Using DPH fluorescence probe, the membrane of normal bone marrow cells with infection of epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus (EHFV) was labeled. The membrane lipid fluidity was obviously decreased from the membrane lip...Using DPH fluorescence probe, the membrane of normal bone marrow cells with infection of epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus (EHFV) was labeled. The membrane lipid fluidity was obviously decreased from the membrane lipid fluorescence polarization. The membrane lipid fluidity of lympho- cyte, monocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte was dynamically observed. After culturing the cells for 1, 6, 24 and 72 h, it was found that all the membrane lipid fluidity of the infected cells was de- creased obviously with the longer the culturing time, the more obvious it. Compared with the normal control groups, there was a significant difference statistically (P<0. 05-0. 01). It was suggested that the decrease of the membrane lipid fluidity of normal bone marrow cell with infection of EHFV had correlation with the degree of virus invading and cellfunction injury.展开更多
Between July 1975 and April 1980, 71 patients were admitted to the 2ndAttached Hospital of Hubei Provincial Medical College in Wuchang withthe diagnosis of Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF). The clinical courseamong th...Between July 1975 and April 1980, 71 patients were admitted to the 2ndAttached Hospital of Hubei Provincial Medical College in Wuchang withthe diagnosis of Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF). The clinical courseamong these patients was similar to that described for patients with KoreanHemorrhagic Fever, Nephropathica Epidemica of Scandanavia and Hemor-rhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome of the U.S.S.R. The overall mortalitywas 11.2％. Sera obtaincd from some of these patients as well as frompatients admitted to the First Attached Hospital of Hubei Provincial Me-dical College were tested against an antigen associated with Korean He-morrhagic Fever and showed exceedingly high antibody titers. We concludethat EHF in Centfal China represents the same disease process as KoreanHemorrhagic Fever.展开更多
We have previously shown that the lipofuscin in the brain seems to have in-creased in amount in autopsy cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever.The purpose of thisstudy was to testify if there is really such an increase.L...We have previously shown that the lipofuscin in the brain seems to have in-creased in amount in autopsy cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever.The purpose of thisstudy was to testify if there is really such an increase.Lipfuscin in 10 sections from everybrain of 10 autopsy cases,stained with Sudan Ⅳ,Sudan black and H.E.,was carefully es-timated and found to be greatly increased as compared with the controls of the same agewithout brain disease.Animal experiment was also conducted on 15 sucking BALB/c miceby I.P.inoculation of 100 LD<sub>50</sub>（0.05ml）of strain Chen of hemorrhagic fever virus,andon 15 mice without inoculation as controls.No lipofuscin was detected in the controls.However,in the brains of experimental mice,lipofuscin was found to be markedly in-creased,especially in the necrotic cells.The findings suggest that the over-productionand deposition of lipofuscin may be a mild change caused by the virus and its related fac-tors,which might be enhanced by hypotension and shock.展开更多
In this report,a comparative study is made of the function test of spontaneousT suppressor cell（STs）and T Lymphocyte subsets in patients with epidemic hemorrha-gic fever（EHF）.It was found that in the early stages ...In this report,a comparative study is made of the function test of spontaneousT suppressor cell（STs）and T Lymphocyte subsets in patients with epidemic hemorrha-gic fever（EHF）.It was found that in the early stages of the disease the activity of STs wasmarkedly lower than that of the controls,while the percentage of CD<sub>?</sub><sup>+</sup> cells increasedsignificantly,which led to the decrease and reciprocation of CD<sub>4</sub>/CD<sub>8</sub> ratio,and that theactivity of STs was reversely related to the proportion of CD<sub>8</sub><sup>+</sup> cells on linear regressionanalysis,indicating that the CD<sub>8</sub><sup>+</sup> cells increased may mainly belong to cytotoxic T cells.It was also shown that the changes of STs function and CD<sub>4</sub>/CD<sub>8</sub> ratio were related tothe abnormalities of serum C<sub>3</sub> content and circulating immune complex.The results sug-gest that the disturbance of host cellular immunoregulation may play an important rolein the pathogenesis of EHF.展开更多
Conglutinin was extracted and purified from bovine’s sera and was used in ELISA for the detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of patients suffering from epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The detected ...Conglutinin was extracted and purified from bovine’s sera and was used in ELISA for the detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of patients suffering from epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The detected rates of circu-展开更多
Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus(OHFV) is a tick-borne flavivirus classified as a biosafety level-4(BSL4) pathogen. Studies of OHFV are restricted to be conducted within BSL4 laboratories. Currently, no commercial vaccine...Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus(OHFV) is a tick-borne flavivirus classified as a biosafety level-4(BSL4) pathogen. Studies of OHFV are restricted to be conducted within BSL4 laboratories. Currently, no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available against OHFV infection. In this study, we recovered a replication-deficient OHFV with an NS1 deletion(OHFVDNS1) and reporter virus replacing NS1 with the Gaussia luciferase(Gluc)(OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc). Both the defective OHFVDNS1 and OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus could only replicate efficiently in the BHK21 cell line expressing NS1(BHK21NS1) but not in na?ve BHK21 cells. The Gluc reporter gene of OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was maintained stably after serial passaging of BHK21NS1 cells and was used to surrogate the replication of OHFV. Using NITD008, OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was validated for antiviral screening, and high-throughput screening parameters were optimized in a 96-well plate format with a calculated Z0 value above 0.5. The OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc reporter virus is a powerful tool for antiviral screening as well as viral replication and pathogenesis studies in BSL2 laboratories.展开更多
Background: In the last 6 months, cases of acute hemorrhagic fever (AHF) have been recorded in Sao Tome and Principe (STP). Objective: To identify the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory parameters associated wit...Background: In the last 6 months, cases of acute hemorrhagic fever (AHF) have been recorded in Sao Tome and Principe (STP). Objective: To identify the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory parameters associated with AHF cases found in patients hospitalized in STP. Methods: Descriptive and quantitative analysis of AHF cases hospitalized in STP in the period December 2021 to May 19, 2022 through the variables: demographic data;clinical data;laboratory data and clinical outcome. Results: Analyzed 18 of 22 AHF cases, 50% of them male, mean age 33.7 years, 85.7% residing in the 2 largest districts of the country, 66.7% rural workers, administrative near maritime areas, sailors and domestics. 66.7% were healthy individuals. ≥50% had a fever, asthenia/weakness, myalgia, headache, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 22.2% to 33.3% had retro-orbital pain, abdominal pain, decreased consciousness, dyspnea/hypoxia, and cough. In a smaller register (5.6% - 11.1%), exanthema, convulsion, arthralgia, low back pain, chills, and chest pain. Bleeding from the digestive tract was found in 72.2%, followed by vaginal (33.3%), urethral (27.8%), nasal (22.2%), and oral (16.7%). 50% had laboratory confirmation for dengue, and another 50% with suspected clinical diagnosis without laboratory confirmation of the etiologic agent. Despite hemorrhage, 66.7% of confirmed cases were hemodynamically non-severe, and 88.9% of suspected cases were severe. Coinfection with malaria is evidenced in 11.1% of cases. 72.2% recovered and 27.8% died (deaths in 55.5% of suspected cases). Case deaths were male (100%), resident foreigners (40%), tool store employees, sailors and students, healthy (80%), and residing in the largest district in the country (60%). All deaths were hospitalized in serious condition, 80% were hospitalized for hemorrhage and shock, with bleeding arising between day 4 - 5 of illness in 60% and hospitalization on day 5 of illness. 60% died within ≤24 hours of hospitalization. 80% died from shock and multi-organ dysfunction and 20% from respiratory failure. Deaths had thrombocytopenia (100%), renal dysfunction (100%) and significantly increased transaminases (100%), anemia (75%) and leukocytosis (66.7%). 20% had a radiological change of pulmonary infiltrates. Conclusion: Our data reveal the complexity of the pathogens causing AHF and suggest the possible presence of other human pathogens usually unknown in the Santomean geographical territory.展开更多
Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)is a climate-sensitive zoonotic disease that poses a significant public health burden worldwide.While previous studies have established associations between meteor...Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)is a climate-sensitive zoonotic disease that poses a significant public health burden worldwide.While previous studies have established associations between meteorological factors and HFRS incidence,there remains a critical knowledge gap regarding the heterogeneity of these effects across diverse epidemic regions.Addressing this gap is essential for developing region-specific prevention and control strategies.This study conducted a national investigation to examine the associations between meteorological factors and HFRS in three distinct epidemic regions.Methods We collected daily meteorological data(temperature and relative humidity)and HFRS incidence cases of 285 cities in China from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center and the Chinese National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System from 2005-2022.Study locations were stratified into three distinct epidemic categories(Rattus-dominant,Apodemus-dominant,and mixed)based on the seasonality of peak incidence.The associations between meteorological variables and HFRS incidence were investigated using a timestratified case-crossover design combined with distributed lag nonlinear modeling for each epidemic category.Results The exposure-response relationships between meteorological factors and HFRS incidence revealed significant heterogeneity across epidemic regions,as evidenced by Cochran’s Q test for temperature(Q=324.40,P<0.01)and relative humidity(Q=30.57,P<0.01).The optimal daily average temperature for HFRS transmission in Rattusdominant epidemic regions(-6.6℃),characterized by spring epidemics,was lower than that observed in Apodemusdominant epidemic regions(13.7℃),where primary cases occurred during autumn and winter months.Furthermore,the association between relative humidity and HFRS incidence exhibited as a monotonic negative correlation in Rattus-dominant regions,while Apodemus-dominant regions showed a nonlinear,inverted U-shaped association.Conclusions This study highlights the heterogeneous effects of meteorological factors on HFRS incidence across different epidemic regions.Targeted preventive measures should be taken during cold and dry spring days in Rattusdominant regions,and during warm and moderately humid winter days in Apodemus-dominant regions.In mixed epidemic regions,both scenarios require attention.These findings provide novel scientific evidence for the formulation and implementation of region-specific HFRS prevention policies.展开更多
Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingda...Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingdao City from 2010 to 2022.Descriptive epidemiologic,seasonal decomposition,spatial autocorrelation,and spatio-temporal cluster analyses were performed.Results A total of 2,220 patients with HFRS were reported over the study period,with an average annual incidence of 1.89/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 2.52%.The male:female ratio was 2.8:1.75.3%of patients were aged between 16 and 60 years old,75.3%of patients were farmers,and 11.6%had both“three red”and“three pain”symptoms.The HFRS epidemic showed two-peak seasonality:the primary fall-winter peak and the minor spring peak.The HFRS epidemic presented highly spatially heterogeneous,street/township-level hot spots that were mostly distributed in Huangdao,Pingdu,and Jiaozhou.The spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed three cluster areas in Qingdao City that were located in the south of Huangdao District during the fall-winter peak.Conclusion The distribution of HFRS in Qingdao exhibited periodic,seasonal,and regional characteristics,with high spatial clustering heterogeneity.The typical symptoms of“three red”and“three pain”in patients with HFRS were not obvious.展开更多
The environment structure of natural nidi and epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) possesses characteristics of topography, hydrology, climate, soil, vegetation, and animals. The natural nidi...The environment structure of natural nidi and epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) possesses characteristics of topography, hydrology, climate, soil, vegetation, and animals. The natural nidi and epidemic areas of HFRS are distributed mainly in plain and hilly regions under 500 meters above the sea level; in plentiful-water zones and transitional zones; in temperate zone and subtropical zone of the eastern monsoon region; in the abundant-aluminum soil region and the sial soil region; in the eastern China damp forest region (agricultural districts and northeast forest districts); in the eastern Asia dampness-prefering animal geographic region. Apodemus agrarius and Rattus norvegicus are the thriving animal population, predominant species or common species as well as the main reservoir hosts and sources of infection in the natural nidi and epidemic areas of HFRS.展开更多
文摘Using DPH fluorescence probe, the membrane of normal bone marrow cells with infection of epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus (EHFV) was labeled. The membrane lipid fluidity was obviously decreased from the membrane lipid fluorescence polarization. The membrane lipid fluidity of lympho- cyte, monocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte was dynamically observed. After culturing the cells for 1, 6, 24 and 72 h, it was found that all the membrane lipid fluidity of the infected cells was de- creased obviously with the longer the culturing time, the more obvious it. Compared with the normal control groups, there was a significant difference statistically (P<0. 05-0. 01). It was suggested that the decrease of the membrane lipid fluidity of normal bone marrow cell with infection of EHFV had correlation with the degree of virus invading and cellfunction injury.
