The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas,one of the most exploited molluscs in the world,has suffered from massive mortality in recent decades,and the occurrence mechanisms have not been well characterized.In this study,t...The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas,one of the most exploited molluscs in the world,has suffered from massive mortality in recent decades,and the occurrence mechanisms have not been well characterized.In this study,to reveal the relationship of associated microbiota to the fitness of oysters,temporal dynamics of microbiota in the gill,hemolymph,and hepatopancreas of C.gigas during April 2018-January 2019 were investigated by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing.The microbiota in C.gigas exhibited tissue heterogeneity,of which Spirochaetaceae was dominant in the gill and hemolymph while Mycoplasmataceae enriched in the hepatopancreas.Co-occurrence network demonstrated that the gill microbiota exhibited higher inter-taxon connectivity while the hemolymph microbiota had more modules.The richness(Chao 1 index)and diversity(Shannon index)of microbial community in each tissue showed no significant seasonal variations,except for the hepatopancreas having a higher richness in the autumn.Similarly,beta diversity analysis indicated a relatively stable microbiota in each tissue during the sampling period,showing relative abundance of the dominant taxa exhibiting temporal dynamics.Results indicate that the microbial community in C.gigas showed a tissue-specific stability with temporal dynamics in the composition,which might be essential for the tissue functioning and environmental adaption in oysters.This work provides a baseline microbiota in C.gigas and is helpful for the understanding of host-microbiota interaction in oysters.展开更多
BACKGROUND Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)and high tibial osteotomy(HTO)are well-established operative interventions in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.However,which intervention is more beneficial to pat...BACKGROUND Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)and high tibial osteotomy(HTO)are well-established operative interventions in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.However,which intervention is more beneficial to patients with knee osteoarthritis remains unknown and a topic of much debate.Simultaneously,there is a paucity of research assessing the relationship between radiographic parameters of knee joint alignment and patient-reported clinical outcomes,preoperatively and following HTO or UKA.AIM To compare UKAs and HTOs as interventions for medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis:Examining differences in clinical outcome and investigating the relationship of joint alignment with respect to this.METHODS This longitudinal observational study assessed a total of 42 patients that had undergone UKA(n=23)and HTO(n=19)to treat medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.Patient-reported outcome measures(PROMs)were collected to evaluate clinical outcome.These included two disease-specific(Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score,Oxford Knee Score)and two generic(EQ-5D-5L,Short Form-12)PROMs.The radiographic parameters of knee alignment assessed were the:Hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical axis deviation and angle of Mikulicz line.RESULTS Statistical analyses demonstrated significant(P<0.001),preoperative to postoperative,improvements in the PROM scores of both groups.There were,however,no significant inter-group differences in the postoperative PROM scores of the UKA and HTO group.Several significant correlations associated a more distolaterally angled Mikulicz line with worse knee function and overall health preoperatively(P<0.05).Postoperatively,two clusters of significant correlations were observed between the disease-specific PROM scores and knee joint alignment parameters(hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical axis deviation)within the HTO group;yet no such associations were observed within the UKA group.CONCLUSION UKAs and HTOs are both efficacious operations that provide a comparable degree of clinical benefit to patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.Clinical outcome has a limited association with radiographic parameters of knee joint alignment postoperatively;however,a more distolaterally angled Mikulicz line appears associated with worse knee function/health-related quality of life preoperatively.展开更多
Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death:Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities,including brain development,synaptic plasticity...Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death:Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities,including brain development,synaptic plasticity,learning and memory.Exc让atory synaptic transmission is primarily mediated by ligana-gated ion channels,including a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoIe-4-propionic acid(AMPA),N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)and kainate receptors.Activation of glutamate receptors,particularly NMDA receptors,usually leads to calcium influx,whicn can act as a second messenger for several processes to mediate synaptic activity and brain function.Nevertheless,excessive release of glutamate neurotransmitter may produce intracellular calcium overload,leading to a cascade of events mediating cytoskeleton damage accompanied w让h reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately neuronal cell death.These toxic effects of glutamate are known as excitotoxicity.Neuronal excitotoxicity has been linked to several acute and chronic brain diseases,such as stroke/ischemia,epilepsy and a range of neurodegenerative disorders,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Huntingtons disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and Parkinsons disease(PD),contributing to the neuronal lost in different brain regions.Unfortunately,treating nervous system disorders with general glutamate receptor blockers has been associated with undesirable side effects,becoming increasingly necessary to unravel downstream effectors in the excitotoxicity-dependent cell death pathway in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of...Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of extra-hepatic tissues. Of these, HBV has been studied in details in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), due to its accessibility. From these studies, it is now well established that PBMCs are permissive to HBV infection, replication, transcription and production of infective virions. Furthermore, molecular evolutionary studies have provided definite evidences towards evolution of HBV genome in PBMCs, which is independent of evolution occurring in the liver, leading to the emergence and selection of compartment specific escape variants or drug resistant strains. These variants/resistant strains of HBV remain restricted within the PBMCs and are rarely detected in the serum/plasma. In addition, HBV infected PBMCs have been reported to be directly transmitted through intrauterine modes, and this infection does not correlate significantly with serum HBV surface antigen or HBV DNA markers. This editorial briefly reviews the current knowledge on this topic, emphasizes and delineates the gaps that are required to be filled to properly understand the biological and clinical relevance of extrahepatic tropism of HBV.展开更多
