Biopolitics is often understood as a form of power that is exercised over a population,not over people.Within this paradigm,population is understood objectively as wealth,manpower,labour capacity,but also demographica...Biopolitics is often understood as a form of power that is exercised over a population,not over people.Within this paradigm,population is understood objectively as wealth,manpower,labour capacity,but also demographically as the object of statistical analysis.If biocommunism is to gain any political significance,if it is to become not only the result of the birth of biopower,but also an active and actual agent of new political devices,then it must face the problem of“population empowerment”.In this process of empowerment,“power over life”is to be transformed into“the power of life itself”.Biocommunism would therefore be a“community of life”which is intended to overcome immunological barriers.Within biocommunism life is the only“value”that should be shared.In this article I develop the thesis,according to which the“immune”is not simply different from the“common”but is its opposite.展开更多
Central European musicians, as a consequence of the efforts of several important figures, have contributed to the development of jazz in the second half of the 20th century. Jazz pianists in Europe were a distinctive ...Central European musicians, as a consequence of the efforts of several important figures, have contributed to the development of jazz in the second half of the 20th century. Jazz pianists in Europe were a distinctive part of the world jazz scene and made significant achievements during the communist era. They were able to master the European classical piano school, becoming virtuoso pianists themselves, as well as acquiring self-taught jazz skills. Semi-isolated from the contemporary music trends abroad, Central European artists nonetheless made remarkable musical accomplishments that deserve to be called the Central European Jazz School. Between 1948 and 1989, the communist ideology controlled every country of Central Europe including East Germany. The careers of jazz pianists in these countries would have developed differently if they had lived under democratic conditions. This is evident in the lives of those who emigrated to Western countries and subsequently found a place in the world jazz scene. Using analysis of the Central European jazz musicians＇ compositions and their professional careers, this paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which the Central European Jazz School has contributed to jazz music in Europe and the wider world.展开更多
The initiation of the communism group and the founding of the Communist Party of China are deeply rooted in China’s political,economic,and social environments,which are not simply the result of Soviet Russia’forced ...The initiation of the communism group and the founding of the Communist Party of China are deeply rooted in China’s political,economic,and social environments,which are not simply the result of Soviet Russia’forced export of revolution.Out of the complete disappointment in China’s political reality and the profound reflection on its economic oppression,Chinese progressive intellectuals have yearned for one ideal society since the Republic of China,which is represented by socialism.The practical successful road provided by October Revolution caters to China’s trend.Therefore,the early Chinese communists begin to change their clothes and enter the labor masses.They look forward to establishing a revolutionary proletarian regime and carrying on economic career based on communist principle so as to promote national construction.Under the long-term promotion of the early communists,the former poor and undisciplined working class would bring the concept of socialism into their own life.展开更多
This paper adopts the science and technology studies perspective to explore the theoretical origin of open access to knowledge against the historical background of the interaction between science and society, as well ...This paper adopts the science and technology studies perspective to explore the theoretical origin of open access to knowledge against the historical background of the interaction between science and society, as well as to clarify the benefit allocation and adjustment relations of different actors in the implementation process of the open-access mode. Focusing on the theoretical origin and realistic influence of open access,this paper investigates the historical changes of scientific knowledge from the common good to profitability and discusses different interpretations held by knowledge communism and academic capitalism concerning the property rights and social functions of scientific information. It also examines the role of commercial capital in commercializing academic resources and the substance of that commercialization. As a knowledge-sharing mode, open access is inevitable and rational. However, this mode involves many social problems, and there is a need to provide appropriate policies and systems.展开更多
The article continues thinking about prospective of human society. Is the healthy business environment a fiction or a real opportunity？ How far-reaching are the roots of the future natural processes of changes？ How ...The article continues thinking about prospective of human society. Is the healthy business environment a fiction or a real opportunity？ How far-reaching are the roots of the future natural processes of changes？ How to work with the current global economic models？ Can the current European integration process be considered as natural？ Is a weak state a new opportunity for a future strong economy？ What is the historical essence of the liberal thought？ Why the current economic models are not permanent, why are they not sustainable, and why are they not developing for the basic quantum, which is the man as an individual？ Can also the basic quantum be integration units as family, society, company, municipality, region, country, or EU, etc.？ Qualified answers to the questions can be seen in a theoretical context of the General Theory of the Sustainable Development （GTSD）, too. Theoretical trinity of GTSD is based on three theoretical pillars： GPT （Gravitation Polarity Theory）, QET （Quantum Economy Theory）, and BIT （Big Integration Theory）. They can be considered as relevant theoretical basics for historical, current, and future sustainable development process. The healthy business environment is based on the healing of man. In GTSD, businessman and man gain a new source of knowledge, a new natural relationship, and a new content. This is a responsibility towards the customer and towards the pa^ner in business. Businessman＇s profit speaks about a new business in natural partnerships. Sustainable development without the Groove Management （second generation management） and without the fourth Reformation （with second generation of innovation） is a process that only reflects the regressive trend that takes place for more than 6000 years. Without the new content of the Fifth Theoretical Dimension （Consciousness） the historical mainstream of sustainable development process cannot be grasped. The biggest risk for the expected Healthy business society is a contemporary slave communism and contemporary crazy capitalism. Feasibility of business models of healthy business doing societies stands not only on adequate theoretical basis, but also on predicted cannibalism between slave communism and crazy capitalism. The biggest current risk of healthy business environment is a political arbitrariness, the desire for power, and the desire for money----corruption.展开更多
Contemporary world is not the same,after the declaration by World Health Organisation to Covid-19 as pandemic on 11th March 2020.People’s life and all aspects of it are under the grip of a myriad of questions.Where w...Contemporary world is not the same,after the declaration by World Health Organisation to Covid-19 as pandemic on 11th March 2020.People’s life and all aspects of it are under the grip of a myriad of questions.Where we are and where will we go?In this stage of crisis,we are experiencing a vacuum,as all available political metanarratives are unable to satisfy our needs and fail to provide opportunities of leading a good life.Political ideologies give us structures,platforms,frameworks for systematisation of thoughts upon which we create our“worldview”.On the basis of these world views,economic and political systems are constructed.The present paper will inquire about how the existing world views are insufficient to create“human good”considering the case of globalization,the hyper state of which has accelerated the movement of goods,services,ideas,and people.But,this stage seems to be over by adding one more word in the list of free movements and that is“viruses”.It has created a stir in the whole world and threat to human security.Similarly,the ideology of neoliberalism has focused only on“economic growth”.But,it is evident now that only by developing economically,we cannot make our lives beautiful.Rather,it is lessening the rhythm and balance between human and nature day by day.The material growth has not been able to help us in contemporary pandemic so far,and there is no doubt that“matter”of this materialism alone does not matter in life.The ideology of materialism seems to get failed visualizing condition of developed world mainly America,Germany,and Italy.Communism has witnessed its downfall after the fall of USSR.Again,communist China has more or less created Covid-19 to make herself a“superpower”.History has shown us how communism has locked human freedom and adversely affected transparency of any system.The biggest problem is with the ideology of utilitarianism which endorses every activity of mankind on the basis of“utility”only justifying the idea of making“greatest benefit of greatest number”.This paper will inquire and critically analyse all the above mentioned ideologies and further suggest the Gandhian values,styles,and ideas for making the world a better place to live.展开更多
This essay takes a holistic look at the philosophy of education in China from the antiquity to the present time,with an emphasis on the notion of self-cultivation in different schools of thought.The purpose of the stu...This essay takes a holistic look at the philosophy of education in China from the antiquity to the present time,with an emphasis on the notion of self-cultivation in different schools of thought.The purpose of the study is to draw out the positive aspects of Chinese philosophy for newer generations to carry forward the cultural heritage for a healthy development of their mind,body,and spirit in the 21st century and beyond.The study is meaningful since the Chinese civilization can be traced back at least 5,000 years,and perhaps even further.Its endurance,intellectual and cultural contributions to the world civilization,and China’s current rise as a world leading political and economic superpower,makes it especially worth examination.The paper is structured around four key themes:the quest for harmony,the pursuit of happiness,the search for health,and the action for healing.The article concludes with a suggestion of an integrated educational philosophy for contemporary Chinese educational practice.The study may have global implications as Confucius Institutes and Classrooms have been established worldwide since 2004 to teach Chinese language and culture.The localization and smooth integration of Chinese philosophy with Western ideologies in these countries is the key to bringing world peace and harmony.展开更多
During the Second World War, the Albanian communist leadership strengthened its political power by establishing close ties with the communist leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was also the godfather...During the Second World War, the Albanian communist leadership strengthened its political power by establishing close ties with the communist leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was also the godfather in the creation of the Albanian Communist Party on November 8, 1941. The article will argue that the relationship of the Albanian Communist Party with other communist parties including the Yugoslav one and the management of the internal member＇s relations was motivated by the quest for power rather than the ideological motives. Hoxha was largely responsible for Albania＇s virtual isolation from the world. Little interest, understanding combined with negligence of the Western comprehension of the grip of Stalinism in Albania left the country to adhere Stalinism until the end of Communism in the 1990s.展开更多