基金This study was supported in part by the Yale-China Association and the Hsiung Scholarship Fund
文摘Between July 1975 and April 1980, 71 patients were admitted to the 2ndAttached Hospital of Hubei Provincial Medical College in Wuchang withthe diagnosis of Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF). The clinical courseamong these patients was similar to that described for patients with KoreanHemorrhagic Fever, Nephropathica Epidemica of Scandanavia and Hemor-rhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome of the U.S.S.R. The overall mortalitywas 11.2％. Sera obtaincd from some of these patients as well as frompatients admitted to the First Attached Hospital of Hubei Provincial Me-dical College were tested against an antigen associated with Korean He-morrhagic Fever and showed exceedingly high antibody titers. We concludethat EHF in Centfal China represents the same disease process as KoreanHemorrhagic Fever.
基金Project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.38 970 335
文摘We have previously shown that the lipofuscin in the brain seems to have in-creased in amount in autopsy cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever.The purpose of thisstudy was to testify if there is really such an increase.Lipfuscin in 10 sections from everybrain of 10 autopsy cases,stained with Sudan Ⅳ,Sudan black and H.E.,was carefully es-timated and found to be greatly increased as compared with the controls of the same agewithout brain disease.Animal experiment was also conducted on 15 sucking BALB/c miceby I.P.inoculation of 100 LD<sub>50</sub>（0.05ml）of strain Chen of hemorrhagic fever virus,andon 15 mice without inoculation as controls.No lipofuscin was detected in the controls.However,in the brains of experimental mice,lipofuscin was found to be markedly in-creased,especially in the necrotic cells.The findings suggest that the over-productionand deposition of lipofuscin may be a mild change caused by the virus and its related fac-tors,which might be enhanced by hypotension and shock.
文摘In this report,a comparative study is made of the function test of spontaneousT suppressor cell（STs）and T Lymphocyte subsets in patients with epidemic hemorrha-gic fever（EHF）.It was found that in the early stages of the disease the activity of STs wasmarkedly lower than that of the controls,while the percentage of CD<sub>?</sub><sup>+</sup> cells increasedsignificantly,which led to the decrease and reciprocation of CD<sub>4</sub>/CD<sub>8</sub> ratio,and that theactivity of STs was reversely related to the proportion of CD<sub>8</sub><sup>+</sup> cells on linear regressionanalysis,indicating that the CD<sub>8</sub><sup>+</sup> cells increased may mainly belong to cytotoxic T cells.It was also shown that the changes of STs function and CD<sub>4</sub>/CD<sub>8</sub> ratio were related tothe abnormalities of serum C<sub>3</sub> content and circulating immune complex.The results sug-gest that the disturbance of host cellular immunoregulation may play an important rolein the pathogenesis of EHF.
