopyroxenes of the Ural-Alaskan complexes of the Platinum belt form a linear trend of compositions with a slight increase(0–0.03 f.u.) in the titanium contents. In comparison with them the clinopyroxenes of the zoned platform complexes(Konder massif) demonstrate a shift in the trend of compositions, due to an increase in the titanium content to the moderate(0.05 f.u.) values. For the layered intrusions(Gulin pluton), it is typical another trend of clinopyroxene compositions with significantly higher titanium contents(0.04–0.12 f.u.) at the similar level of aluminum. Clinopyroxene compositions of zoned complexes of the Platinum belt are "controlled" by the area of boninites and tholeites of island arcs, and the zoned complexes of platforms by the areas of island arc tholeites and sub-alkaline intraplate basalts. Clinopyroxenes of the layered intrusions are located in the field of compositions of alkaline intraplate or MORB basalts. The geochemical study of clinopyroxenes, performed by laser ablation method(LA-ICP-MS) at the University of Kanazawa(Japan) and the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the UB RAS(Zaitseva et al., 2018), established the following features:(1) In ultrabasites of zoned complexes of the Urals and Siberia(Konder massif), clinopyroxene is characterized by an arcshaped distribution of rare earth elements with increasing contents from dunites to pyroxenites at a relative deficit of heavy REE(LaN/YbN = 1.2–5.4). In magnetite clinopyroxenites(enriched REE), its composition is close or identical to that in orthoclase-bearing pyroxenites(tylaites). Negative anomalies of lead, zirconium, hafnium, and titanium, as well as positive anomalies of strontium, are typical for clinopyroxene zoned complexes.(2) In ultrabasites of layered intrusions(Gulin massif) clinopyroxene is characterized by higher level of light lanthanides with a steeper slope of the REE distribution spectra(LaN/YbN = 8–13). Lead, zirconium and hafnium anomalies are also inherent in the compositions;unlike the zoned complexes a weak negative anomaly of strontium and a positive anomaly of titanium are observed. Using the partition coefficients between clinopyroxene and the melt, the compositions of parental melts for ultramafic complexes were calculated. In general, these model melts are characterized by oblique spectra of compositions typical of island arc and intraplate environments(Fig. 1). Model melts corresponding to the Ural-Alaskan-type zoned complexes(Platinum belt) show low levels of REE with a noticeable deficiency of heavy lanthanides(LaN/YbN = 8–25). By their high(≥ 2) CaO/Al2O3 ratio, they are close to ankaramite type island arc melts, differing by a steeper slope of the REE distribution spectra. Model melts corresponding to the zoned platform complexes(Konder massif) demonstrate a higher level of REE content and a deficit of heavy REE(LaN/YbN = 38), with a similar distribution pattern. At a lower Ca/Al ratio(0.4–1.9), they are close to melts of the picritic type. In comparison with them, model melts corresponding to the layered intrusions(Gulin massif) demonstrate a significantly higher level of REE and a steeper slope of the distribution spectra(LaN/YbN = 67–103), typical of alkaline mechmitic melts. In general, the results of the mineralogical and geochemical study of clinopyroxenes of ultramafic complexes correlate well with the data on melt inclusions in spinels from dunites(Simonov et al., 2017).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62473067)Chongqing Talents: Exceptional Young Talents Project, China (No. cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0070)Chongqing Overseas Scholars Innovation Program, China (No. cx2022024)
文摘Complex evidence theory is a generalized Dempster-Shafer evidence theory,which has the ability to express uncertain information.One of the key issues is the uncertainty measure of Complex Basic Belief Assignment(CBBA).However,the research on the uncertainty measure of complex evidence theory is still an open issue.Therefore,in this paper,first,the Fractal-based Complex Belief(FCB)entropy as a generalization of Fractal-based Belief(FB)entropy,which has superiority in uncertainty measurement of CBBA,is proposed.Second,on the basis of FCB entropy,we propose Fractal-based Supremum Complex Belief(FSCB)entropy and Fractal-based Infimum Complex Belief(FICB)entropy,with FSCB entropy as the upper bound and FICB entropy as the lower bound.They are collectively called the proposed FCB entropy.Furthermore,we analyze the properties,physical interpretation and numerical examples to prove the rationality of the proposed method.Finally,a practical information fusion application is proposed to prove that the proposed FCB entropy can reasonably measure the uncertainty of CBBA.The results show that,the proposed FCB entropy can handle the uncertainty measure of CBBA,which can be a reasonable way for uncertainty measure in complex evidence theory.