The process of medicalization of abortion in Poland began when pregnancy termination procedures were legalized in 1956.The context in which that was possible is important:it happened under the communist rule as part o...The process of medicalization of abortion in Poland began when pregnancy termination procedures were legalized in 1956.The context in which that was possible is important:it happened under the communist rule as part of the Soviet bloc.The main goal of communism was to promote scientific approach to medicine and to eliminate popular folk medicine.The communist rule was also characterized by state feminism,which involved mass employment of women in industry and other occupations.The positive side to the changes was the fact that health care was free of charge.However,the system excluded the care of village healers and abortionists who were replaced by obstetricians-gynecologists,usually men.According to the official propaganda,an abortion that was not performed by a medical professional was dangerous for a woman’s health and could cause her death.Indeed,abortion-related mortality decreased,but the rate of abortion itself did not fall;it gradually increased.This is typical for countries with no free market,including communist ones,where access to contraceptive pills is very limited with abortion being the primary method of birth control.After the fall of communism in Poland,access to abortion was severely restricted;nevertheless,contraceptive pills and morning-after pills are available on prescription from pharmacies.The total fertility rate decreased in comparison to the period of communism and its broad access to abortion.Therefore,I maintain that the process of medicalization of abortion has not ended despite the partial disenfranchisement of women.展开更多
Adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 23,2025.The 20th Central Committeeof the Communist Party of China(CPC)convened its fourth plenary session ...Adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 23,2025.The 20th Central Committeeof the Communist Party of China(CPC)convened its fourth plenary session in Beijing from October 20 to 23,2025.展开更多
This book applies interdisciplinary theories,methods,perspectives,and cases to analyze the current trend of the development of the intelligence revolution,using easy-to-understand,concise language to grasp and describ...This book applies interdisciplinary theories,methods,perspectives,and cases to analyze the current trend of the development of the intelligence revolution,using easy-to-understand,concise language to grasp and describe the"world after the intelligence revolution."In particular it focuses on issues closely related to everyone,such as digital communism in the future intelligent society,self tr ansformation of Homo sapiens,Al pension and machine emotion,robot labor and human unemployment,AI scientific research and post-truth conditions:anew changes in human morality,AI technology to govern society,and avoiding the precipice ofAI civilization.展开更多
Marx is concerned with theory that not only interprets but also changes the world. His central concern lies in the transition from capitalism to communism. This paper examines three ways that he might understand this ...Marx is concerned with theory that not only interprets but also changes the world. His central concern lies in the transition from capitalism to communism. This paper examines three ways that he might understand this transition as concerns economic crisis, politics, or the proletariat.展开更多
This article highlights the striking similarity of underlying social forms on both sides of the 1950s Cold War divide. Urban China in the early People＇s Republic is interpreted as a variant of Fordism, a coherent soc...This article highlights the striking similarity of underlying social forms on both sides of the 1950s Cold War divide. Urban China in the early People＇s Republic is interpreted as a variant of Fordism, a coherent social system that assumed hegemony across the globe in the postwar period. Under Fordism, bureaucratic mediation of a rationalized production process was brought together with a new regime of inclusive and homogeneous work and culture, all of which supported a vision of national unity and industrial development. Such an understanding may prove useful in working through difficulties in theorizing this period and in pursuing new directions for research.展开更多
This article explores the insights of the Italian Marxist philosopher Domenico Losurdo on Stalin,with a focus on his controversial work:Stalin:History and Cri-tique of a Black Legend.Losurdo sheds light on the metamor...This article explores the insights of the Italian Marxist philosopher Domenico Losurdo on Stalin,with a focus on his controversial work:Stalin:History and Cri-tique of a Black Legend.Losurdo sheds light on the metamorphosis of Stalin's image from a revered leader into a human monster”and challenges the equation of Stalin with Hitler(the“twin monsters theory”).He advocates for a balanced perspective that refutes the veneration-demonisation dichotomy and offers original criticism on various facets of the“black legend”:Stalin's alleged self-cult of personality;the common juxtaposition of Soviet Gulags with Nazi camps;and accusations of geno-cide against Ukrainians(known as the Holodomor)and antisemitism.The article also highlights Losurdo's methodology,consisting of a comprehensive comparative approach that calls into question the liberal tradition to reveal parallels between its darker aspects and Nazism.Losurdo demonstrates how the twin monsters theory eventually serves to bolster liberalism's claim of moral superiority.Moreover,his work extends beyond Stalin to provide a wider assessment and criticism of most of the contemporary historiography's themes and approaches,revealing how history is often manipulated for political reasons.展开更多
文摘Biopolitics is often understood as a form of power that is exercised over a population,not over people.Within this paradigm,population is understood objectively as wealth,manpower,labour capacity,but also demographically as the object of statistical analysis.If biocommunism is to gain any political significance,if it is to become not only the result of the birth of biopower,but also an active and actual agent of new political devices,then it must face the problem of“population empowerment”.In this process of empowerment,“power over life”is to be transformed into“the power of life itself”.Biocommunism would therefore be a“community of life”which is intended to overcome immunological barriers.Within biocommunism life is the only“value”that should be shared.In this article I develop the thesis,according to which the“immune”is not simply different from the“common”but is its opposite.