文摘Conglutinin was extracted and purified from bovine’s sera and was used in ELISA for the detection of circulating immune complexes in the sera of patients suffering from epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The detected rates of circu-
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project on Important Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control (2018ZX10734404-010)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0507201)
文摘Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus(OHFV) is a tick-borne flavivirus classified as a biosafety level-4(BSL4) pathogen. Studies of OHFV are restricted to be conducted within BSL4 laboratories. Currently, no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available against OHFV infection. In this study, we recovered a replication-deficient OHFV with an NS1 deletion(OHFVDNS1) and reporter virus replacing NS1 with the Gaussia luciferase(Gluc)(OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc). Both the defective OHFVDNS1 and OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus could only replicate efficiently in the BHK21 cell line expressing NS1(BHK21NS1) but not in na?ve BHK21 cells. The Gluc reporter gene of OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was maintained stably after serial passaging of BHK21NS1 cells and was used to surrogate the replication of OHFV. Using NITD008, OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc virus was validated for antiviral screening, and high-throughput screening parameters were optimized in a 96-well plate format with a calculated Z0 value above 0.5. The OHFV-ΔNS1-Gluc reporter virus is a powerful tool for antiviral screening as well as viral replication and pathogenesis studies in BSL2 laboratories.
文摘Background: In the last 6 months, cases of acute hemorrhagic fever (AHF) have been recorded in Sao Tome and Principe (STP). Objective: To identify the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory parameters associated with AHF cases found in patients hospitalized in STP. Methods: Descriptive and quantitative analysis of AHF cases hospitalized in STP in the period December 2021 to May 19, 2022 through the variables: demographic data;clinical data;laboratory data and clinical outcome. Results: Analyzed 18 of 22 AHF cases, 50% of them male, mean age 33.7 years, 85.7% residing in the 2 largest districts of the country, 66.7% rural workers, administrative near maritime areas, sailors and domestics. 66.7% were healthy individuals. ≥50% had a fever, asthenia/weakness, myalgia, headache, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 22.2% to 33.3% had retro-orbital pain, abdominal pain, decreased consciousness, dyspnea/hypoxia, and cough. In a smaller register (5.6% - 11.1%), exanthema, convulsion, arthralgia, low back pain, chills, and chest pain. Bleeding from the digestive tract was found in 72.2%, followed by vaginal (33.3%), urethral (27.8%), nasal (22.2%), and oral (16.7%). 50% had laboratory confirmation for dengue, and another 50% with suspected clinical diagnosis without laboratory confirmation of the etiologic agent. Despite hemorrhage, 66.7% of confirmed cases were hemodynamically non-severe, and 88.9% of suspected cases were severe. Coinfection with malaria is evidenced in 11.1% of cases. 72.2% recovered and 27.8% died (deaths in 55.5% of suspected cases). Case deaths were male (100%), resident foreigners (40%), tool store employees, sailors and students, healthy (80%), and residing in the largest district in the country (60%). All deaths were hospitalized in serious condition, 80% were hospitalized for hemorrhage and shock, with bleeding arising between day 4 - 5 of illness in 60% and hospitalization on day 5 of illness. 60% died within ≤24 hours of hospitalization. 80% died from shock and multi-organ dysfunction and 20% from respiratory failure. Deaths had thrombocytopenia (100%), renal dysfunction (100%) and significantly increased transaminases (100%), anemia (75%) and leukocytosis (66.7%). 20% had a radiological change of pulmonary infiltrates. Conclusion: Our data reveal the complexity of the pathogens causing AHF and suggest the possible presence of other human pathogens usually unknown in the Santomean geographical territory.
基金supported by the Consultancy Project by the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023-JB-12)(QL)the Comprehensive Innovation Capability Support of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases(Grant number:102393240020020000004)+2 种基金the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number:32090023)supported by China Scholarship Council funds(Numbers 202308320381,202006380055,202008110182 and 201906320051)supported by Monash Graduate Scholarship and Monash International Tuition Scholarship.
