Objective This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a short acting reduced dose fibrinolytic regimen to promote early infarct related artery (IRA) patency for acyute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients re...Objective This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a short acting reduced dose fibrinolytic regimen to promote early infarct related artery (IRA) patency for acyute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients referred for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods Following aspirin and heparin, 166 patients were randomized to a 50 mg bolus of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator(rt PA) or to a same volume sodium chloride injection followed by immediate primary PCI. The end points included patency rates on catheterization laboratory (cath lab) arrival, revascularization results when PCI was performed, complication rates, left ventricular function and restored patency rate following PCI. Results Patency on cath lab arrival was 64% with rt PA (34% TIMI 3,30% TIMI 2), while 31% of placebo (13% TIMI 3, 18% TIMI 2). There was no difference in the restored TIMI 3 rates of IRA between the two groups (85% vs 87%). No difference were observed in stroke or major bleeding. Left ventricular function was similar in both groups (52±9% vs 50±8%), but left ventricular ejection fraction fraction (LVEF) was higher with patent IRA (TIMI 3) on cath lab arrival than that of others (56±12% vs 48±10%).Conclusions Strategy thrombolytic regimens were compatible with subsequent PCI lead to more frequenc early recanalization (before cath lab arrival), which facilitates greater left ventricular function preservation with no augmentation of adverse events.展开更多
Zero-watermark technique,embedding watermark without modifying carriers,has been broadly applied for copyright protection of images.However,there is little research on audio zerowatermark.This paper proposes an audio ...Zero-watermark technique,embedding watermark without modifying carriers,has been broadly applied for copyright protection of images.However,there is little research on audio zerowatermark.This paper proposes an audio zero-watermark scheme based on energy relationship between adjacent audio sections.Taking use of discrete wavelet transformation(DWT),it gets power approximations,or energies,of audio segments.Then,it extracts the audio profile,i.e.the zero-watermark,according to the relative size of energies of consecutive fragments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust against general malicious attacks including noise addition,resampling,low-pass filtering,etc.,and this approach effectively solves the contradiction between inaudibility and robustness.展开更多
Background:The basic exercise involved in TCC is a series of individual movements that are linked together in a continuous manner and that flow smoothly from one movement to another.Deep breathing and mental concentra...Background:The basic exercise involved in TCC is a series of individual movements that are linked together in a continuous manner and that flow smoothly from one movement to another.Deep breathing and mental concentration are also required to achieve harmony展开更多
Gatifloxacin （GFX） is a kind of chiral fluoroquinolones compound due to the methyl group at the C-3 position of the piperazine ring[1]. Although the enantiomers of GFX show similar levels of antimicrobial activity a...Gatifloxacin （GFX） is a kind of chiral fluoroquinolones compound due to the methyl group at the C-3 position of the piperazine ring[1]. Although the enantiomers of GFX show similar levels of antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetics[2], the other biological activities （i.e., toxicity or enantioselective recognition to various receptors in vivo） of GFX enantiomers have not yet been studied. With this in mind, we developed a rapid and cost-effective high performance liquid chromatographic （HPLC） separation procedure for GFX enantiomers with a pre-column esterification strategy.展开更多
In order to compare the aviation network of mid-south,northwest and southwest of China to reveal the structure similarity and difference for providing quantitative evidence to construct regional aviation network and i...In order to compare the aviation network of mid-south,northwest and southwest of China to reveal the structure similarity and difference for providing quantitative evidence to construct regional aviation network and improve its structure,hierarchical index model of regional aviation network was established through dividing the aviation network into layers to research its structure characters.Data matrixes were defined to record the basic state of regional aviation network.Index matrixes were constructed to describe the quantitative features of regional aviation network.On the basis of these indexes,several structure indexes of all layers of aviation network were calculated to show the structure features of aviation network,such as ratio of passenger volume within the region with across the region,share rate of passenger volume among layers,ratio of average number of airline for each airport,ratio of average passenger volume for each airline and ratio of airline rate.According to the statistical data,similar structure of share rate of passenger volume among layers and average passenger volume for each airline in their regional aviation network was found after calculating.But on the side of ratio of passenger volume within the region with across the region,ratio of average number of airlines for each airport and ratio of airline rate were different.展开更多
Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin （UFH） in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. However, it is not known ...Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin （UFH） in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. However, it is not known if this benefit is also present when UFH doses are more tightly controlled （as measured by activated clotting time, ACT）.展开更多
A series of metal cutting experiments was performed on a CNC lathe to evaluate the performance of various coatings on different tool substrates. The workpiece material was plain medium carbon steel and the cutting too...A series of metal cutting experiments was performed on a CNC lathe to evaluate the performance of various coatings on different tool substrates. The workpiece material was plain medium carbon steel and the cutting tool materials were carbide and cermet inserts coated with various single as well as multilayer coatings. Machining was done under various cutting conditions of speed and feed-rate, and for various durations of Cutting. The output parameters studied were the cutting forces (axial, radial and tangential), the surface roughness of the workpiece, as well as the tool wear (crater and flank wear). From these results, the performances of the various cutting inserts are evaluated and compared. Results show that cutting forces are significantly lower when using coated cermets than when using coated carbides although different coatings on the same substrate also result in different cutting forces. However, there is less difference in the surface roughness of the finished workpiece for the various coatings and substrates.展开更多
There were obvious differences between a medium gravel-less perforated pipe leach fields and a small system in the treatment of demestic sewage with the change of influent quality. In small system, COD removal rate wa...There were obvious differences between a medium gravel-less perforated pipe leach fields and a small system in the treatment of demestic sewage with the change of influent quality. In small system, COD removal rate was 91%, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 90%, total nitrogen was 58%. In medium system, COD removal rate was 86.07%, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 45.3%, and total nitrogen was 48.2%. This paper studied on the differences. Its main reasons were as follows: differences in opening rate (perforated area account of the total area in infiltration pipe), air flow conditions, exterior environment, and wastewater distribution. Considering those problems, Solutions and applications for the development of GPPLF are given.展开更多
The words---coordination, coordination abilities and coordination training are getting more and more popular among the coaches in different sports. The rhythm makes the movement logical, easy and correct done. The pur...The words---coordination, coordination abilities and coordination training are getting more and more popular among the coaches in different sports. The rhythm makes the movement logical, easy and correct done. The purpose of this study is to determine any difference between the coordination abilities of 10-11 years old gifts practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastics. In that study, we have tested 40 girls at the age of 10-11 years practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastic. We have tested them by 7 coordination tests. The results from the tests have been calculated in math-statistic methods and we have used descriptive statistic and t-test by Student with guaranteed probability Pt 〉 95 %. Ten-eleven old girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic have advantage against the girls practicing basketball in all 7 tests examining coordination abilities. The girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic, guaranteed by statistic, have better results in the balance and rhythmic abilities than the girls practicing basketball game. That statement is showing us that at this age the rhythmic gymnastic or elements from rhythmic gymnastic should be used for developing balance and rhythmic ability, which are very important for the basketball game.展开更多
For large generators, the problem of high-resistance grounding method and the advantages of resonance, grounding method are discussed in detail, and an overall comparison is given in this paper. It is recommended that...For large generators, the problem of high-resistance grounding method and the advantages of resonance, grounding method are discussed in detail, and an overall comparison is given in this paper. It is recommended that the latter should be adopted so as to increase the operation reliability of large generators and power systems.展开更多
Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, ...Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, 276 women with unprotected intercourse within 72 hours were allocated to one of the two study groups. In the levonorgestrel (LNG) group, 0. 75 mg LNG was taken twice, 12 hours apart, whereas in the mifepristone (Mife) group, a single dose of 10 mg mifepristone was taken and a placebo 12 hours after. Follow--up visit was paid on the seventh day of the expected next menstruation to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraceptive efficacy was calculated by Dixon’s method. Result:In the LNG group 20 pregnancies occurred among 643 women, while in the Mife group 9 pregnancies occurred among 633 women. The pregnancy rates were 3. 10% and 1. 43% respectively. Contraceptive efficacy rate of preventing pregnancy was 59. 16% and 79. 73%, the difference was statistically significant (P<O. 05). The incidence of various side effects, which were mild, was less than 10%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The percentage of subjects who had their next menstruation 3 days earlier or later than their expected menstruation in LNG group and Mife group was 77. 7% and 78. 5% respectively. Conclusion: Use of levonorgestrel or low dose mifepristone for emergency contraception is effective and safe.展开更多
Parts of China are an advanced industrial society with excellent public transportation, universities, industry, and other modern features; while other parts （geographically and functionally） remain a developing nati...Parts of China are an advanced industrial society with excellent public transportation, universities, industry, and other modern features; while other parts （geographically and functionally） remain a developing nation. For China, to build a stronger and more equitable society requires much work to develop governance at the local level. In pursuit of this goal, China actively seeks to learn lessons from abroad, including from American local government. This article examines the similarities and differences between these two nations and their systems of government toward the end of identifying potential challenges to Chinese efforts to learn from American-style local governance. This is grounded in policy transfer theory, which guides the discussion of how to learn from other jurisdictions--from other jurisdictions within the nation, from other points in time within the nation, and from other nations. Perhaps the ultimate questions are, ＂Should China continue efforts to learn from external models or focus its energy internally？＂ and ＂Does China need a more clearly defined governance model rather than its current approach that simultaneously allows and questions a high degree of decentralization （both within the party and the government）？＂ This paper seeks to add to that intellectual discourse by applying recent data and a conceptual framework.展开更多
A feasible method of combining the concept of fluorescence half-life and the power dependent photo- bleaching rate for characterizing the practical photostability of fluorescent proteins （FPs） was introduced. Furthe...A feasible method of combining the concept of fluorescence half-life and the power dependent photo- bleaching rate for characterizing the practical photostability of fluorescent proteins （FPs） was introduced. Furthermore, by using a fluorescent photostability standard, a relative comparison of the photostabilty of FPs from different research groups was proposed, which would be of great benefit for developing novel FPs with optimized emission wavelength, better brightness, and improved photostability. We used rho- damine B as an example to verify this method and evaluate the practical photostability of a far-red FP, mKate-S158C. Experimental results indicated good potential of this method for further study.展开更多
The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.H...The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.展开更多
IN recent years.Li Yinhe, a researcherwith the China Academy of SocialSciences,has become conspicuous in theresearch of sexual behavior. Her newbooks,Love and Sexuality for ChineseWomen,Sub-Culture of Sadomasochismand...IN recent years.Li Yinhe, a researcherwith the China Academy of SocialSciences,has become conspicuous in theresearch of sexual behavior. Her newbooks,Love and Sexuality for ChineseWomen,Sub-Culture of Sadomasochismand Sub-Culture of Homosexualitypublished in 1998 have evoked widerepercussions.She had already展开更多
The challenge of making central requirements work at local levels is a common problem for environmental governance throughout the world.Countries can learn from one another’s approaches,but must understand the local ...The challenge of making central requirements work at local levels is a common problem for environmental governance throughout the world.Countries can learn from one another’s approaches,but must understand the local con-text in which they are set.This paper compares the features of the China and US environmental governance systems that need be understood by those working between the systems.Key features include:(1)common values which shape the environmental governance choices in both countries,but which may have different practical meanings in each country;(2)America’s common law-based environmental governance system,and China’s civil law system,which involves plan(s)as well as law;(3)America’s Federal central-local system,and China’s unitary central local system.This paper con-cludes by suggesting areas in which further comparative understanding may be of value,including:(1)better under-standing of the role of plan and law in China’s governance system;(2)comparing the American Federal-state agreement system for implementation of environmental law with the China central-local system of target responsibility agreements for plan implementation;(3)improving understanding of nongovernmental resources needed to assure compliance with environmental laws and plans;(4)identifying institutions that can coordinate central-local and cross-border environmental governance.展开更多
