Antipalu is a phytomedicinal medicinal beverage that is popular in the District of Abidjan, particularly for the treatment of malaria. However, Antipalu could present potential health effects on patients, and few toxi...Antipalu is a phytomedicinal medicinal beverage that is popular in the District of Abidjan, particularly for the treatment of malaria. However, Antipalu could present potential health effects on patients, and few toxicological studies have been conducted before its use. In order to determine the cytotoxicity of Antipalu, two complementary tests, LDH activity and the MTT cell proliferation assay, were used using Vero cells. Vero cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Antipalu and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours. In addition, forty (40) rats distributed randomly into 4 groups, including 10 animals per group (5 males and 5 females) were used for the potential hepatoxic effects. Animals in group 1 received distilled water and were used as a control group. On the other hand, Lot I, II and III received by gavage a volume of the Antipalu extract corresponding to 1 ml/100 g of body weight at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, respectively. The extract was administered daily at the same time for 28 days and serum was collected once a week to evaluate hepatic biochemical markers. After 28 days of study, all rats were euthanized by an overdose of ether and the liver of the rats was removed for gross morphological and histopathological analysis. The results of the cell supernatant assay showed an increasing extracellular LDH enzyme activity with lethal concentrations at 10% and 50% (LC10 = 111 µg/mL and LC50 = 555 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, the MTT assay showed a decrease in mitochondrial activity and thus cell proliferation after 24, 48 and 72 H of incubation. Our study showed that Antipalu caused alterations in the plasma membranes of the cells, resulting in the release of lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) into the external environment and a decrease in the mitochondrial activity of the Vero cells. The biochemical parameters ALT, ASAT, ALPs, and GGT showed no significant change (P > 0.05) in the group of treated rats compared to the controls. However, these variations were moderate and transient, with values remaining almost within their standard limits. Microscopic observations of liver tissue sections from rats treated with the Antipalu showed no lesions, edema and necrosis. These results suggest that the Antipalu did not interfere with the functioning or alter the integrity of the liver.展开更多
Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of gynecological cancer mortality1,and patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer frequently develop malignant ascites that foster immunosuppressive microenvironments and therap...Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of gynecological cancer mortality1,and patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer frequently develop malignant ascites that foster immunosuppressive microenvironments and therapeutic resistance2,3.Although ascites have traditionally been considered detrimental,we report a paradoxical role in which they enhance the cytotoxicity ofγδT cells—a unique T cell subset that can be allogenically transferred for cancer treatment4,5—toward ovarian cancer.展开更多
Ostreopsis cf.ovata is a marine benthic dinoflagellate in tropical and temperate seas and can produce potent toxic compounds.The existence of O.cf.ovata has been found in the Chinese coastal areas,but studies on its t...Ostreopsis cf.ovata is a marine benthic dinoflagellate in tropical and temperate seas and can produce potent toxic compounds.The existence of O.cf.ovata has been found in the Chinese coastal areas,but studies on its toxicity are very few.This study investigated the toxicity of the O.cf.ovata(TIO991)isolated from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea by using methanol and chloroform to extract toxic compounds from the algal cells cultured indoor.Experiments on mouse acute toxicity showed that the crude methanol extract(CME)of O.cf.ovata caused the death of mice in 16–18 min.Furthermore,CME inhibited the cell reproduction of human neuroblastoma cells(BE(2)-M17 cells)by Cell Counting Kit-8 with a dose-and time-effect relationship and caused cell death in the form of cell necrosis.We found that CME had strong hemolytic activity and was significantly inhibited by ouabain,indicating that CME might contain palytoxins.By contrast,the crude chloroform extract of O.cf.ovata was relatively weak in toxicity as obtained in our experiments on mouse acute toxicity,cytotoxicity,and hemolytic activity.This suggests that the algae may raise the potential threat to marine ecosystems and public health.展开更多
Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet has been linked to increased risks of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in offspring.However,the precise epigenetic mechanisms governing these intergenerational effects,pa...Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet has been linked to increased risks of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in offspring.However,the precise epigenetic mechanisms governing these intergenerational effects,particularly during the early stages of offspring development,remain poorly understood.In this study,female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either a high-fat diet or normal chow diet throughout gestation and lactation.Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation(MeDIP)coupled with microarray analysis was employed to identify differentially methylated genes in the livers of offspring at weaning age.We found that maternal high-fat diet feeding predisposes offspring to obesity and impaired glucose metabolism as early as the weaning period.DNA methylation profile analysis unveiled a significant enrichment of differentially methylated genes within the natural killer(NK)cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway.MeDIP-PCR validated reduced methylation levels of specific genes within this pathway,including tumour necrosis factorα(TNF-α),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),and SHC adaptor protein 1(SHC1).Consistently,the expressions of TNF-α,PI3K,and SHC1 were significantly upregulated,accompanied by elevated serum TNF-αand interleukin-6(IL-6)levels in offspring from dams fed with high-fat diet.Moreover,we assessed the expressions of genes associated with NK cell activities,uncovering a notable rise in hepatic granzyme B levels and a trend towards increased CD107a expression in offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet.In addition,methylation levels of TNF-α,PI3K,and SHC1 promoters were inversely correlated with glucose response during glucose tolerance testing.In conclusion,our findings underscore the critical role of the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity signaling pathway in mediating DNA methylation patterns,thereby contributing to the programming effects of maternal high-fat diet consumption on offspring glucose metabolism as early as the weaning period.展开更多