A generalized compartmental modelling method for the derivation of reduced-order models for multicomponent staged separation columns is presented. In contrast to the one proposed by Benallou, this method uses dynamic ...A generalized compartmental modelling method for the derivation of reduced-order models for multicomponent staged separation columns is presented. In contrast to the one proposed by Benallou, this method uses dynamic state relationships, rather than steady state ones, such that superfluous composition variables resulting from the compartmental representation of staged separation columns may be eliminated. The accuracy of transient responses of the resulting model is, therefore, substantially improved. Furthermore, the phenomena of initial inverse responses, usually encountered in the development of reduced-order methods, has also been deleted completely. Simulations of a deethanizer have been conducted to evaluate this modelling method. Results indicate high efficiency and robustness in minimizing the dimensionality and computation time of the staged separation column model.展开更多
This study presents a mathematical modelling approach to analyze the impact of family planning interventions on population growth dynamics.Using a compartmental model,the population is divided into six groups:Suscepti...This study presents a mathematical modelling approach to analyze the impact of family planning interventions on population growth dynamics.Using a compartmental model,the population is divided into six groups:Susceptible,Informed,Sexually Active Non-Users,Contraceptive Users,Non-Users and General Population.The model incorporates differential equations to describe transitions among these compartments,influenced by factors such as sexual behavior,contraceptive adoption,and public health education.Analytical techniques,including equilibrium analysis and the computation of the basic reproductive number were used to evaluate the model’s behavior and stability.Numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB revealed that increased contraceptive usage and awareness significantly reduce the number of high-risk individuals while stabilizing overall population growth.The reproductive number was shown to decrease as contraceptive uptake increased,confirming the effectiveness of intervention strategies.The findings highlight the importance of reproductive health education and contraceptive access in managing population growth,providing valuable insights for policymakers and public health planners.This study demonstrates the potential of mathematical modelling as a predictive and policy-support tool in reproductive health and demographic planning.展开更多
We consider state and parameter estimation for compartmental models having both timevarying and time-invariant parameters.In this manuscript,we first detail a general Bayesian computational framework as a continuation...We consider state and parameter estimation for compartmental models having both timevarying and time-invariant parameters.In this manuscript,we first detail a general Bayesian computational framework as a continuation of our previous work.Subsequently,this framework is specifically tailored to the susceptible-infectious-removed(SIR)model which describes a basic mechanism for the spread of infectious diseases through a system of coupled nonlinear differential equations.The SIR model consists of three states,namely,the susceptible,infectious,and removed compartments.The coupling among these states is controlled by two parameters,the infection rate and the recovery rate.The simplicity of the SIR model and similar compartmental models make them applicable to many classes of infectious diseases.However,the combined assumption of a deterministic model and time-invariance among the model parameters are two significant impediments which critically limit their use for long-term predictions.The tendency of certain model parameters to vary in time due to seasonal trends,non-pharmaceutical interventions,and other random effects necessitates a model that structurally permits the incorporation of such time-varying effects.Complementary to this,is the need for a robust mechanism for the estimation of the parameters of the resulting model from data.To this end,we consider an augmented state vector,which appends the time-varying parameters to the original system states whereby the time evolution of the time-varying parameters are driven by an artificial noise process in a standard manner.Distinguishing between time-varying and time-invariant parameters in this fashion limits the introduction of artificial dynamics into the system,and provides a robust,fully Bayesian approach for estimating the timeinvariant system parameters as well as the elements of the process noise covariance matrix.This computational framework is implemented by leveraging the robustness of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm permits the estimation of time-invariant parameters while nested nonlinear filters concurrently perform the joint estimation of the system states and time-varying parameters.We demonstrate performance of the framework by first considering a series of examples using synthetic data,followed by an exposition on public health data collected in the province of Ontario.展开更多
CoproporphyrinⅢ(CPⅢ),a natural porphyrin derivative,has extensive applications in the biomedical and material industries.S.cerevisiae has previously been engineered to highly accumulate the CPⅢprecursor 5-aminolevu...CoproporphyrinⅢ(CPⅢ),a natural porphyrin derivative,has extensive applications in the biomedical and material industries.S.cerevisiae has previously been engineered to highly accumulate the CPⅢprecursor 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA)through the C4 pathway.In this study,a combination of cytoplasmic metabolic engineering and mitochondrial compartmentalization was used to enhance CPⅢproduction in S.cerevisiae.By integrating pathway genes into the chromosome,the CPⅢtiter gradually increased to 32.5±0.5 mg/L in shake flask cultivation.Nevertheless,increasing the copy number of pathway genes did not consistently enhance CPⅢsynthesis.Hence,the partial synthesis pathway was compartmentalized in mitochondria to evaluate its effectiveness in increasing CPⅢproduction.Subsequently,by superimposing the mitochondrial compartmentalization strategy on cytoplasmic metabolic engineered strains,the CPⅢtiter was increased to 64.3±1.9 mg/L.Furthermore,augmenting antioxidant pathway genes to reduce reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels effectively improved the growth of engineered strains,resulting in a further increase in the CPⅢtiter to 82.9±1.4 mg/L.Fed-batch fermentations in a 5 L bioreactor achieved a titer of 402.8±9.3 mg/L for CPⅢ.This study provides a new perspective on engineered yeast for the microbial production of porphyrins.展开更多
Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for sign...Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for signal transduction.The plasticity of spine morphologies provides a tunable handle to regulate calcium signal dynamics,allowing rapid regulation of protein expression necessary to establish and maintain synapses(Cornejo et al.,2022).If excitatory inputs were to be located primarily on dendritic shafts,dendrites would frequently short-circuit,preventing voltage signals from propagating(Cornejo et al.,2022).It is thus not surprising that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is closely linked to synaptic plasticity and memory formation(Berry and Nedivi,2017).While comprehensive in vitro studies have been conducted,in vivo studies that directly tackle the mechanism of dendritic transport and translation in regulating spine plasticity spatiotemporally are limited.展开更多