文摘Three copper(Ⅱ),nickel and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Cu_(2)(μ-H2dbda)2(phen)2]·2H_(2)O(1),[Ni(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpb)(H_(2)O)2]n(2),and[Cd(μ-H2dbda)(μ-bpa)]n(3),have been constructed hydrothermally using H4dbda(4,4'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid),phen(1,10-phenanthroline),bpb(1,4-bis(pyrid-4-yl)benzene),bpa(bis(4-pyridyl)amine),and copper,nickel and cadmium chlorides at 160℃.The products were isolated as stable crystalline solids and were characterized by IR spectra,elemental analyses,thermogravimetric analyses,and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction analyses.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that three complexes crystallize in the monoclinic P21/n,tetragonal I42d,and orthorhombic P21212 space groups.The complexes exhibit molecular dimers(1)or 2D metal-organic networks(2 and 3).The catalytic performances in the Knoevenagel reaction of these complexes were investigated.Complex 1 exhibits an effective catalytic activity and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction at room temperature.CCDC:2463800,1;2463801,2;2463802,3.
文摘Six new lanthanide complexes:[Ln(3,4-DEOBA)3(4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy)]2·2C_(2)H_(5)OH,[Ln=Dy(1),Eu(2),Tb(3),Sm(4),Ho(5),Gd(6);3,4-DEOBA-=3,4-diethoxybenzoate,4,4'-DM-2,2'-bipy=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine]were successfully synthesized by the volatilization of the solution at room temperature.The crystal structures of six complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technology.The results showed that the complexes all have a binuclear structure,and the structures contain free ethanol molecules.Moreover,the coordination number of the central metal of each structural unit is eight.Adjacent structural units interact with each other through hydrogen bonds and further expand to form 1D chain-like and 2D planar structures.After conducting a systematic study on the luminescence properties of complexes 1-4,their emission and excitation spectra were obtained.Experimental results indicated that the fluorescence lifetimes of complexes 2 and 3 were 0.807 and 0.845 ms,respectively.The emission spectral data of complexes 1-4 were imported into the CIE chromaticity coordinate system,and their corre sponding luminescent regions cover the yellow light,red light,green light,and orange-red light bands,respectively.Within the temperature range of 299.15-1300 K,the thermal decomposition processes of the six complexes were comprehensively analyzed by using TG-DSC/FTIR/MS technology.The hypothesis of the gradual loss of ligand groups during the decomposition process was verified by detecting the escaped gas,3D infrared spectroscopy,and ion fragment information detected by mass spectrometry.The specific decomposition path is as follows:firstly,free ethanol molecules and neutral ligands are removed,and finally,acidic ligands are released;the final product is the corresponding metal oxide.CCDC:2430420,1;2430422,2;2430419,3;2430424,4;2430421,5;2430423,6.
文摘Three zinc(Ⅱ),nickel(Ⅱ),and cadmium(Ⅱ)complexes,namely[Zn(μ-Htpta)(py)_(2)]n(1),[Ni(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)2][Ni(tpta)(H_(2)biim)2(H_(2)O)]2·3H_(2)O(2),and[Cd_(3)(μ4-tpta)2(μ-dpe)_(3)]_(n)(3),have been constructed hydrothermally at 160℃ using H_(3)tpta([1,1':3',1″-terphenyl]-4,4',5'-tricarboxylic acid),py(pyridine),H_(2)biim(2,2'-biimidazole),dpe(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene),and zinc,nickel and cadmium chlorides,resulting in the formation of stable crystalline solids which were subsequently analyzed using infrared spectroscopy,element analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,as well as structural analyses conducted via single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The findings from these single-crystal Xray diffraction studies indicate that complexes 1-3 form crystals within the monoclinic system P2_(1)/c space group(1)or triclinic system P1 space group(2 and 3),and possess 1D,0D,and 3D structures,respectively.Complex 1 demonstrated substantial catalytic efficiency and excellent reusability as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of Knoevenagel condensation under ambient temperature conditions.In addition,complex 1 also showcased notable anti-wear performance when used in polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricants.CCDC:2449810,1;2449811,2;2449812,3.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province of China(grant no.20230101075JC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.42072085).