K−Na co-doped δ-MnO_(2)(KNMOH)nanoflowers were synthesized,and their cytotoxic effects against HeLa cervical cancer cells were evaluated.The KNMOH exhibited significant dose-and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concent...K−Na co-doped δ-MnO_(2)(KNMOH)nanoflowers were synthesized,and their cytotoxic effects against HeLa cervical cancer cells were evaluated.The KNMOH exhibited significant dose-and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations of 50 and 100μg/mL.After 24 h of incubation treatment,cell viability decreased to(36.8±6.5)% and(33.4±6.4)%at 50 and 100μg/mL,respectively.With extended exposure to 48 h,cell viability was(45.2±2.3)%and(32.3±2.8)%at the same concentrations.Phase-contrast microscopy revealed characteristic morphological changes including cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing formation,indicative of cell death.These findings demonstrate the potential of KNMOH nanoflowers as a cytotoxic agent for cervical cancer applications and provide a foundation for further mechanistic studies.展开更多
Plasma electrolytic oxidation is a well-known technique for surface modification of biomedical magnesium alloys,with good corrosion protection and the ability to produce biocompatible and bioactive coatings.In this st...Plasma electrolytic oxidation is a well-known technique for surface modification of biomedical magnesium alloys,with good corrosion protection and the ability to produce biocompatible and bioactive coatings.In this study,calcium-phosphate coatings were produced on WE43 magnesium alloy for use,as orthopedic implants.Coating formation was prepared using different oxidation parameters with various duty ratios(DR)of 15,25 and 50%and current ratios(R)-2 or 1.6.Application of R with excess cathodic current(R>1)in processes with DR≥25%allowed attaining the soft-sparking regime(SSR)that resulted in thicker oxide coatings with higher degree of crystallinity compared to the films obtained without SSR.The results of the corrosion tests contributed to a noticeable improvement in the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy.Optimization of the oxidation parameters allowed the selection of the variants with the most favorable degradation behavior over the tested immersion period,indicating a successful modification of the magnesium alloy surface to obtain an implant biomaterial capable of providing controlled degradation.Furthermore,biological evaluation of the produced coatings showed that the proposed surface modifications significantly reduced the cytotoxic effects observed in direct contact with the material while still maintaining the cell proliferation-promoting effects of the material eluents.展开更多
Hybrid antioxidants cinnamoyldopamine（2a）, p-coumaroyldopamine（2b）, caffeoyldopamine（2c）, feruloyldopamine（2d） and sinapoyldopamine（2e） were synthesized by conjugation of dopamine（DA） and hydroxycinnamic a...Hybrid antioxidants cinnamoyldopamine（2a）, p-coumaroyldopamine（2b）, caffeoyldopamine（2c）, feruloyldopamine（2d） and sinapoyldopamine（2e） were synthesized by conjugation of dopamine（DA） and hydroxycinnamic acids（HCAs）. The stabilities were studied in buffers at p H 1.3, p H 5.0, and p H 7.4 including the human plasma. All the compounds were found highly stable at acidic p H, but underwent hydrolysis at neutral p H. Furthermore, the hydrolysis proceeded much faster in plasma in the following order as indicated by half-life values（t1/2）, 2c（1.21 h）〈2e（1.52 h）〈2d（1.85 h）〈2b（3.38 h）〈2a（3.88 h）, correlating with the number of electron-donating groups. It has been proven by UV spectrum that 2c, 2d, and 2e displayed red shift of more than 50 nm as compared to 2a and 2b, because of the presence of OH and OCH3 groups. In addition, the compounds（2b–e） showed no cytotoxicity on normal HUVEC cells as DA, although 2a displayed a 16% inhibition of proliferation at 40 μM following 48 h incubation. Their free radical-scavenging activities were evaluated using ABTS^＊＋ and superoxide anion assays and the mechanisms were proposed. It was found that they all exhibited higher activities than trolox, a recognized antioxidant. Amazingly, in the case of the hybrids（2a–e）, their activity was higher than that of HCAs while lower or comparable to that of DA, suggesting that there may be a ＂saturation effect＂ with the hybrid molecules in the antioxidant activities.展开更多
Rhizoma Coptidis （RC）, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly believed to be non-toxic. However, little is known about its cytotoxicity and relevant mechanisms at cellular and genetic levels. The pr...Rhizoma Coptidis （RC）, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly believed to be non-toxic. However, little is known about its cytotoxicity and relevant mechanisms at cellular and genetic levels. The present study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity of RC and its possible mechanisms related to cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and reactive oxygen species （ROS） level in L929 murine fibroblast cells. The cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different RC concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 method, morphological changes were observed with an inverted microscope, cell cycle and ROS level were examined by flow cytometry, and DNA damages were detected by comet assay. Our results showed that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner when the RC concentration was higher than 1 mg/mL. ARC concentration above 1 mg/mL altered the morphology of L929 cells. Both cells at G2/M phase and the ROS level increased in the 2 mg/mL group. Each DNA damage indicator score increased in the groups with the RC concentration of above 0.05 mg/mL. Taken together, our study suggested that RC at a high dosage exhibited cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which was likely to be the consequences of cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and accumulation of intracellular ROS.展开更多
Two previously undescribed steroidal compounds, 16, 23-epoxy-22, 26-epimino-cholest-22(N), 23, 25(26)-trien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside(1) and 26-O-β-D-gluc...Two previously undescribed steroidal compounds, 16, 23-epoxy-22, 26-epimino-cholest-22(N), 23, 25(26)-trien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside(1) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25 R)-5α-furost-20(22)-en-3β, 26-diol(2), together with 7 known ones including 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25 R)-5, 20(22)-dien-furost-3β, 26-diol(3),(25 R)-5-en-spirost-3β-ol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhmanopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside(4), funkioside D(5), aspidistrin(6), tigogenin-3-O-β-D-lucotrioside(7), desglucolanatigonin II(8), and degalactotigonin(9), were isolated from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Their cytotoxic activities were tested in two cancer cell lines by MTT method. One of the steroidal glycosides(6) showed significant cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer SGC7901 and liver cancer BEL-7402 cells.展开更多