Background:Lateral compartmental osteoarthritis(LCOA),a major complication after medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA),is highly associated with the increased stress of the lateral compartment....Background:Lateral compartmental osteoarthritis(LCOA),a major complication after medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA),is highly associated with the increased stress of the lateral compartment.This study aimed to analyze the effects on the stress and load distribution of the lateral compartment induced by lower limb alignment and coronal inclination of the tibial component in UKA through a finite element analysis.Methods:Eight three-dimensional models were constructed based on a validated model for analyzing the biomechanical effects of implantation parameters on the lateral compartment after medial Oxford UKA:postoperative lower limb alignment of 3°valgus,neutral and 3°varus,and the inclination of tibial components placed in 4°,2°valgus,square,and 2°and 4°varus.The contact stress of femoral and tibial cartilage and load distribution were calculated for all models.Results:In the 3°valgus lower limb alignment model,the contact stress of femoral(3.38 MPa)and tibial(3.50 MPa)cartilage as well as load percentage(45.78%)was highest compared to any other model,and was increased by 36.75%,47.70%,and 27.63%,respectively when compared to 3°varus.In the condition of a neutral position,the outcome was comparable for the different tibial tray inclination models.The inclination did not greatly affect the lateral compartmental stress and load distribution.Conclusions:This study suggested that slightly varus(undercorrection)lower limb alignment might be a way to prevent LCOAin medial mobile-bearing UKA.However,the inclination(4°varus to 4°valgus)of the tibial component in the coronal plane would not be a risk factor for LCOA in neutral position.展开更多
Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of inst...Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of installation, longer durability and insensitivity to extreme temperatures. To introduce particle damping technology to long-period structure seismic control, a novel multilayer compartmental particle damper (MCPD) was proposed, and a 1/20 scale test model of a typical long-period self-anchored suspension bridge with a single tower was designed and fabricated. The model was subjected to a series of shaking table tests with and without the MCPD. The results showed that the seismic responses of the flexible or semi-flexible bridge towers of long-period bridges influence the seismic responses of the main beam. The MCPD can be conveniently installed on the main beam and bridge tower and can effectively reduce the longitudinal peak displacement and the root mean square acceleration of the main beam and tower. In addition, no particle accumulation was observed during the tests. A well-designed MCPD can achieve significant damping for long-period structures under seismic excitations of different intensities. These results indicate that the application of MCPDs for seismic control of single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges and other long-period structures is viable.展开更多
A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes...A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Further, membraneless compartmentalization, a process induced by dynamic physical association of biomolecules through phase transition offers another efficient mechanism for intracellular organization. While our understanding of phase separation was predominantly dependent on yeast and animal models, recent findings have provided compelling evidence for emerging roles of phase separation in plants. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge of phase separation, including its definition, biophysical principles, molecular features and regulatory mechanisms. Then we summarize plant-specific phase separation phenomena and describe their functions in plant biological processes in great detail. Moreover, we propose that phase separation is an evolutionarily conserved and efficient mechanism for cellular compartmentalization which allows for distinct metabolic processes and signaling pathways, and is especially beneficial for the sessile lifestyle of plants to quickly and efficiently respond to the changing environment.展开更多
This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may be spr...This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may be spread;moreover,the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance is considered.In addition,nodes are connected through weighted edges,and consequently individuals from different nodes may interact.As a result,the infection may be propagated over the network.We perform an analysis on this propagation as well as numerical simulations in order to illustrate the validity of the model.展开更多
The muzzle blast overpressure induces disturbances in the flow field inside the crew compartment(FFICC)of a truck-mounted howitzer during the artillery firing.This overpressure is the primary factor preventing personn...The muzzle blast overpressure induces disturbances in the flow field inside the crew compartment(FFICC)of a truck-mounted howitzer during the artillery firing.This overpressure is the primary factor preventing personnel from firing artillery within the cab.To investigate the overpressure characteristics of the FFICC,a foreign trade equipment model was used as the research object,and a numerical model was established to analyze the propagation of muzzle blast from the muzzle to the interior of the crew compartment under extreme firing condition.For comparative verification,the muzzle blast experiment included overpressure data from both the flow field outside the crew compartment(FFOCC)and the FFICC,as well as the acceleration data of the crew compartment structure(Str-CC).The research findings demonstrate that the overpressure-time curves of the FFICC exhibit multi-peak characteristics,while the pressure wave shows no significant discontinuity.The enclosed nature of the cab hinders the dissipation of pressure wave energy within the FFICC,leading to sustained high-amplitude overpressure.The frameskin structure helps attenuate the impact of muzzle blast on the FFICC.Conversely,local high overpressure caused by the convex or concave features of the cab's exterior significantly amplifies the overpressure amplitude within the FFICC.展开更多
Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of art...Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of artificial multienzymes has become an emerging research topic. Herein, we employ a facile enzyme-initiated radical polymerization to self-anchor multienzyme in cell-like hydrogels with mesoscale compartments. The dynamic assembly of glucose oxidase/cytochrome c(GOx/Cyt c) with methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid can form nanoaggregates, where only the bound enzyme pairs with the adjacent position can catalyze the polymerization to compartmentalize multienzymes within hydrogel. Consequently, the cascade enzymes within hydrogel display 33.9 times higher activity compared to free enzymes, as well as excellent thermostability and multiple recyclability. The mechanism study indicates that the compartmental effect of the hydrogel and the anchoring effect of Cyt c synergistically enhance GOx/Cyt c activity. According to the density functional theory(DFT) calculation, Cyt c activity increment originates from its ligand changes of Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin, which has a smaller energy barrier of the catalytic reaction.This study provides a promising strategy for autonomous colocalization of multienzyme in biocompatible hydrogels which can be potentially applied in cascade enzyme induced catalysis applications.展开更多