The national open universities of China and India are unique adaptations of the open university model that emanated from the UK.These institutions have expanded to become the largest universities in the world as measu...The national open universities of China and India are unique adaptations of the open university model that emanated from the UK.These institutions have expanded to become the largest universities in the world as measured by current enrollment of approximately four million each.This article comparatively analyzes how these open universities have differentiated themselves from the open university model and from each other amidst similarities of outcome and differences of approach.Historical contexts,national governance of higher education,institutional administration,curriculum and international operations are the foci of analysis.The article contributes to the literature on national and local forces that shape higher education systems and aims to spur collaborations between the institutions in question for mutual benefit.展开更多
This paper will present and discuss a few questions raised in David Damrosch's Comparing the Literatures:Literary Studies in a Global Age,a book that,divided into chapters based on some selected keywords,develops ...This paper will present and discuss a few questions raised in David Damrosch's Comparing the Literatures:Literary Studies in a Global Age,a book that,divided into chapters based on some selected keywords,develops relevant thematic nuclei,bringing to the fore literary authors,critics,and theorists.展开更多
From different perspectives,Shu-meiShih,Rey Chow,and Revathi Krishnaswamy have accused Comparative Literature of being inherently Eurocentric in that the comparative studyofnon-European/Western literatures continues b...From different perspectives,Shu-meiShih,Rey Chow,and Revathi Krishnaswamy have accused Comparative Literature of being inherently Eurocentric in that the comparative studyofnon-European/Western literatures continues being steered by European/Western paradigms.In what follows I briefly outline their respective positions,and argue that over the past few decades at least some attempts have been made to move beyond Eurocentrism.展开更多
文摘Objective This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a short acting reduced dose fibrinolytic regimen to promote early infarct related artery (IRA) patency for acyute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients referred for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods Following aspirin and heparin, 166 patients were randomized to a 50 mg bolus of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator(rt PA) or to a same volume sodium chloride injection followed by immediate primary PCI. The end points included patency rates on catheterization laboratory (cath lab) arrival, revascularization results when PCI was performed, complication rates, left ventricular function and restored patency rate following PCI. Results Patency on cath lab arrival was 64% with rt PA (34% TIMI 3,30% TIMI 2), while 31% of placebo (13% TIMI 3, 18% TIMI 2). There was no difference in the restored TIMI 3 rates of IRA between the two groups (85% vs 87%). No difference were observed in stroke or major bleeding. Left ventricular function was similar in both groups (52±9% vs 50±8%), but left ventricular ejection fraction fraction (LVEF) was higher with patent IRA (TIMI 3) on cath lab arrival than that of others (56±12% vs 48±10%).Conclusions Strategy thrombolytic regimens were compatible with subsequent PCI lead to more frequenc early recanalization (before cath lab arrival), which facilitates greater left ventricular function preservation with no augmentation of adverse events.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61170269, No. 61170272, No. 61202082, Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 4122026, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. BUPT2013RC0308, No. BUPT2013RC0311, and Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education under Grant No. KM201210015007, KM201210015006.
文摘Zero-watermark technique,embedding watermark without modifying carriers,has been broadly applied for copyright protection of images.However,there is little research on audio zerowatermark.This paper proposes an audio zero-watermark scheme based on energy relationship between adjacent audio sections.Taking use of discrete wavelet transformation(DWT),it gets power approximations,or energies,of audio segments.Then,it extracts the audio profile,i.e.the zero-watermark,according to the relative size of energies of consecutive fragments.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust against general malicious attacks including noise addition,resampling,low-pass filtering,etc.,and this approach effectively solves the contradiction between inaudibility and robustness.