With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids （SPs）, the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern, In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of eis-bifenthrin （cis...With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids （SPs）, the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern, In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of eis-bifenthrin （cis-BF） in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary （CHO） cells as well as human cervical carcinoma （Hela） ceils. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased （p 〈 0.05） to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10^-5 and 3.2 × 10^-5 mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.展开更多
The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substan...The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） in Xi＇an, China. Although the most seriously polluted fiver with high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total organic carbon （TOC） showed high cytotoxicity （expressed as TIIs0, the toxicity impact index） and genotoxicity （expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus）, no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TIIs0 and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII50 and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.展开更多
Ternary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg and quatemary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg-xBi （x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5） alloys were studied to evaluate the thermal and structural characteristics, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity and in vitro degradation...Ternary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg and quatemary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg-xBi （x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5） alloys were studied to evaluate the thermal and structural characteristics, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity and in vitro degradation behavior. Thermal analysis and microstructural observations showed that Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg is composed of FCC-A1 ＋ HCP- Zn ＋ Mg2（Zn,A1）ll while a new phase a-Mg3Bi2 appeared after the addition of Bi to the Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg ternary alloy. The results revealed that the quaternary Zn-A1-Mg-Bi alloys have higher tensile strength, elongation and hardness but slightly lower corrosion resistance than those of the temary Zn-AI-Mg alloy. Based on the MTT assay, the Zn-A1-Mg and Zn-A1-Mg-Bi alloys were found to be biocompatible, and thus, they can be considered for further investigation in an in vivo environment.展开更多
This study examined the cytotoxicity of a new implant material modified by microarc oxidation technique. Cells on different surfaces of the implant were evaluated 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment. The results showed th...This study examined the cytotoxicity of a new implant material modified by microarc oxidation technique. Cells on different surfaces of the implant were evaluated 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment. The results showed that cell attachment, cell morphology, and cell proliferation were influenced by the different surface treatments, and a significant increase in the osteoblast cell activity was observed on the porous MAO-Ti coating. Our results suggest that the porous MAO-Ti surface has a better biocompatibility and electrochemical performance than pure titanium surface.展开更多
Graphene quantum dots(GQDs) possess great potential in various applications due to their superior physicochemical properties and wide array of available surface modifications.However, the toxicity of GQDs has not been...Graphene quantum dots(GQDs) possess great potential in various applications due to their superior physicochemical properties and wide array of available surface modifications.However, the toxicity of GQDs has not been systematically assessed, thus hindered their further development; especially, the risk of surface modifications of GQDs is largely unknown. In this study, we employed a lung carcinoma A549 cells as the model to investigate the cytotoxicity and autophagy induction of three types GQDs, including cGQDs(COOH-GQDs), hGQDs(OH-GQDs), and aGQDs(NH_2-GQDs). The results showed hGQDs was the most toxic, as significant cell death was induced at the concentration of 100 μg/mL,determining by WST-1 assay as well as Annexin-V-FITC/PI apoptosis analysis, whereas cGQDs and aGQDs were non-cytotoxic within the measured concentration. Autophagy detection was performed by TEM examination, LC3 fluorescence tracking, and Westernblot. Both aGQDs and hGQDs induced cellular autophagy to various degrees except for cGQDs. Further analysis on autophagy pathways indicated all GQDs significantly activated p-p38 MAPK; p-ERK1/2 was inhibited by aGQDs and hGQDs but activated by c GQDs. p-JNK was inhibited by aGQDs and c GQDs, while activated by hGQDs. Simultaneously, Akt was activated by hGQDs but inhibited by aGQDs. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA significantly increased the cytotoxicity of GQDs, suggesting that autophagy played a protective role against the toxicity of GQDs. In conclusion, c GQDs showed excellent biocompatibility and may be considered for biological applications. Autophagy induction may be included in the health risk assessment of GQDs as it reflects the stress status which may eventually lead to diseases.展开更多
Gd3+-,Pr3+-or Sm3+-doped Co-Zn(Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2 O4)magnetic ferrites(i.e.,Co0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4,Co0.5Zn0.5Pr0.1Fe1.9O4 and Co0.5Zn0.5Sm0.1Fe1.9O4)were prepared using a facile sol-gel approach,and the structure,surface m...Gd3+-,Pr3+-or Sm3+-doped Co-Zn(Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2 O4)magnetic ferrites(i.e.,Co0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4,Co0.5Zn0.5Pr0.1Fe1.9O4 and Co0.5Zn0.5Sm0.1Fe1.9O4)were prepared using a facile sol-gel approach,and the structure,surface morphology and chemical composition of the products were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),X-ray diffraction(XRD),UVvisible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS),photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM)spectroscopy.XRD patterns show the Co-Zn product is composed of cubic spinel phases with few impurities or secondary phases,and the average crystallite sizes of the samples are determined to be approximately^51—80,~99—181,~68—103 and^83—133 nm.Also the coercivity and remnant and saturation magnetizations,evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),are found to increase linearly with the incorporation of Gd3+,Pr3+and Sm3+in the product formulation.The CO1-xZnxFe2-yRyO4 photocatalyst sample is found to display a red shift in its absorption,and exhibits outstanding photocatalytic effects in the degradation of MO under ultraviolet(UV)light.This is attributed to the reduction of the band gap of cobalt-zinc ferrite due to the presence of rare earth ions.Further in vitro evaluations of the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized nanoparticles were performed on a HeLa cell line.展开更多