文摘Background Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)is a climate-sensitive zoonotic disease that poses a significant public health burden worldwide.While previous studies have established associations between meteorological factors and HFRS incidence,there remains a critical knowledge gap regarding the heterogeneity of these effects across diverse epidemic regions.Addressing this gap is essential for developing region-specific prevention and control strategies.This study conducted a national investigation to examine the associations between meteorological factors and HFRS in three distinct epidemic regions.Methods We collected daily meteorological data(temperature and relative humidity)and HFRS incidence cases of 285 cities in China from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center and the Chinese National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System from 2005-2022.Study locations were stratified into three distinct epidemic categories(Rattus-dominant,Apodemus-dominant,and mixed)based on the seasonality of peak incidence.The associations between meteorological variables and HFRS incidence were investigated using a timestratified case-crossover design combined with distributed lag nonlinear modeling for each epidemic category.Results The exposure-response relationships between meteorological factors and HFRS incidence revealed significant heterogeneity across epidemic regions,as evidenced by Cochran’s Q test for temperature(Q=324.40,P<0.01)and relative humidity(Q=30.57,P<0.01).The optimal daily average temperature for HFRS transmission in Rattusdominant epidemic regions(-6.6℃),characterized by spring epidemics,was lower than that observed in Apodemusdominant epidemic regions(13.7℃),where primary cases occurred during autumn and winter months.Furthermore,the association between relative humidity and HFRS incidence exhibited as a monotonic negative correlation in Rattus-dominant regions,while Apodemus-dominant regions showed a nonlinear,inverted U-shaped association.Conclusions This study highlights the heterogeneous effects of meteorological factors on HFRS incidence across different epidemic regions.Targeted preventive measures should be taken during cold and dry spring days in Rattusdominant regions,and during warm and moderately humid winter days in Apodemus-dominant regions.In mixed epidemic regions,both scenarios require attention.These findings provide novel scientific evidence for the formulation and implementation of region-specific HFRS prevention policies.
基金supported by the Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program,the Research and Development of Standards and Standardization of Nomenclature in the Field of Public Health-Research Project on the Development of the Disciplines of Public Health and Preventive Medicine[242402]the Shandong Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan[202112050731].
文摘Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingdao City from 2010 to 2022.Descriptive epidemiologic,seasonal decomposition,spatial autocorrelation,and spatio-temporal cluster analyses were performed.Results A total of 2,220 patients with HFRS were reported over the study period,with an average annual incidence of 1.89/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 2.52%.The male:female ratio was 2.8:1.75.3%of patients were aged between 16 and 60 years old,75.3%of patients were farmers,and 11.6%had both“three red”and“three pain”symptoms.The HFRS epidemic showed two-peak seasonality:the primary fall-winter peak and the minor spring peak.The HFRS epidemic presented highly spatially heterogeneous,street/township-level hot spots that were mostly distributed in Huangdao,Pingdu,and Jiaozhou.The spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed three cluster areas in Qingdao City that were located in the south of Huangdao District during the fall-winter peak.Conclusion The distribution of HFRS in Qingdao exhibited periodic,seasonal,and regional characteristics,with high spatial clustering heterogeneity.The typical symptoms of“three red”and“three pain”in patients with HFRS were not obvious.
文摘The environment structure of natural nidi and epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) possesses characteristics of topography, hydrology, climate, soil, vegetation, and animals. The natural nidi and epidemic areas of HFRS are distributed mainly in plain and hilly regions under 500 meters above the sea level; in plentiful-water zones and transitional zones; in temperate zone and subtropical zone of the eastern monsoon region; in the abundant-aluminum soil region and the sial soil region; in the eastern China damp forest region (agricultural districts and northeast forest districts); in the eastern Asia dampness-prefering animal geographic region. Apodemus agrarius and Rattus norvegicus are the thriving animal population, predominant species or common species as well as the main reservoir hosts and sources of infection in the natural nidi and epidemic areas of HFRS.