文摘Background:The basic exercise involved in TCC is a series of individual movements that are linked together in a continuous manner and that flow smoothly from one movement to another.Deep breathing and mental concentration are also required to achieve harmony
基金supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(S2013030013338)the Ph D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(20114404130002)Guangdong Planed Program in Science and Technology(cgzhzd0808,2013B051000072,2012A020100002)
文摘Gatifloxacin （GFX） is a kind of chiral fluoroquinolones compound due to the methyl group at the C-3 position of the piperazine ring[1]. Although the enantiomers of GFX show similar levels of antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetics[2], the other biological activities （i.e., toxicity or enantioselective recognition to various receptors in vivo） of GFX enantiomers have not yet been studied. With this in mind, we developed a rapid and cost-effective high performance liquid chromatographic （HPLC） separation procedure for GFX enantiomers with a pre-column esterification strategy.
文摘In order to compare the aviation network of mid-south,northwest and southwest of China to reveal the structure similarity and difference for providing quantitative evidence to construct regional aviation network and improve its structure,hierarchical index model of regional aviation network was established through dividing the aviation network into layers to research its structure characters.Data matrixes were defined to record the basic state of regional aviation network.Index matrixes were constructed to describe the quantitative features of regional aviation network.On the basis of these indexes,several structure indexes of all layers of aviation network were calculated to show the structure features of aviation network,such as ratio of passenger volume within the region with across the region,share rate of passenger volume among layers,ratio of average number of airline for each airport,ratio of average passenger volume for each airline and ratio of airline rate.According to the statistical data,similar structure of share rate of passenger volume among layers and average passenger volume for each airline in their regional aviation network was found after calculating.But on the side of ratio of passenger volume within the region with across the region,ratio of average number of airlines for each airport and ratio of airline rate were different.
文摘Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin （UFH） in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. However, it is not known if this benefit is also present when UFH doses are more tightly controlled （as measured by activated clotting time, ACT）.
文摘A series of metal cutting experiments was performed on a CNC lathe to evaluate the performance of various coatings on different tool substrates. The workpiece material was plain medium carbon steel and the cutting tool materials were carbide and cermet inserts coated with various single as well as multilayer coatings. Machining was done under various cutting conditions of speed and feed-rate, and for various durations of Cutting. The output parameters studied were the cutting forces (axial, radial and tangential), the surface roughness of the workpiece, as well as the tool wear (crater and flank wear). From these results, the performances of the various cutting inserts are evaluated and compared. Results show that cutting forces are significantly lower when using coated cermets than when using coated carbides although different coatings on the same substrate also result in different cutting forces. However, there is less difference in the surface roughness of the finished workpiece for the various coatings and substrates.
文摘There were obvious differences between a medium gravel-less perforated pipe leach fields and a small system in the treatment of demestic sewage with the change of influent quality. In small system, COD removal rate was 91%, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 90%, total nitrogen was 58%. In medium system, COD removal rate was 86.07%, ammonia nitrogen removal rate was 45.3%, and total nitrogen was 48.2%. This paper studied on the differences. Its main reasons were as follows: differences in opening rate (perforated area account of the total area in infiltration pipe), air flow conditions, exterior environment, and wastewater distribution. Considering those problems, Solutions and applications for the development of GPPLF are given.
文摘The words---coordination, coordination abilities and coordination training are getting more and more popular among the coaches in different sports. The rhythm makes the movement logical, easy and correct done. The purpose of this study is to determine any difference between the coordination abilities of 10-11 years old gifts practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastics. In that study, we have tested 40 girls at the age of 10-11 years practicing basketball and rhythmic gymnastic. We have tested them by 7 coordination tests. The results from the tests have been calculated in math-statistic methods and we have used descriptive statistic and t-test by Student with guaranteed probability Pt 〉 95 %. Ten-eleven old girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic have advantage against the girls practicing basketball in all 7 tests examining coordination abilities. The girls practicing rhythmic gymnastic, guaranteed by statistic, have better results in the balance and rhythmic abilities than the girls practicing basketball game. That statement is showing us that at this age the rhythmic gymnastic or elements from rhythmic gymnastic should be used for developing balance and rhythmic ability, which are very important for the basketball game.