Abstract Objective To investigate the toxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane （DBDPE）, used as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether in vitro. Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in the presence of DBDPE at vari...Abstract Objective To investigate the toxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane （DBDPE）, used as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether in vitro. Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in the presence of DBDPE at various concentrations （3.125-100.0 mg/L） for 24, 48, and 72 h respectively and the toxic effect of DBDPE was studied. Results As evaluated by the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays and nuclear morphological changes, DBDPE inhibited HepG2 viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner within a range of 12.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L and for 48 h and 72 h. Induction of apoptosis was detected at 12.5-100 mg/L at 48 h and 72 h by propidium iodide staining, accompanied with overproduction of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. Furthermore, N-acetyI-L-cysteine, a widely used ROS scavenger, significantly reduced DBDPE-induced ROS levels and increased HepG2 cells viability. Conclusion DBDPE has cytotoxic and anti-proliferation effect and can induce apoptosis in which ROS plays an important role展开更多
Objective:To determine the antibacterial,antifungal,antiprotozoal,cytotoxic,and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of leaves of Voacanga globosa(Blanco) Merr.(V.globosa). Methods:The extracts were tested aga...Objective:To determine the antibacterial,antifungal,antiprotozoal,cytotoxic,and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of leaves of Voacanga globosa(Blanco) Merr.(V.globosa). Methods:The extracts were tested against bacteria and fungus through disc diffusion assay; against protozoa through growth curve determination,antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity assays. Results:The extract revealed antibacterial activities,inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Micrococcus luteus,and Salmonella typhimurium.Antifungal assay showed that it inhibited Candida albicans.The antiprotozoal assay against Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica showed that V.globosa can inhibit the parasites,wherein the action can be comparable to metronidazole.With the in situ cell death detection kit.Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica exposed to V.globosa leaf extract was observed to fluoresce simultaneously in red and yellow signals signifying apoptotic-like changes.Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the chemical composition of plant extract containing alkaloids,saponins,2-deoxysugars,and hydrolysabie tannins.Conclusions: Thus,thus study provides scientific evidence on the traditional use of V.globosa leaf extract in treating microbial diseases.Further,the leaf extract can possibly be used to produce alternative forms of antimicrobials.展开更多
Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its ...Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine （NDPhA） from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 （bladder cancer cell lines） and HepG2 （hepatic tumor cell lines） cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The ICs0 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA （IC50, 0.16 mmol/L）, suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.展开更多
The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding pu...The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20 th century.An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter,anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products（DBPs）.A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming.The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs.These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： Elevated natural killer lymphocyte cytotoxicity（NKc） has been linked with reproductive problems in women. Here we evaluate the potential benefit of cupping therapy（CT） in reproductionrelated immune res...OBJECTIVE： Elevated natural killer lymphocyte cytotoxicity（NKc） has been linked with reproductive problems in women. Here we evaluate the potential benefit of cupping therapy（CT） in reproductionrelated immune responses.METHODS： This was a pilot clinical study. Participants were he althy fe male volunteers（n = 23） with elevated NKc, and received repeated CT 3 times over 5 d（inner pressure 40–50 kPa, 40 min; 12–1 5 cups）. Lymphocyte subsets, NKc and NK lymphocyte activity（NKa） were measured in blood on day 0（initial levels, before the first treatment） and days 3, 10 and 17 after the last CT treatment, using the K562-stimulated CD69 expression assay.RESULTS： As a result of CT manipulations NKa was reduced on days 3 and 10, and NK percentage was reduced on day 10. NKc was most sensitive to CT treatment, resulting in their decreased counts at 3, 10 and 17 d post CT. CT treatment decreased NKc in the majority of individuals（87%）, but the magnitude of the effect was variable. Out of 23 subjects 9（39.1%） had a 2–3 fold decrease of NKc on days 3, 10 and 17; 11（47.8%） started to show a decrease in NKc later, or more quickly returned to base levels; and only 3（13%） subjects displayed no effect of CT on NKc. Expectedly, no changes in T-cell subsets（CD3CD4, CD3CD8, HLADR, CD158a） were observed after CT.CONCLUSION： CT decreased NK cell numbers, their activity and cytotoxicity. Low cost, safety, noninvasive nature and ease of administration make CT a promising approach for NKc down-regulation.展开更多