This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evol...This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evolution in Italy in the first six months.The proposed compartmental model subdivides the population into six compartments and extends the SEIRD model proposed in[E.L.Piccolomini and F.Zama,PLOS ONE,15(8):1e17,082020]by adding the vaccinated population and framing the global model as a hybridswitched dynamical system.Aiming to represent the quantities that characterize the epidemic behaviour from an accurate fit to the observed data,we partition the observation time interval into sub-intervals.The model parameters change according to a switching rule depending on the data behaviour and the infection rate continuity condition.In particular,we study the representation of the infection rate both as linear and exponential piecewise continuous functions.We choose the length of sub-intervals balancing the data fit with the model complexity through the Bayesian Information Criterion.We tested the model on italian data and on local data from Emilia-Romagna region.The calibration of the model shows an excellent representation of the epidemic behaviour in both cases.Thirty days forecasts have proven to well reproduce the infection spread,better for regional than for national data.Both models produce accurate predictions of infected,but the exponential-based one perform better in most of the cases.Finally,we discuss different possible forecast scenarios obtained by simulating an increased vaccination rate.展开更多
Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reacti...Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reactions in one-pot,especially the spatial compartmentalization of incompatible active sites.Herein,we constructed metal-organic framework(MOF)composites which regulate the location distribution of metal nanoparticles according to the reaction path and coupled with the diffusion of substrates to achieve tandem reaction.The designed UiO-66-Pt-Au catalyst showed good activity and selectivity in hydrosilylation-hydrogenation tandem reaction,because the uniform microporous structures can control the diffusion path of reactants and intermediates,and Pt and Au nanoparticles were arranged in core-shell spatial distribution in UiO-66.By contrast,the low selectivity of catalysts with random deposition and physical mixture demonstrated the significance of artificial control to the spatial compartmentalization of active sites in tandem catalytic reactions,which provides a powerful approach for designing high-performance and multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts.展开更多
Acute compartment syndrome(ACoS)involves a complex pathological process in which rising pressures within an enclosed muscle space ultimately result in anoxia and cell death.The most common etiologies include long bone...Acute compartment syndrome(ACoS)involves a complex pathological process in which rising pressures within an enclosed muscle space ultimately result in anoxia and cell death.The most common etiologies include long bone fractures,crush injuries,and burns.[1,2]While rare,ACoS can also occur in atraumatic settings following periods of prolonged limb compression,such as intoxication.[3]Atraumatic ACoS is easily overlooked,resulting in diagnostic delay and poor patient outcomes.Prompt recognition and surgical management is essential to prevent critical sequelae.展开更多
The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell si...The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell signaling.Protein kinase A(PKA)has been recognized as a potent negative regulator of the Hh pathway,raising the question of how such a ubiquitous kinase specifically regulates one signaling pathway.We reviewed recent genetic,molecular and biochemical studies that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of PKA’s role in Hh signaling in vertebrates,focusing on the compartmentalized PKA at the centrosome and in the primary cilium.We outlined the recently developed genetic and optical tools that can be harvested to study PKA activities during the course of Hh signal transduction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hypoganglionosis is a rare gastrointestinal acquired motility disorder that res-embles Hirschsprung’s disease and can manifest in the adult life.Abdominal compartment syndrome,a condition characterized by ...BACKGROUND Hypoganglionosis is a rare gastrointestinal acquired motility disorder that res-embles Hirschsprung’s disease and can manifest in the adult life.Abdominal compartment syndrome,a condition characterized by an increase in intra-abdo-minal pressure with physiological disturbance can be caused by severe massive fecal impaction.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old female presented to the emergency room with massive abdominal distension that rapidly progressed to abdominal compartment syndrome.The pa-tient was diagnosed with hypoganglionosis.Life-saving emergent proctoco-lectomy was performed to save the patient.CONCLUSION Abdominal compartment syndrome can develop secondary to excessive colonic distension.This extreme but rare situation must be addressed immediately.Hypo-ganglionosis is a potential cause of severe constipation that may present in adu-lthood.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41961124009)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-49)+1 种基金the fund for Outstanding Talents and Innovative Team of Agricultural Scientific Research from MARA,the Innovation Team of Aquaculture Environment Safety from Liaoning Province(No.LT202009)the Dalian High Level Talent Innovation Support Program(No.2022RG14)。
文摘The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas,one of the most exploited molluscs in the world,has suffered from massive mortality in recent decades,and the occurrence mechanisms have not been well characterized.In this study,to reveal the relationship of associated microbiota to the fitness of oysters,temporal dynamics of microbiota in the gill,hemolymph,and hepatopancreas of C.gigas during April 2018-January 2019 were investigated by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing.The microbiota in C.gigas exhibited tissue heterogeneity,of which Spirochaetaceae was dominant in the gill and hemolymph while Mycoplasmataceae enriched in the hepatopancreas.Co-occurrence network demonstrated that the gill microbiota exhibited higher inter-taxon connectivity while the hemolymph microbiota had more modules.The richness(Chao 1 index)and diversity(Shannon index)of microbial community in each tissue showed no significant seasonal variations,except for the hepatopancreas having a higher richness in the autumn.Similarly,beta diversity analysis indicated a relatively stable microbiota in each tissue during the sampling period,showing relative abundance of the dominant taxa exhibiting temporal dynamics.Results indicate that the microbial community in C.gigas showed a tissue-specific stability with temporal dynamics in the composition,which might be essential for the tissue functioning and environmental adaption in oysters.This work provides a baseline microbiota in C.gigas and is helpful for the understanding of host-microbiota interaction in oysters.