文摘The deep geologic processes between the Xing’an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton in the Mesozoic are crucial to reveal the magmatic and tectonic evolution and their constraints on mineralization in the Jiapigou-Haigou collage zone.In this paper,We have presented the geochronology,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions of the Middle Jurassic granitic complexes in the Songjianghe area,Jilin Province.The granitic complexes can be categorized into four groups based on their geologic characteristics,with corresponding zircon U-Pb isotope ages of 177 Ma,172 Ma,169 Ma and 168-167 Ma,respectively.These granitoids exhibit calcalkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,metaluminous to weakly peraluminous Ⅰ-type characteristics,which show relative enrichment in LILEs(Rb,Sr,Ba)and depletion in HFSEs(Nb,Zr).Geochemical analyses reveal high initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of 0.70633-0.70740,coupled with lowεNd(t)values ranging from−10.65 to−13.23.The zircon analyses show similarly negativeεHf(t)values ranging from−16.9 to−3.2.The integrated elemental and Hf-Sr-Nd isotopic signatures demonstrate that the primitive magmas of the four group rocks were primarily derived from partial melting of thickened Archean lower crust,with the exception of the Group Ⅳ rocks,which exhibit significant evidence of crustal contamination.The residual mineral assemblages during the magma-forming process varied from amphibole to eclogite facies.These findings indicate that magmatism in the Songjianghe region likely resulted from the accretion and delamination of the Archean crust in the collage zone during the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.
文摘Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced muscle damage,chronic pain syndromes,tendinopathies,and muscle atrophy.This review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for H2 therapy and identifies research gaps.A comprehensive search of PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library(up to April 2025)yielded 45 eligible studies:25 preclinical and 20 clinical trials.Preclinical models consistently showed reductions in reactive oxygen species,inflammatory cytokines,and improved cell viability.Clinical trials reported symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis,decreased Disease Activity Score 28 in rheumatoid arthritis,and accelerated clearance of muscle damage markers.Delivery methods varied-hydrogen-rich water,gas inhalation,and saline infusion-hindering direct comparison.Mechanistic biomarkers were inconsistently reported,limiting understanding of target engagement.Common limitations included small sample sizes,short durations,and protocol heterogeneity.Despite these constraints,findings suggest H2 may serve as a promising adjunctive therapy via antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective mechanisms.Future research should prioritize standardized delivery protocols,robust mechanistic endpoints,and longer-term randomized trials to validate clinical efficacy and optimize therapeutic strategies.
文摘The complexes 1-4 of cyclobutanocucurbit[5]uril(CyB5Q[5])with Na^(+)/K^(+)have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.The results show that although the inorganic salts are used when the cations are the same and the anions are different,in complex 1,Na^(+)closes one port of CyB5Q[5]through Na—O seven coordination bonds to form a molecular bowl;in complex 3,Na^(+)completely closes the two ports of CyB5Q[5]to form a molecular capsule with six Na—O coordination bonds;in complexes 2 and 4,the two ports of CyB5Q[5]are completely closed to form K—O coordinated molecular capsules,but the K^(+)of complex 2 is six-coordinated and that of complex 4 is eight-/nine-coordinated.and complex 4 are connected by three oxygen bridges to form a 1D molecular chain.CCDC:2457122,1;2457121,2;2457400,3;2457120,4.
文摘Complex trimalleolar ankle fractures are a major orthopaedic challenge,with an incidence of 4.22 per 10000 person-years in the United States and an annual cost of 3.4 billion dollars.This review synthesizes current evidence on diagnostic protocols and management strategies,highlighting optimal approaches and emerging trends.Initial care emphasizes soft tissue assessment,often guided by the Tscherne classification,and fracture classification systems.External fixation may be required in open injuries,while early open reduction and internal fixation within six days is linked to improved outcomes.Minimally invasive techniques for the lateral malleolus,including intramedullary nailing and locking plates,are effective,while medial malleolus fractures are commonly managed with screw fixation or tension-band wiring.Posterior malleolus fragments involving more than 25%of the articular surface usually warrant fixation.Alternatives to syndesmotic screws,such as cortical buttons or high-strength sutures,reduce the need for secondary procedures.Arthroscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation benefits younger,active patients by enabling concurrent management of intra-articular and ligamentous injuries.Postoperative care prioritizes early weight-bearing and validated functional scores.Despite advances,complications remain common,and further research is needed to refine surgical strategies and improve outcomes.