文摘Antipalu is a phytomedicinal medicinal beverage that is popular in the District of Abidjan, particularly for the treatment of malaria. However, Antipalu could present potential health effects on patients, and few toxicological studies have been conducted before its use. In order to determine the cytotoxicity of Antipalu, two complementary tests, LDH activity and the MTT cell proliferation assay, were used using Vero cells. Vero cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Antipalu and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours. In addition, forty (40) rats distributed randomly into 4 groups, including 10 animals per group (5 males and 5 females) were used for the potential hepatoxic effects. Animals in group 1 received distilled water and were used as a control group. On the other hand, Lot I, II and III received by gavage a volume of the Antipalu extract corresponding to 1 ml/100 g of body weight at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, respectively. The extract was administered daily at the same time for 28 days and serum was collected once a week to evaluate hepatic biochemical markers. After 28 days of study, all rats were euthanized by an overdose of ether and the liver of the rats was removed for gross morphological and histopathological analysis. The results of the cell supernatant assay showed an increasing extracellular LDH enzyme activity with lethal concentrations at 10% and 50% (LC10 = 111 µg/mL and LC50 = 555 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, the MTT assay showed a decrease in mitochondrial activity and thus cell proliferation after 24, 48 and 72 H of incubation. Our study showed that Antipalu caused alterations in the plasma membranes of the cells, resulting in the release of lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) into the external environment and a decrease in the mitochondrial activity of the Vero cells. The biochemical parameters ALT, ASAT, ALPs, and GGT showed no significant change (P > 0.05) in the group of treated rats compared to the controls. However, these variations were moderate and transient, with values remaining almost within their standard limits. Microscopic observations of liver tissue sections from rats treated with the Antipalu showed no lesions, edema and necrosis. These results suggest that the Antipalu did not interfere with the functioning or alter the integrity of the liver.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82274034)the Peking University Medicine plus X Pilot Program-Platform Construction Project(Grant No.2024YXXLHPT004).
文摘Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of gynecological cancer mortality1,and patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer frequently develop malignant ascites that foster immunosuppressive microenvironments and therapeutic resistance2,3.Although ascites have traditionally been considered detrimental,we report a paradoxical role in which they enhance the cytotoxicity ofγδT cells—a unique T cell subset that can be allogenically transferred for cancer treatment4,5—toward ovarian cancer.
基金Supported by the Special Research for the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2018FY100200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42176206)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2021MD071)。
文摘Ostreopsis cf.ovata is a marine benthic dinoflagellate in tropical and temperate seas and can produce potent toxic compounds.The existence of O.cf.ovata has been found in the Chinese coastal areas,but studies on its toxicity are very few.This study investigated the toxicity of the O.cf.ovata(TIO991)isolated from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea by using methanol and chloroform to extract toxic compounds from the algal cells cultured indoor.Experiments on mouse acute toxicity showed that the crude methanol extract(CME)of O.cf.ovata caused the death of mice in 16–18 min.Furthermore,CME inhibited the cell reproduction of human neuroblastoma cells(BE(2)-M17 cells)by Cell Counting Kit-8 with a dose-and time-effect relationship and caused cell death in the form of cell necrosis.We found that CME had strong hemolytic activity and was significantly inhibited by ouabain,indicating that CME might contain palytoxins.By contrast,the crude chloroform extract of O.cf.ovata was relatively weak in toxicity as obtained in our experiments on mouse acute toxicity,cytotoxicity,and hemolytic activity.This suggests that the algae may raise the potential threat to marine ecosystems and public health.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81800703)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20231088)+8 种基金Beijing Nova Program(Z201100006820117 and 20220484181)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(7184252)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(BMU2021MX013)Peking University Clinical Scientist Training Program(BMU2023PYJH022)Peking University Medicine Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary ResearchChina Endocrine and Metabolism Young Scientific Talent Research Project(2022-N-02-01)China Diabetes Young Scientific Talent Research ProjectBethune-Merck Diabetes Research Fund of Bethune Charitable Foundation。
文摘Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet has been linked to increased risks of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in offspring.However,the precise epigenetic mechanisms governing these intergenerational effects,particularly during the early stages of offspring development,remain poorly understood.In this study,female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to either a high-fat diet or normal chow diet throughout gestation and lactation.Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation(MeDIP)coupled with microarray analysis was employed to identify differentially methylated genes in the livers of offspring at weaning age.We found that maternal high-fat diet feeding predisposes offspring to obesity and impaired glucose metabolism as early as the weaning period.DNA methylation profile analysis unveiled a significant enrichment of differentially methylated genes within the natural killer(NK)cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway.MeDIP-PCR validated reduced methylation levels of specific genes within this pathway,including tumour necrosis factorα(TNF-α),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),and SHC adaptor protein 1(SHC1).Consistently,the expressions of TNF-α,PI3K,and SHC1 were significantly upregulated,accompanied by elevated serum TNF-αand interleukin-6(IL-6)levels in offspring from dams fed with high-fat diet.Moreover,we assessed the expressions of genes associated with NK cell activities,uncovering a notable rise in hepatic granzyme B levels and a trend towards increased CD107a expression in offspring from dams fed a high-fat diet.In addition,methylation levels of TNF-α,PI3K,and SHC1 promoters were inversely correlated with glucose response during glucose tolerance testing.In conclusion,our findings underscore the critical role of the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity signaling pathway in mediating DNA methylation patterns,thereby contributing to the programming effects of maternal high-fat diet consumption on offspring glucose metabolism as early as the weaning period.