文摘For large generators, the problem of high-resistance grounding method and the advantages of resonance, grounding method are discussed in detail, and an overall comparison is given in this paper. It is recommended that the latter should be adopted so as to increase the operation reliability of large generators and power systems.
文摘Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, 276 women with unprotected intercourse within 72 hours were allocated to one of the two study groups. In the levonorgestrel (LNG) group, 0. 75 mg LNG was taken twice, 12 hours apart, whereas in the mifepristone (Mife) group, a single dose of 10 mg mifepristone was taken and a placebo 12 hours after. Follow--up visit was paid on the seventh day of the expected next menstruation to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraceptive efficacy was calculated by Dixon’s method. Result:In the LNG group 20 pregnancies occurred among 643 women, while in the Mife group 9 pregnancies occurred among 633 women. The pregnancy rates were 3. 10% and 1. 43% respectively. Contraceptive efficacy rate of preventing pregnancy was 59. 16% and 79. 73%, the difference was statistically significant (P<O. 05). The incidence of various side effects, which were mild, was less than 10%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The percentage of subjects who had their next menstruation 3 days earlier or later than their expected menstruation in LNG group and Mife group was 77. 7% and 78. 5% respectively. Conclusion: Use of levonorgestrel or low dose mifepristone for emergency contraception is effective and safe.
文摘Parts of China are an advanced industrial society with excellent public transportation, universities, industry, and other modern features; while other parts （geographically and functionally） remain a developing nation. For China, to build a stronger and more equitable society requires much work to develop governance at the local level. In pursuit of this goal, China actively seeks to learn lessons from abroad, including from American local government. This article examines the similarities and differences between these two nations and their systems of government toward the end of identifying potential challenges to Chinese efforts to learn from American-style local governance. This is grounded in policy transfer theory, which guides the discussion of how to learn from other jurisdictions--from other jurisdictions within the nation, from other points in time within the nation, and from other nations. Perhaps the ultimate questions are, ＂Should China continue efforts to learn from external models or focus its energy internally？＂ and ＂Does China need a more clearly defined governance model rather than its current approach that simultaneously allows and questions a high degree of decentralization （both within the party and the government）？＂ This paper seeks to add to that intellectual discourse by applying recent data and a conceptual framework.
基金supported by the National HighTech Research and Development Program of China(No.2006AA020801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30770525)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities
文摘A feasible method of combining the concept of fluorescence half-life and the power dependent photo- bleaching rate for characterizing the practical photostability of fluorescent proteins （FPs） was introduced. Furthermore, by using a fluorescent photostability standard, a relative comparison of the photostabilty of FPs from different research groups was proposed, which would be of great benefit for developing novel FPs with optimized emission wavelength, better brightness, and improved photostability. We used rho- damine B as an example to verify this method and evaluate the practical photostability of a far-red FP, mKate-S158C. Experimental results indicated good potential of this method for further study.