基金financially supported by National Science Foundation of China(grant No.41303026)the funded project of the China Geological Survey(grants No.DD20160030,DD20160351 and DD20160029)
文摘Objective Petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic mafic dikes and their tectonic implications are of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze craton as well as the paleoposition of the Yangtze craton relative to the Columbia supercontinent.Till now,
基金Partial funding for this project was produced a Grant-in-Aid for Scientifc Research (B) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to Tsunogae(Nos.20340148,22403017)a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows to Shimizu (No.23-311)
文摘A synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine ＋ quartz assemblage from two localities （Tonagh Island （TI） and Priestley Peak （PP）） in the Napier Complex,East Antarctica,provides unequivocal evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism possibly associated with the collisional orogeny during Neoarchean.The reaction microstructures associated with sapphirine ＋ quartz vary among the samples,probably suggesting different tectonic conditions during the metamorphic evolution.Sapphirine and quartz in TI sample were probably in equilibrium at the peak stage,but now separated by corona of Grt ＋ Sil ＋ Opx suggesting near isobaric cooling after the peak metamorphism,whereas the Spr ＋ Qtz ＋ Sil ＋ Crd ＋ Spl assemblage replaces garnet in PP sample suggesting post-peak decompression.The application of mineral equilibrium modeling in NCKFMASHTO system demonstrated that Spr ＋ Qtz stability is lowered down to 930 ℃ due to small Fe3＋ contents in the rocks （mole Fe2O3/（FeO ＋ Fe2O3） =0.02）.The TI sample yields a peak p-T range of 950-1100 ℃ and 7.5-11 kbar,followed by cooling toward a retrograde stage of 800-950 ℃ and 8-10 kbar,possibly along a counterclockwise p-T path.In contrast,the peak condition of the PP sample shows 1000-1050 ℃ and ＞12 kbar,which was followed by the formation ofSpr ＋ Qtz corona around garnet at 930-970 ℃ and 6.7-7.7 kbar,suggesting decompression possibly along a clockwise p-T trajectory.Such contrasting p-T paths are consistent with a recent model on the structural framework of the Napier Complex that correlates the two areas to different crustal blocks.The different p-T paths obtained from the two localities might reflect the difference in the tectonic framework of these rocks within a complex Neoarchean subduction/collision belt.
基金supported by the funded project of the China Geological Survey(grants No.12120113061700,121201009000150013 and DD20160029)
文摘Objective The Yangtze craton collisional orogeny at ca. extensional events at ca. 1 experienced Paleoproterozoic 1.95-2.0 Ga and post-orogenic 85 Ga related to amalgamation of the Columbia （Nuna） supercontinent （Zhao and Cawood, 2012）. A ca. 2.15 Ga suprasubduction zone ophiolitic melange was recongized in the Archean- Paleoproterozoic Kongling Complex of the northern Yangtze craton （Han et al., 2017）. However, the tectonic evolution in early Paleoproterozoic from 2.4 Ga to 2.2 Ga remains unclear. We report here the presence of a suite of Paleoproterozoic （2.2 Ga） granites in the Huangling dome, northern Yangtze craton, which may provide important insights into crustal growth processes in the craton prior to the assembly of Columbia.