文摘K−Na co-doped δ-MnO_(2)(KNMOH)nanoflowers were synthesized,and their cytotoxic effects against HeLa cervical cancer cells were evaluated.The KNMOH exhibited significant dose-and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations of 50 and 100μg/mL.After 24 h of incubation treatment,cell viability decreased to(36.8±6.5)% and(33.4±6.4)%at 50 and 100μg/mL,respectively.With extended exposure to 48 h,cell viability was(45.2±2.3)%and(32.3±2.8)%at the same concentrations.Phase-contrast microscopy revealed characteristic morphological changes including cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing formation,indicative of cell death.These findings demonstrate the potential of KNMOH nanoflowers as a cytotoxic agent for cervical cancer applications and provide a foundation for further mechanistic studies.
基金funded by Silesian University of Technology,no.07/020/BKM24/0104.
文摘Plasma electrolytic oxidation is a well-known technique for surface modification of biomedical magnesium alloys,with good corrosion protection and the ability to produce biocompatible and bioactive coatings.In this study,calcium-phosphate coatings were produced on WE43 magnesium alloy for use,as orthopedic implants.Coating formation was prepared using different oxidation parameters with various duty ratios(DR)of 15,25 and 50%and current ratios(R)-2 or 1.6.Application of R with excess cathodic current(R>1)in processes with DR≥25%allowed attaining the soft-sparking regime(SSR)that resulted in thicker oxide coatings with higher degree of crystallinity compared to the films obtained without SSR.The results of the corrosion tests contributed to a noticeable improvement in the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy.Optimization of the oxidation parameters allowed the selection of the variants with the most favorable degradation behavior over the tested immersion period,indicating a successful modification of the magnesium alloy surface to obtain an implant biomaterial capable of providing controlled degradation.Furthermore,biological evaluation of the produced coatings showed that the proposed surface modifications significantly reduced the cytotoxic effects observed in direct contact with the material while still maintaining the cell proliferation-promoting effects of the material eluents.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21302079)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2014-151)
文摘Hybrid antioxidants cinnamoyldopamine（2a）, p-coumaroyldopamine（2b）, caffeoyldopamine（2c）, feruloyldopamine（2d） and sinapoyldopamine（2e） were synthesized by conjugation of dopamine（DA） and hydroxycinnamic acids（HCAs）. The stabilities were studied in buffers at p H 1.3, p H 5.0, and p H 7.4 including the human plasma. All the compounds were found highly stable at acidic p H, but underwent hydrolysis at neutral p H. Furthermore, the hydrolysis proceeded much faster in plasma in the following order as indicated by half-life values（t1/2）, 2c（1.21 h）〈2e（1.52 h）〈2d（1.85 h）〈2b（3.38 h）〈2a（3.88 h）, correlating with the number of electron-donating groups. It has been proven by UV spectrum that 2c, 2d, and 2e displayed red shift of more than 50 nm as compared to 2a and 2b, because of the presence of OH and OCH3 groups. In addition, the compounds（2b–e） showed no cytotoxicity on normal HUVEC cells as DA, although 2a displayed a 16% inhibition of proliferation at 40 μM following 48 h incubation. Their free radical-scavenging activities were evaluated using ABTS^＊＋ and superoxide anion assays and the mechanisms were proposed. It was found that they all exhibited higher activities than trolox, a recognized antioxidant. Amazingly, in the case of the hybrids（2a–e）, their activity was higher than that of HCAs while lower or comparable to that of DA, suggesting that there may be a ＂saturation effect＂ with the hybrid molecules in the antioxidant activities.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31172358)
文摘Rhizoma Coptidis （RC）, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly believed to be non-toxic. However, little is known about its cytotoxicity and relevant mechanisms at cellular and genetic levels. The present study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity of RC and its possible mechanisms related to cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and reactive oxygen species （ROS） level in L929 murine fibroblast cells. The cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different RC concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 method, morphological changes were observed with an inverted microscope, cell cycle and ROS level were examined by flow cytometry, and DNA damages were detected by comet assay. Our results showed that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner when the RC concentration was higher than 1 mg/mL. ARC concentration above 1 mg/mL altered the morphology of L929 cells. Both cells at G2/M phase and the ROS level increased in the 2 mg/mL group. Each DNA damage indicator score increased in the groups with the RC concentration of above 0.05 mg/mL. Taken together, our study suggested that RC at a high dosage exhibited cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which was likely to be the consequences of cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and accumulation of intracellular ROS.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Department Plan of Jilin Province(Nos.20160101341JC and 20160622010JC)