文摘BACKGROUND Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA)and high tibial osteotomy(HTO)are well-established operative interventions in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.However,which intervention is more beneficial to patients with knee osteoarthritis remains unknown and a topic of much debate.Simultaneously,there is a paucity of research assessing the relationship between radiographic parameters of knee joint alignment and patient-reported clinical outcomes,preoperatively and following HTO or UKA.AIM To compare UKAs and HTOs as interventions for medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis:Examining differences in clinical outcome and investigating the relationship of joint alignment with respect to this.METHODS This longitudinal observational study assessed a total of 42 patients that had undergone UKA(n=23)and HTO(n=19)to treat medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.Patient-reported outcome measures(PROMs)were collected to evaluate clinical outcome.These included two disease-specific(Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score,Oxford Knee Score)and two generic(EQ-5D-5L,Short Form-12)PROMs.The radiographic parameters of knee alignment assessed were the:Hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical axis deviation and angle of Mikulicz line.RESULTS Statistical analyses demonstrated significant(P<0.001),preoperative to postoperative,improvements in the PROM scores of both groups.There were,however,no significant inter-group differences in the postoperative PROM scores of the UKA and HTO group.Several significant correlations associated a more distolaterally angled Mikulicz line with worse knee function and overall health preoperatively(P<0.05).Postoperatively,two clusters of significant correlations were observed between the disease-specific PROM scores and knee joint alignment parameters(hip-knee-ankle angle,mechanical axis deviation)within the HTO group;yet no such associations were observed within the UKA group.CONCLUSION UKAs and HTOs are both efficacious operations that provide a comparable degree of clinical benefit to patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.Clinical outcome has a limited association with radiographic parameters of knee joint alignment postoperatively;however,a more distolaterally angled Mikulicz line appears associated with worse knee function/health-related quality of life preoperatively.
基金funded by grants from Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism(FONDAP-15150012,to FC)Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico(FONDECYT,1150766,to FC)Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica,Fondecyt de Postdoctorado Project(3180313,to MA)
文摘Excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death:Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and functionally involved in most brain activities,including brain development,synaptic plasticity,learning and memory.Exc让atory synaptic transmission is primarily mediated by ligana-gated ion channels,including a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazoIe-4-propionic acid(AMPA),N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)and kainate receptors.Activation of glutamate receptors,particularly NMDA receptors,usually leads to calcium influx,whicn can act as a second messenger for several processes to mediate synaptic activity and brain function.Nevertheless,excessive release of glutamate neurotransmitter may produce intracellular calcium overload,leading to a cascade of events mediating cytoskeleton damage accompanied w让h reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately neuronal cell death.These toxic effects of glutamate are known as excitotoxicity.Neuronal excitotoxicity has been linked to several acute and chronic brain diseases,such as stroke/ischemia,epilepsy and a range of neurodegenerative disorders,including Alzheimer's disease(AD),Huntingtons disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)and Parkinsons disease(PD),contributing to the neuronal lost in different brain regions.Unfortunately,treating nervous system disorders with general glutamate receptor blockers has been associated with undesirable side effects,becoming increasingly necessary to unravel downstream effectors in the excitotoxicity-dependent cell death pathway in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
基金Supported by The Defence Research and Development Organi-zation(DRDO),Ministry of Defence,Government of India
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV) is classically considered to be hepatotropic, but accumulating evidences strongly support its extra-hepatotropic nature too. HBV nucleicacids and proteins have long been reported in a variety of extra-hepatic tissues. Of these, HBV has been studied in details in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), due to its accessibility. From these studies, it is now well established that PBMCs are permissive to HBV infection, replication, transcription and production of infective virions. Furthermore, molecular evolutionary studies have provided definite evidences towards evolution of HBV genome in PBMCs, which is independent of evolution occurring in the liver, leading to the emergence and selection of compartment specific escape variants or drug resistant strains. These variants/resistant strains of HBV remain restricted within the PBMCs and are rarely detected in the serum/plasma. In addition, HBV infected PBMCs have been reported to be directly transmitted through intrauterine modes, and this infection does not correlate significantly with serum HBV surface antigen or HBV DNA markers. This editorial briefly reviews the current knowledge on this topic, emphasizes and delineates the gaps that are required to be filled to properly understand the biological and clinical relevance of extrahepatic tropism of HBV.
基金Supported by the National Laboratory of Industrial Control Technique of China.
文摘A generalized compartmental modelling method for the derivation of reduced-order models for multicomponent staged separation columns is presented. In contrast to the one proposed by Benallou, this method uses dynamic state relationships, rather than steady state ones, such that superfluous composition variables resulting from the compartmental representation of staged separation columns may be eliminated. The accuracy of transient responses of the resulting model is, therefore, substantially improved. Furthermore, the phenomena of initial inverse responses, usually encountered in the development of reduced-order methods, has also been deleted completely. Simulations of a deethanizer have been conducted to evaluate this modelling method. Results indicate high efficiency and robustness in minimizing the dimensionality and computation time of the staged separation column model.