文摘The Kuandian Complex is scarcely preserved Early Proterozoic volcanic suite, formed2.3-2.4 Ga ago. It is located in an Early Proterozoic mobile belt bounded by the ArchaeanRangrim and Ryonggang Blocks of the northeastern Sino-Korean Craton. The Complex ismainly made up of amphibolites, gneisses, leucoleptite, leptite and layered granite. Petrologicaland geochemical studies show that the protoliths of the Complex are mainly assoctations ofbimodal volcanics and anorogenic granites. The Kuandian amphibolites are depleted in Nb, Ta,P and Ti, and enriched in LILE, e.g. K, Rb and Cs, with pronounced depletion of Sr relative toNd and Pb; La/Nb ratios are higher than 1(1.75 to 5.18). The trace element patterns of theamphibolites are similar to continental flood basalts formed by the Gondwana break-up, suchas those in South Karoo and Tasmania, which shows continental contamination. ε_(Nd) valuesranging from 0.70 to 1.94 of the Kuandian amphibolites and the relationships between Nb/Yband La/Yb suggest that contamination of basaltic magma happened in the mantle, rather thanalong the conduit. Isotope ratios of ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(207)Pb/ ^(204)Pb, ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb, ^(143)Nd/^(144)Ndand ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr indicate that the magma was derived from a contaminated mantle source likeDMM or a mixture of DMM and EM2. The Kuandian Complex has Dupal anomaly, as is thecase with some continental basalts in the south hemisphere, e.g. in South Karoo and Tasmania.Petrochemical modelling proposes that the Kuandian gneiss, granite, and amphibolite camefrom the same parental magma, being products of strong fractional crystallization. Protoliths ofthe Kuandian Complex were formed in extensional tectonic setting during the transition fromcontinental crust to oceanic crust. The formation of the Kuandian Complex indicates that 2.3or 2.4 Ga ago tectonic evolution of the Sino-Korean craton was different from that of otherwell-studied Precambrian cratons, e.g. the North American shield, European platform andAustralian continent in that strong volcanic eruption resulted in its accretion. Besides, the con-taminated magma source with a Dupal anomaly for the Complex indicates that crust-mantleconvection whose scale was similar to that of the present plate tectonics had occurred at leastbefore the formation of the Kuandian Complex (2.3-2.4 Ga B.P).
基金granted by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42172103)China Geological Survey(DD20221645)Hubei Geological Bureau(KJ2023-11,KCDZ2022-06,KCDZ2023-01)。
文摘To better understand the Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Dabie Orogen in the northern margin of Yangtze Block,we present geochronological data for metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks in the Huwan complex.A total of 385 detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS analyses for metasedimentary rocks yielded three^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb age populations:1.50-1.80 Ga,1.81-1.87 Ga and 1.93-2.0 Ga,providing a maximum depositional timing of ca.1.50 Ga;while metafelsic volcanic gneisses yielded protolith U-Pb ages of 1893±54 Ma.The peak ages are remarkably consistent with the tectonothermal events that occurred in the northern Yangtze Block,indicating the presence of Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic magmatism in the Dabie Orogen.The age range of 1.93-2.0 Ga correlates with the Paleoproterozoic collision;the age range of 1.81-1.87 Ga coincides with the period of the post-orogenic extension;and the age range of 1.50-1.80 Ga is interpreted to associate with an extensional regime.Zircon cores with age of 1732-1965 Ma haveε_(Hf)(t)values ranging from-11.70 to-2.47,indicating that juvenile crust involved in their magma sources.Owing to the similar age spectra,we proposed that the nucleus of the Dabie Orogen was close to the Yangtze Block since the Paleoproterozoic.The Huwan complex has an intimate affiliation to the Yangtze Block,and implies multiple orogenic cycles.It was not only experienced the Paleo-Tethys ocean subduction and collision,but also recorded Paleo-to Mesoproterozoic tectono-magmatic events in the Dabie Orogen.
文摘Researchers have often commented on the high correlation between McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity (CC) and lines of code (LOC). Many have believed this correlation high enough to justify adjusting CC by LOC or even substituting LOC for CC. However, from an empirical standpoint the relationship of CC to LOC is still an open one. We undertake the largest statistical study of this relationship to date. Employing modern regression techniques, we find the linearity of this relationship has been severely underestimated, so much so that CC can be said to have absolutely no explana-tory power of its own. This research presents evidence that LOC and CC have a stable practically perfect linear rela-tionship that holds across programmers, languages, code paradigms (procedural versus object-oriented), and software processes. Linear models are developed relating LOC and CC. These models are verified against over 1.2 million randomly selected source files from the SourceForge code repository. These files represent software projects from three target languages (C, C++, and Java) and a variety of programmer experience levels, software architectures, and de-velopment methodologies. The models developed are found to successfully predict roughly 90% of CC’s variance by LOC alone. This suggest not only that the linear relationship between LOC and CC is stable, but the aspects of code complexity that CC measures, such as the size of the test case space, grow linearly with source code size across lan-guages and programming paradigms.