文摘Two previously undescribed steroidal compounds, 16, 23-epoxy-22, 26-epimino-cholest-22(N), 23, 25(26)-trien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside(1) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25 R)-5α-furost-20(22)-en-3β, 26-diol(2), together with 7 known ones including 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25 R)-5, 20(22)-dien-furost-3β, 26-diol(3),(25 R)-5-en-spirost-3β-ol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L-rhmanopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-galactopyranoside(4), funkioside D(5), aspidistrin(6), tigogenin-3-O-β-D-lucotrioside(7), desglucolanatigonin II(8), and degalactotigonin(9), were isolated from Solanum lyratum Thunb. Their cytotoxic activities were tested in two cancer cell lines by MTT method. One of the steroidal glycosides(6) showed significant cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer SGC7901 and liver cancer BEL-7402 cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 20877071, 20837002)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2009CB421603)
文摘With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids （SPs）, the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern, In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of eis-bifenthrin （cis-BF） in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary （CHO） cells as well as human cervical carcinoma （Hela） ceils. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased （p 〈 0.05） to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10^-5 and 3.2 × 10^-5 mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50838005)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team inUniversity (No. IRT0853)the National Program of Water Pollution Control (No. 2008ZX07317-004)
文摘The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） in Xi＇an, China. Although the most seriously polluted fiver with high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total organic carbon （TOC） showed high cytotoxicity （expressed as TIIs0, the toxicity impact index） and genotoxicity （expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus）, no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TIIs0 and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII50 and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.
文摘Ternary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg and quatemary Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg-xBi （x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5） alloys were studied to evaluate the thermal and structural characteristics, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity and in vitro degradation behavior. Thermal analysis and microstructural observations showed that Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg is composed of FCC-A1 ＋ HCP- Zn ＋ Mg2（Zn,A1）ll while a new phase a-Mg3Bi2 appeared after the addition of Bi to the Zn-0.5A1-0.5Mg ternary alloy. The results revealed that the quaternary Zn-A1-Mg-Bi alloys have higher tensile strength, elongation and hardness but slightly lower corrosion resistance than those of the temary Zn-AI-Mg alloy. Based on the MTT assay, the Zn-A1-Mg and Zn-A1-Mg-Bi alloys were found to be biocompatible, and thus, they can be considered for further investigation in an in vivo environment.
基金This project was supported by a grant from the Bureau of Sciences and Technologies of Hubei Provincial Government (No. 4-260).
文摘This study examined the cytotoxicity of a new implant material modified by microarc oxidation technique. Cells on different surfaces of the implant were evaluated 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment. The results showed that cell attachment, cell morphology, and cell proliferation were influenced by the different surface treatments, and a significant increase in the osteoblast cell activity was observed on the porous MAO-Ti coating. Our results suggest that the porous MAO-Ti surface has a better biocompatibility and electrochemical performance than pure titanium surface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21477146,21577163)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFF0211203-3)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(No.QYZDJ-SSW-DQC020-02)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB14040101)
文摘Graphene quantum dots(GQDs) possess great potential in various applications due to their superior physicochemical properties and wide array of available surface modifications.However, the toxicity of GQDs has not been systematically assessed, thus hindered their further development; especially, the risk of surface modifications of GQDs is largely unknown. In this study, we employed a lung carcinoma A549 cells as the model to investigate the cytotoxicity and autophagy induction of three types GQDs, including cGQDs(COOH-GQDs), hGQDs(OH-GQDs), and aGQDs(NH_2-GQDs). The results showed hGQDs was the most toxic, as significant cell death was induced at the concentration of 100 μg/mL,determining by WST-1 assay as well as Annexin-V-FITC/PI apoptosis analysis, whereas cGQDs and aGQDs were non-cytotoxic within the measured concentration. Autophagy detection was performed by TEM examination, LC3 fluorescence tracking, and Westernblot. Both aGQDs and hGQDs induced cellular autophagy to various degrees except for cGQDs. Further analysis on autophagy pathways indicated all GQDs significantly activated p-p38 MAPK; p-ERK1/2 was inhibited by aGQDs and hGQDs but activated by c GQDs. p-JNK was inhibited by aGQDs and c GQDs, while activated by hGQDs. Simultaneously, Akt was activated by hGQDs but inhibited by aGQDs. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA significantly increased the cytotoxicity of GQDs, suggesting that autophagy played a protective role against the toxicity of GQDs. In conclusion, c GQDs showed excellent biocompatibility and may be considered for biological applications. Autophagy induction may be included in the health risk assessment of GQDs as it reflects the stress status which may eventually lead to diseases.