文摘This study presents a mathematical modelling approach to analyze the impact of family planning interventions on population growth dynamics.Using a compartmental model,the population is divided into six groups:Susceptible,Informed,Sexually Active Non-Users,Contraceptive Users,Non-Users and General Population.The model incorporates differential equations to describe transitions among these compartments,influenced by factors such as sexual behavior,contraceptive adoption,and public health education.Analytical techniques,including equilibrium analysis and the computation of the basic reproductive number were used to evaluate the model’s behavior and stability.Numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB revealed that increased contraceptive usage and awareness significantly reduce the number of high-risk individuals while stabilizing overall population growth.The reproductive number was shown to decrease as contraceptive uptake increased,confirming the effectiveness of intervention strategies.The findings highlight the importance of reproductive health education and contraceptive access in managing population growth,providing valuable insights for policymakers and public health planners.This study demonstrates the potential of mathematical modelling as a predictive and policy-support tool in reproductive health and demographic planning.
基金the funding from the New Frontiers in Research Fund(NFRF)2022 Special Call e Research for Postpandemic Recovery(Grant no:NFRFR-2022-00395).
文摘We consider state and parameter estimation for compartmental models having both timevarying and time-invariant parameters.In this manuscript,we first detail a general Bayesian computational framework as a continuation of our previous work.Subsequently,this framework is specifically tailored to the susceptible-infectious-removed(SIR)model which describes a basic mechanism for the spread of infectious diseases through a system of coupled nonlinear differential equations.The SIR model consists of three states,namely,the susceptible,infectious,and removed compartments.The coupling among these states is controlled by two parameters,the infection rate and the recovery rate.The simplicity of the SIR model and similar compartmental models make them applicable to many classes of infectious diseases.However,the combined assumption of a deterministic model and time-invariance among the model parameters are two significant impediments which critically limit their use for long-term predictions.The tendency of certain model parameters to vary in time due to seasonal trends,non-pharmaceutical interventions,and other random effects necessitates a model that structurally permits the incorporation of such time-varying effects.Complementary to this,is the need for a robust mechanism for the estimation of the parameters of the resulting model from data.To this end,we consider an augmented state vector,which appends the time-varying parameters to the original system states whereby the time evolution of the time-varying parameters are driven by an artificial noise process in a standard manner.Distinguishing between time-varying and time-invariant parameters in this fashion limits the introduction of artificial dynamics into the system,and provides a robust,fully Bayesian approach for estimating the timeinvariant system parameters as well as the elements of the process noise covariance matrix.This computational framework is implemented by leveraging the robustness of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm permits the estimation of time-invariant parameters while nested nonlinear filters concurrently perform the joint estimation of the system states and time-varying parameters.We demonstrate performance of the framework by first considering a series of examples using synthetic data,followed by an exposition on public health data collected in the province of Ontario.
基金supported by the grant from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2100300)2023 Double World-class Project Key Program“Intelligent Biomanufacturing”.
文摘CoproporphyrinⅢ(CPⅢ),a natural porphyrin derivative,has extensive applications in the biomedical and material industries.S.cerevisiae has previously been engineered to highly accumulate the CPⅢprecursor 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA)through the C4 pathway.In this study,a combination of cytoplasmic metabolic engineering and mitochondrial compartmentalization was used to enhance CPⅢproduction in S.cerevisiae.By integrating pathway genes into the chromosome,the CPⅢtiter gradually increased to 32.5±0.5 mg/L in shake flask cultivation.Nevertheless,increasing the copy number of pathway genes did not consistently enhance CPⅢsynthesis.Hence,the partial synthesis pathway was compartmentalized in mitochondria to evaluate its effectiveness in increasing CPⅢproduction.Subsequently,by superimposing the mitochondrial compartmentalization strategy on cytoplasmic metabolic engineered strains,the CPⅢtiter was increased to 64.3±1.9 mg/L.Furthermore,augmenting antioxidant pathway genes to reduce reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels effectively improved the growth of engineered strains,resulting in a further increase in the CPⅢtiter to 82.9±1.4 mg/L.Fed-batch fermentations in a 5 L bioreactor achieved a titer of 402.8±9.3 mg/L for CPⅢ.This study provides a new perspective on engineered yeast for the microbial production of porphyrins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC/RGC/JRF N_HKU735/21)Research Grant Council of Hong Kong,China(17102120,17108821,17103922,C1024-22GF,C7074-21G)+1 种基金Health and Medical Research Fund(HMRF 09200966)(to CSWL)FRQS Postdoctoral Fellowship(to AHKF).
文摘Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for signal transduction.The plasticity of spine morphologies provides a tunable handle to regulate calcium signal dynamics,allowing rapid regulation of protein expression necessary to establish and maintain synapses(Cornejo et al.,2022).If excitatory inputs were to be located primarily on dendritic shafts,dendrites would frequently short-circuit,preventing voltage signals from propagating(Cornejo et al.,2022).It is thus not surprising that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is closely linked to synaptic plasticity and memory formation(Berry and Nedivi,2017).While comprehensive in vitro studies have been conducted,in vivo studies that directly tackle the mechanism of dendritic transport and translation in regulating spine plasticity spatiotemporally are limited.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673776)the capital health research and development of special,China(No.2016-2-4062).