基金supported by Center of Excellence on Biodiversity(BDC),Office of Higher Education Commission(BDC-PG2-160007)
文摘Fruit flies in Bactrocera tau complex are important pests, but their morphological taxonomy is still unsettled. In this paper, specimens from gac fruits（Momordica cochinchinensis） are attempted to classify by geometric morphometric and genetic analyses. Geometric morphometric study of wing venation and aculeus shape among samples suggested a new species in this taxon. Sequences in the cytochrome oxidase I region were compared with reference material in this complex, as well as other taxa within the same subgenus. Phylogenetic analysis based on COI revealed a new species of the B. tau complex, B. tau form J. Therefore, the criteria of body color patterns proved to be taxonomically valid for species classification and identification in this species complex.
文摘A semi-regional study was carried out in the Yaounde-Sangmelima area, a densely vegetated tropical region of southern Cameroon located in the Central Africa Fold Belt (CAFB)/Congo Craton (CC) transition zone. Towards structural lineaments and predictive hydrothermal porphyry deposits mapping, an integrated analysis of Landsat-8 OLI data, aeromagnetic, geological and mineral indices maps was performed. The Remote sensing using False colour composite images involving bands combinations and Crosta method (features oriented principal components analysis) enabled the mapping of the gneisses and schists domains without a clear differentiation between the Yaounde and Mbalmayo schists;despite the reflectance anomalies evidenced NW of Akonolinga, hydrothermal alterations in the study area failed to be detected. Besides, aeromagnetics depicted a moderately fractured northern zone (the CAFB) contrasting with a high densely fractured zone (the CC, known as Ntem complex). The Ntem complex displays signatures of a meta-igneous, an intrusive complex, greenstone relics south of Sangmelima and hydrothermal activity. Indeed, CET porphyry analysis tool detected many porphyry centres. In general, the study revealed many lineaments including contacts, fractures faults zones and strike-slips. The major aeromagnetics structures are SW-NE to WSW-ENE and WNW-ESE to NW-SE while those from Landsat-8 are NE-SW, WNW-ESE, NW-SE, WSW-ENE and NW-ESE to NNW-SSE. Together, these structures depict trans-compressions or trans-tensions corresponding to a broad NE-SW strike-slips channel that affect both the CAFB and the Ntem Complex, and they control the intrusions thus confirming a pervasive hydrothermal activity within the Ntem Complex. The proximity or coincidence of these porphyry centres with some mapped Iron-Gold affiliated mineral indices and porphyry granites indicate the possible occurrence of many hydrothermal ore deposits. These results show the high probability for the Ntem complex to host porphyry deposits so they may serve to boost mineral exploration in the Yaounde-Sangmelima region and in the entire southern Cameroon as well.
文摘The Early Paleoproterozoic Monchegorsk Complex is exposed over an area of 550 km;and comprises two layered mafite–ultramafite intrusions:the Monchepluton of ultramafic and mafic rocks and the predominantly gabbroid
文摘Based on the geological and geochemical information about migmatites, the followinglines of evidence have been proposed for discriminating the anatectic leucosome in the DabieshanComplex: (1) its width is larger than that derived from the subsolidus genesis, cutting acrossregional foliation, thus giving rise to complicated folds and wider selvages; (2) it is composedof melanic and accessory minerals in addition to quartz and feldspars; (3) the significant difference in anorthites of plagioclase between paleosome and leucosome; (4) temperature and pressure (P/T) conditions revealed by the mineral compositions and assemblages are over those forthe onset of anatexis; and (5) it is enriched in the major elements (e. g. AiZO3, FeZO3 andTiO2) and immobile and incompatible elements (e. g. LREE, Th, Hf and Zr). Finally, bycombining the geological and geochemical features with the statistical data for the spatial distribution of minerals and mass-balance in the migmatites, it is concluded that anatexis is the cardinal mechanism of migmatization in the Dabieshan Complex.
文摘The mafic enclaves from Paleoproterozoic domain are considered to be the results of large-scale crust-mantle interaction and magma mixing. In this paper, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry were jointly used to determine the origin of the mafic enclaves and their relationship with the host granitoids of the Kan granite-gneiss complex. This study also provides new information on crust-mantle interactions. The mafic enclaves of the Kan vary in shape and size and have intermediate chemical compositions. The diagrams used show a number of similarities in the major elements (and often in the trace elements) between the mafic enclaves and the host granitoids. Geochemical show that the Kan rock are metaluminous, enriched in silica, medium to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. The similarities reflect a mixing of basic and acid magma. Mafic enclaves have a typical magmatic structure, which is characterized by magma mixing. The genesis of these rocks is associated with the context of subduction. They result from the mixing of a mafic magma originating from the mantle and linked to subduction, and a granitic magma (type I granite) that arises from the partial melting of the crust.