基金supported by Progetto Trapezio,Compagnia di San Paolo(67935-2021.2174),to LBFondazione CRT(Cassa di Risparmio di Torino,RF=2022.0618),to LBPRIN2022(grant 2022LB4X3N),to LB。
文摘The capacity of the central nervous system for structural plasticity and regeneration is commonly believed to show a decreasing progression from“small and simple”brains to the larger,more complex brains of mammals.However,recent findings revealed that some forms of neural plasticity can show a reverse trend.Although plasticity is a well-preserved,transversal feature across the animal world,a variety of cell populations and mechanisms seem to have evolved to enable structural modifications to take place in widely different brains,likely as adaptations to selective pressures.Increasing evidence now indicates that a trade-off has occurred between regenerative(mostly stem cell–driven)plasticity and developmental(mostly juvenile)remodeling,with the latter primarily aimed not at brain repair but rather at“sculpting”the neural circuits based on experience.In particular,an evolutionary trade-off has occurred between neurogenic processes intended to support the possibility of recruiting new neurons throughout life and the different ways of obtaining new neurons,and between the different brain locations in which plasticity occurs.This review first briefly surveys the different types of plasticity and the complexity of their possible outcomes and then focuses on recent findings showing that the mammalian brain has a stem cell–independent integration of new neurons into pre-existing(mature)neural circuits.This process is still largely unknown but involves neuronal cells that have been blocked in arrested maturation since their embryonic origin(also termed“immature”or“dormant”neurons).These cells can then restart maturation throughout the animal's lifespan to become functional neurons in brain regions,such as the cerebral cortex and amygdala,that are relevant to high-order cognition and emotions.Unlike stem cell–driven postnatal/adult neurogenesis,which significantly decreases from small-brained,short-living species to large-brained ones,immature neurons are particularly abundant in large-brained,long-living mammals,including humans.The immature neural cell populations hosted in these complex brains are an interesting example of an“enlarged road”in the phylogenetic trend of plastic potential decreases commonly observed in the animal world.The topic of dormant neurons that covary with brain size and gyrencephaly represents a prospective turning point in the field of neuroplasticity,with important translational outcomes.These cells can represent a reservoir of undifferentiated neurons,potentially granting plasticity within the high-order circuits subserving the most sophisticated cognitive skills that are important in the growing brains of young,healthy individuals and are frequently affected by debilitating neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders.
文摘IN recent years.Li Yinhe, a researcherwith the China Academy of SocialSciences,has become conspicuous in theresearch of sexual behavior. Her newbooks,Love and Sexuality for ChineseWomen,Sub-Culture of Sadomasochismand Sub-Culture of Homosexualitypublished in 1998 have evoked widerepercussions.She had already
基金This work was supported by the Center for Industrial Development and Environmental Governance,Tsinghua University,Beijing,China.
文摘The challenge of making central requirements work at local levels is a common problem for environmental governance throughout the world.Countries can learn from one another’s approaches,but must understand the local con-text in which they are set.This paper compares the features of the China and US environmental governance systems that need be understood by those working between the systems.Key features include:(1)common values which shape the environmental governance choices in both countries,but which may have different practical meanings in each country;(2)America’s common law-based environmental governance system,and China’s civil law system,which involves plan(s)as well as law;(3)America’s Federal central-local system,and China’s unitary central local system.This paper con-cludes by suggesting areas in which further comparative understanding may be of value,including:(1)better under-standing of the role of plan and law in China’s governance system;(2)comparing the American Federal-state agreement system for implementation of environmental law with the China central-local system of target responsibility agreements for plan implementation;(3)improving understanding of nongovernmental resources needed to assure compliance with environmental laws and plans;(4)identifying institutions that can coordinate central-local and cross-border environmental governance.
文摘The national open universities of China and India are unique adaptations of the open university model that emanated from the UK.These institutions have expanded to become the largest universities in the world as measured by current enrollment of approximately four million each.This article comparatively analyzes how these open universities have differentiated themselves from the open university model and from each other amidst similarities of outcome and differences of approach.Historical contexts,national governance of higher education,institutional administration,curriculum and international operations are the foci of analysis.The article contributes to the literature on national and local forces that shape higher education systems and aims to spur collaborations between the institutions in question for mutual benefit.
文摘This paper will present and discuss a few questions raised in David Damrosch's Comparing the Literatures:Literary Studies in a Global Age,a book that,divided into chapters based on some selected keywords,develops relevant thematic nuclei,bringing to the fore literary authors,critics,and theorists.
文摘From different perspectives,Shu-meiShih,Rey Chow,and Revathi Krishnaswamy have accused Comparative Literature of being inherently Eurocentric in that the comparative studyofnon-European/Western literatures continues being steered by European/Western paradigms.In what follows I briefly outline their respective positions,and argue that over the past few decades at least some attempts have been made to move beyond Eurocentrism.