文摘Background:Lateral compartmental osteoarthritis(LCOA),a major complication after medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA),is highly associated with the increased stress of the lateral compartment.This study aimed to analyze the effects on the stress and load distribution of the lateral compartment induced by lower limb alignment and coronal inclination of the tibial component in UKA through a finite element analysis.Methods:Eight three-dimensional models were constructed based on a validated model for analyzing the biomechanical effects of implantation parameters on the lateral compartment after medial Oxford UKA:postoperative lower limb alignment of 3°valgus,neutral and 3°varus,and the inclination of tibial components placed in 4°,2°valgus,square,and 2°and 4°varus.The contact stress of femoral and tibial cartilage and load distribution were calculated for all models.Results:In the 3°valgus lower limb alignment model,the contact stress of femoral(3.38 MPa)and tibial(3.50 MPa)cartilage as well as load percentage(45.78%)was highest compared to any other model,and was increased by 36.75%,47.70%,and 27.63%,respectively when compared to 3°varus.In the condition of a neutral position,the outcome was comparable for the different tibial tray inclination models.The inclination did not greatly affect the lateral compartmental stress and load distribution.Conclusions:This study suggested that slightly varus(undercorrection)lower limb alignment might be a way to prevent LCOAin medial mobile-bearing UKA.However,the inclination(4°varus to 4°valgus)of the tibial component in the coronal plane would not be a risk factor for LCOA in neutral position.
基金The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378039)This work was partly supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science of China (Grant No. 51421005)+1 种基金This work also was partly supported by the Basic Research Fund of Beijing University of Technology (No. 004000546318524)their support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor for their constructive comments and advice, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript.
文摘Particle damping technology has attracted extensive research and engineering application interest in the field of vibration control due to its prominent advantages, including wide working frequency bands, ease of installation, longer durability and insensitivity to extreme temperatures. To introduce particle damping technology to long-period structure seismic control, a novel multilayer compartmental particle damper (MCPD) was proposed, and a 1/20 scale test model of a typical long-period self-anchored suspension bridge with a single tower was designed and fabricated. The model was subjected to a series of shaking table tests with and without the MCPD. The results showed that the seismic responses of the flexible or semi-flexible bridge towers of long-period bridges influence the seismic responses of the main beam. The MCPD can be conveniently installed on the main beam and bridge tower and can effectively reduce the longitudinal peak displacement and the root mean square acceleration of the main beam and tower. In addition, no particle accumulation was observed during the tests. A well-designed MCPD can achieve significant damping for long-period structures under seismic excitations of different intensities. These results indicate that the application of MCPDs for seismic control of single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges and other long-period structures is viable.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2020YFA0907600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2004204)+1 种基金the 111 Project(#D16014,Q.W.)the Outstanding Talents Fund of Henan University,China.
文摘A fundamental challenge for cells is how to coordinate various biochemical reactions in space and time. To achieve spatiotemporal control, cells have developed organelles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes. Further, membraneless compartmentalization, a process induced by dynamic physical association of biomolecules through phase transition offers another efficient mechanism for intracellular organization. While our understanding of phase separation was predominantly dependent on yeast and animal models, recent findings have provided compelling evidence for emerging roles of phase separation in plants. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge of phase separation, including its definition, biophysical principles, molecular features and regulatory mechanisms. Then we summarize plant-specific phase separation phenomena and describe their functions in plant biological processes in great detail. Moreover, we propose that phase separation is an evolutionarily conserved and efficient mechanism for cellular compartmentalization which allows for distinct metabolic processes and signaling pathways, and is especially beneficial for the sessile lifestyle of plants to quickly and efficiently respond to the changing environment.
基金DK was partially supported by grants from CONICET, ANPCyT and SECYTUNC.
文摘This paper presents a compartmental model for bacterial infections in a population distributed over a network of individuals.Within each node,individuals interact,bacteria can be transmitted and the disease may be spread;moreover,the acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance is considered.In addition,nodes are connected through weighted edges,and consequently individuals from different nodes may interact.As a result,the infection may be propagated over the network.We perform an analysis on this propagation as well as numerical simulations in order to illustrate the validity of the model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2341269)。
文摘The muzzle blast overpressure induces disturbances in the flow field inside the crew compartment(FFICC)of a truck-mounted howitzer during the artillery firing.This overpressure is the primary factor preventing personnel from firing artillery within the cab.To investigate the overpressure characteristics of the FFICC,a foreign trade equipment model was used as the research object,and a numerical model was established to analyze the propagation of muzzle blast from the muzzle to the interior of the crew compartment under extreme firing condition.For comparative verification,the muzzle blast experiment included overpressure data from both the flow field outside the crew compartment(FFOCC)and the FFICC,as well as the acceleration data of the crew compartment structure(Str-CC).The research findings demonstrate that the overpressure-time curves of the FFICC exhibit multi-peak characteristics,while the pressure wave shows no significant discontinuity.The enclosed nature of the cab hinders the dissipation of pressure wave energy within the FFICC,leading to sustained high-amplitude overpressure.The frameskin structure helps attenuate the impact of muzzle blast on the FFICC.Conversely,local high overpressure caused by the convex or concave features of the cab's exterior significantly amplifies the overpressure amplitude within the FFICC.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (52125305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51873156,52173289)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (20dz1101200)the key project of the first demonstration project (Artificial Intelligence) of interdisciplinary joint research of Tongji University (ZD-11-202151)
文摘Cellular metabolism in multiple organelles utilizes compartmentalized multienzyme efficient catalysis to realize substance metabolism, energy conversion and immune defenses. The convenient and biomimetic design of artificial multienzymes has become an emerging research topic. Herein, we employ a facile enzyme-initiated radical polymerization to self-anchor multienzyme in cell-like hydrogels with mesoscale compartments. The dynamic assembly of glucose oxidase/cytochrome c(GOx/Cyt c) with methacrylate-modified hyaluronic acid can form nanoaggregates, where only the bound enzyme pairs with the adjacent position can catalyze the polymerization to compartmentalize multienzymes within hydrogel. Consequently, the cascade enzymes within hydrogel display 33.9 times higher activity compared to free enzymes, as well as excellent thermostability and multiple recyclability. The mechanism study indicates that the compartmental effect of the hydrogel and the anchoring effect of Cyt c synergistically enhance GOx/Cyt c activity. According to the density functional theory(DFT) calculation, Cyt c activity increment originates from its ligand changes of Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin, which has a smaller energy barrier of the catalytic reaction.This study provides a promising strategy for autonomous colocalization of multienzyme in biocompatible hydrogels which can be potentially applied in cascade enzyme induced catalysis applications.