基金the framework of the Program the IGG UB RAS (No. АААА-А18118052590029-6)the grant from the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 16-17-10283)
文摘Ultramafic(dunite-clinopyroxenite) complexes with platinum mineralization are common in different tectonic settings. Among them are zoned complexes of the Ural-Alaskan type, zoned complexes of platforms(Konder massif, Siberia), as well as layered intrusion complexes(Gulin massif, Siberia). In determining the genesis of these formations, an important role belongs to the study of melt inclusions and rock-forming minerals, including clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxenes of the ultramafic complexes exhibit a general trend of evolution, expressed as a decrease in magnesium content(Mg# = 0.95 to 0.7) and an increase in the contents of titanium and aluminum oxide(0–4.5% and 0.5–7.0%, respectively) in the dunite-clinopyroxenite series. In the coordinates of Ti-AL(IV) the clinopyroxenes of the Ural-Alaskan complexes of the Platinum belt form a linear trend of compositions with a slight increase(0–0.03 f.u.) in the titanium contents. In comparison with them the clinopyroxenes of the zoned platform complexes(Konder massif) demonstrate a shift in the trend of compositions, due to an increase in the titanium content to the moderate(0.05 f.u.) values. For the layered intrusions(Gulin pluton), it is typical another trend of clinopyroxene compositions with significantly higher titanium contents(0.04–0.12 f.u.) at the similar level of aluminum. Clinopyroxene compositions of zoned complexes of the Platinum belt are "controlled" by the area of boninites and tholeites of island arcs, and the zoned complexes of platforms by the areas of island arc tholeites and sub-alkaline intraplate basalts. Clinopyroxenes of the layered intrusions are located in the field of compositions of alkaline intraplate or MORB basalts. The geochemical study of clinopyroxenes, performed by laser ablation method(LA-ICP-MS) at the University of Kanazawa(Japan) and the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the UB RAS(Zaitseva et al., 2018), established the following features:(1) In ultrabasites of zoned complexes of the Urals and Siberia(Konder massif), clinopyroxene is characterized by an arcshaped distribution of rare earth elements with increasing contents from dunites to pyroxenites at a relative deficit of heavy REE(LaN/YbN = 1.2–5.4). In magnetite clinopyroxenites(enriched REE), its composition is close or identical to that in orthoclase-bearing pyroxenites(tylaites). Negative anomalies of lead, zirconium, hafnium, and titanium, as well as positive anomalies of strontium, are typical for clinopyroxene zoned complexes.(2) In ultrabasites of layered intrusions(Gulin massif) clinopyroxene is characterized by higher level of light lanthanides with a steeper slope of the REE distribution spectra(LaN/YbN = 8–13). Lead, zirconium and hafnium anomalies are also inherent in the compositions;unlike the zoned complexes a weak negative anomaly of strontium and a positive anomaly of titanium are observed. Using the partition coefficients between clinopyroxene and the melt, the compositions of parental melts for ultramafic complexes were calculated. In general, these model melts are characterized by oblique spectra of compositions typical of island arc and intraplate environments(Fig. 1). Model melts corresponding to the Ural-Alaskan-type zoned complexes(Platinum belt) show low levels of REE with a noticeable deficiency of heavy lanthanides(LaN/YbN = 8–25). By their high(≥ 2) CaO/Al2O3 ratio, they are close to ankaramite type island arc melts, differing by a steeper slope of the REE distribution spectra. Model melts corresponding to the zoned platform complexes(Konder massif) demonstrate a higher level of REE content and a deficit of heavy REE(LaN/YbN = 38), with a similar distribution pattern. At a lower Ca/Al ratio(0.4–1.9), they are close to melts of the picritic type. In comparison with them, model melts corresponding to the layered intrusions(Gulin massif) demonstrate a significantly higher level of REE and a steeper slope of the distribution spectra(LaN/YbN = 67–103), typical of alkaline mechmitic melts. In general, the results of the mineralogical and geochemical study of clinopyroxenes of ultramafic complexes correlate well with the data on melt inclusions in spinels from dunites(Simonov et al., 2017).