文摘Gd3+-,Pr3+-or Sm3+-doped Co-Zn(Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2 O4)magnetic ferrites(i.e.,Co0.5Zn0.5Gd0.1Fe1.9O4,Co0.5Zn0.5Pr0.1Fe1.9O4 and Co0.5Zn0.5Sm0.1Fe1.9O4)were prepared using a facile sol-gel approach,and the structure,surface morphology and chemical composition of the products were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),X-ray diffraction(XRD),UVvisible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS),photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM)spectroscopy.XRD patterns show the Co-Zn product is composed of cubic spinel phases with few impurities or secondary phases,and the average crystallite sizes of the samples are determined to be approximately^51—80,~99—181,~68—103 and^83—133 nm.Also the coercivity and remnant and saturation magnetizations,evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),are found to increase linearly with the incorporation of Gd3+,Pr3+and Sm3+in the product formulation.The CO1-xZnxFe2-yRyO4 photocatalyst sample is found to display a red shift in its absorption,and exhibits outstanding photocatalytic effects in the degradation of MO under ultraviolet(UV)light.This is attributed to the reduction of the band gap of cobalt-zinc ferrite due to the presence of rare earth ions.Further in vitro evaluations of the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized nanoparticles were performed on a HeLa cell line.
基金supported by the NSFC(No.20877102)"973"project(No.2010CB933904)
文摘Abstract Objective To investigate the toxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ethane （DBDPE）, used as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether in vitro. Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in the presence of DBDPE at various concentrations （3.125-100.0 mg/L） for 24, 48, and 72 h respectively and the toxic effect of DBDPE was studied. Results As evaluated by the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays and nuclear morphological changes, DBDPE inhibited HepG2 viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner within a range of 12.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L and for 48 h and 72 h. Induction of apoptosis was detected at 12.5-100 mg/L at 48 h and 72 h by propidium iodide staining, accompanied with overproduction of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. Furthermore, N-acetyI-L-cysteine, a widely used ROS scavenger, significantly reduced DBDPE-induced ROS levels and increased HepG2 cells viability. Conclusion DBDPE has cytotoxic and anti-proliferation effect and can induce apoptosis in which ROS plays an important role
基金supported by a research grant from the Commission on Higher Education(CHED) of the Philippines
文摘Objective:To determine the antibacterial,antifungal,antiprotozoal,cytotoxic,and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of leaves of Voacanga globosa(Blanco) Merr.(V.globosa). Methods:The extracts were tested against bacteria and fungus through disc diffusion assay; against protozoa through growth curve determination,antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity assays. Results:The extract revealed antibacterial activities,inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Micrococcus luteus,and Salmonella typhimurium.Antifungal assay showed that it inhibited Candida albicans.The antiprotozoal assay against Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica showed that V.globosa can inhibit the parasites,wherein the action can be comparable to metronidazole.With the in situ cell death detection kit.Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica exposed to V.globosa leaf extract was observed to fluoresce simultaneously in red and yellow signals signifying apoptotic-like changes.Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the chemical composition of plant extract containing alkaloids,saponins,2-deoxysugars,and hydrolysabie tannins.Conclusions: Thus,thus study provides scientific evidence on the traditional use of V.globosa leaf extract in treating microbial diseases.Further,the leaf extract can possibly be used to produce alternative forms of antimicrobials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20977079)the Key Innovation Team for Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province(No. 2009R50047)+1 种基金the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No.2008ZX07421-001)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry
文摘Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine （NDPhA） from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 （bladder cancer cell lines） and HepG2 （hepatic tumor cell lines） cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The ICs0 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA （IC50, 0.16 mmol/L）, suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.
文摘The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20 th century.An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter,anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products（DBPs）.A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming.The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs.These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.
文摘OBJECTIVE： Elevated natural killer lymphocyte cytotoxicity（NKc） has been linked with reproductive problems in women. Here we evaluate the potential benefit of cupping therapy（CT） in reproductionrelated immune responses.METHODS： This was a pilot clinical study. Participants were he althy fe male volunteers（n = 23） with elevated NKc, and received repeated CT 3 times over 5 d（inner pressure 40–50 kPa, 40 min; 12–1 5 cups）. Lymphocyte subsets, NKc and NK lymphocyte activity（NKa） were measured in blood on day 0（initial levels, before the first treatment） and days 3, 10 and 17 after the last CT treatment, using the K562-stimulated CD69 expression assay.RESULTS： As a result of CT manipulations NKa was reduced on days 3 and 10, and NK percentage was reduced on day 10. NKc was most sensitive to CT treatment, resulting in their decreased counts at 3, 10 and 17 d post CT. CT treatment decreased NKc in the majority of individuals（87%）, but the magnitude of the effect was variable. Out of 23 subjects 9（39.1%） had a 2–3 fold decrease of NKc on days 3, 10 and 17; 11（47.8%） started to show a decrease in NKc later, or more quickly returned to base levels; and only 3（13%） subjects displayed no effect of CT on NKc. Expectedly, no changes in T-cell subsets（CD3CD4, CD3CD8, HLADR, CD158a） were observed after CT.CONCLUSION： CT decreased NK cell numbers, their activity and cytotoxicity. Low cost, safety, noninvasive nature and ease of administration make CT a promising approach for NKc down-regulation.