文摘This paper presents a new hybrid compartmental model for studying the COVID-19 epidemic evolution in Italy since the beginning of the vaccination campaign started on 2020/12/27 and shows forecasts of the epidemic evolution in Italy in the first six months.The proposed compartmental model subdivides the population into six compartments and extends the SEIRD model proposed in[E.L.Piccolomini and F.Zama,PLOS ONE,15(8):1e17,082020]by adding the vaccinated population and framing the global model as a hybridswitched dynamical system.Aiming to represent the quantities that characterize the epidemic behaviour from an accurate fit to the observed data,we partition the observation time interval into sub-intervals.The model parameters change according to a switching rule depending on the data behaviour and the infection rate continuity condition.In particular,we study the representation of the infection rate both as linear and exponential piecewise continuous functions.We choose the length of sub-intervals balancing the data fit with the model complexity through the Bayesian Information Criterion.We tested the model on italian data and on local data from Emilia-Romagna region.The calibration of the model shows an excellent representation of the epidemic behaviour in both cases.Thirty days forecasts have proven to well reproduce the infection spread,better for regional than for national data.Both models produce accurate predictions of infected,but the exponential-based one perform better in most of the cases.Finally,we discuss different possible forecast scenarios obtained by simulating an increased vaccination rate.
基金supported by the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.21625401)the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.21727808 and 21971114)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Founds for Natural Science Foundation(No.BK20200090)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0207201).
文摘Fabrication of multifunctional catalysts has always been the pursuit of synthetic chemists due to their efficiency,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,it is difficult to control multi-step reactions in one-pot,especially the spatial compartmentalization of incompatible active sites.Herein,we constructed metal-organic framework(MOF)composites which regulate the location distribution of metal nanoparticles according to the reaction path and coupled with the diffusion of substrates to achieve tandem reaction.The designed UiO-66-Pt-Au catalyst showed good activity and selectivity in hydrosilylation-hydrogenation tandem reaction,because the uniform microporous structures can control the diffusion path of reactants and intermediates,and Pt and Au nanoparticles were arranged in core-shell spatial distribution in UiO-66.By contrast,the low selectivity of catalysts with random deposition and physical mixture demonstrated the significance of artificial control to the spatial compartmentalization of active sites in tandem catalytic reactions,which provides a powerful approach for designing high-performance and multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts.
文摘Acute compartment syndrome(ACoS)involves a complex pathological process in which rising pressures within an enclosed muscle space ultimately result in anoxia and cell death.The most common etiologies include long bone fractures,crush injuries,and burns.[1,2]While rare,ACoS can also occur in atraumatic settings following periods of prolonged limb compression,such as intoxication.[3]Atraumatic ACoS is easily overlooked,resulting in diagnostic delay and poor patient outcomes.Prompt recognition and surgical management is essential to prevent critical sequelae.
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health(CA235749)。
文摘The Hedgehog(Hh)signaling is one of the essential signaling pathways during embryogenesis and in adults.Hh signal transduction relies on primary cilium,a specialized cell surface organelle viewed as the hub of cell signaling.Protein kinase A(PKA)has been recognized as a potent negative regulator of the Hh pathway,raising the question of how such a ubiquitous kinase specifically regulates one signaling pathway.We reviewed recent genetic,molecular and biochemical studies that have advanced our mechanistic understanding of PKA’s role in Hh signaling in vertebrates,focusing on the compartmentalized PKA at the centrosome and in the primary cilium.We outlined the recently developed genetic and optical tools that can be harvested to study PKA activities during the course of Hh signal transduction.
文摘BACKGROUND Hypoganglionosis is a rare gastrointestinal acquired motility disorder that res-embles Hirschsprung’s disease and can manifest in the adult life.Abdominal compartment syndrome,a condition characterized by an increase in intra-abdo-minal pressure with physiological disturbance can be caused by severe massive fecal impaction.CASE SUMMARY A 33-year-old female presented to the emergency room with massive abdominal distension that rapidly progressed to abdominal compartment syndrome.The pa-tient was diagnosed with hypoganglionosis.Life-saving emergent proctoco-lectomy was performed to save the patient.CONCLUSION Abdominal compartment syndrome can develop secondary to excessive colonic distension.This extreme but rare situation must be addressed immediately.Hypo-ganglionosis is a potential cause of severe constipation that may present in adu-lthood.