文摘Central European musicians, as a consequence of the efforts of several important figures, have contributed to the development of jazz in the second half of the 20th century. Jazz pianists in Europe were a distinctive part of the world jazz scene and made significant achievements during the communist era. They were able to master the European classical piano school, becoming virtuoso pianists themselves, as well as acquiring self-taught jazz skills. Semi-isolated from the contemporary music trends abroad, Central European artists nonetheless made remarkable musical accomplishments that deserve to be called the Central European Jazz School. Between 1948 and 1989, the communist ideology controlled every country of Central Europe including East Germany. The careers of jazz pianists in these countries would have developed differently if they had lived under democratic conditions. This is evident in the lives of those who emigrated to Western countries and subsequently found a place in the world jazz scene. Using analysis of the Central European jazz musicians＇ compositions and their professional careers, this paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which the Central European Jazz School has contributed to jazz music in Europe and the wider world.
文摘The initiation of the communism group and the founding of the Communist Party of China are deeply rooted in China’s political,economic,and social environments,which are not simply the result of Soviet Russia’forced export of revolution.Out of the complete disappointment in China’s political reality and the profound reflection on its economic oppression,Chinese progressive intellectuals have yearned for one ideal society since the Republic of China,which is represented by socialism.The practical successful road provided by October Revolution caters to China’s trend.Therefore,the early Chinese communists begin to change their clothes and enter the labor masses.They look forward to establishing a revolutionary proletarian regime and carrying on economic career based on communist principle so as to promote national construction.Under the long-term promotion of the early communists,the former poor and undisciplined working class would bring the concept of socialism into their own life.
基金supported by the Major Commissioned Project of Shandong Province on Social Science Planning‘Research on Building a Strong Province of Science and Technology with Innovation as the Driver’(grant number 20AWTJ24)
文摘This paper adopts the science and technology studies perspective to explore the theoretical origin of open access to knowledge against the historical background of the interaction between science and society, as well as to clarify the benefit allocation and adjustment relations of different actors in the implementation process of the open-access mode. Focusing on the theoretical origin and realistic influence of open access,this paper investigates the historical changes of scientific knowledge from the common good to profitability and discusses different interpretations held by knowledge communism and academic capitalism concerning the property rights and social functions of scientific information. It also examines the role of commercial capital in commercializing academic resources and the substance of that commercialization. As a knowledge-sharing mode, open access is inevitable and rational. However, this mode involves many social problems, and there is a need to provide appropriate policies and systems.
文摘The article continues thinking about prospective of human society. Is the healthy business environment a fiction or a real opportunity？ How far-reaching are the roots of the future natural processes of changes？ How to work with the current global economic models？ Can the current European integration process be considered as natural？ Is a weak state a new opportunity for a future strong economy？ What is the historical essence of the liberal thought？ Why the current economic models are not permanent, why are they not sustainable, and why are they not developing for the basic quantum, which is the man as an individual？ Can also the basic quantum be integration units as family, society, company, municipality, region, country, or EU, etc.？ Qualified answers to the questions can be seen in a theoretical context of the General Theory of the Sustainable Development （GTSD）, too. Theoretical trinity of GTSD is based on three theoretical pillars： GPT （Gravitation Polarity Theory）, QET （Quantum Economy Theory）, and BIT （Big Integration Theory）. They can be considered as relevant theoretical basics for historical, current, and future sustainable development process. The healthy business environment is based on the healing of man. In GTSD, businessman and man gain a new source of knowledge, a new natural relationship, and a new content. This is a responsibility towards the customer and towards the pa^ner in business. Businessman＇s profit speaks about a new business in natural partnerships. Sustainable development without the Groove Management （second generation management） and without the fourth Reformation （with second generation of innovation） is a process that only reflects the regressive trend that takes place for more than 6000 years. Without the new content of the Fifth Theoretical Dimension （Consciousness） the historical mainstream of sustainable development process cannot be grasped. The biggest risk for the expected Healthy business society is a contemporary slave communism and contemporary crazy capitalism. Feasibility of business models of healthy business doing societies stands not only on adequate theoretical basis, but also on predicted cannibalism between slave communism and crazy capitalism. The biggest current risk of healthy business environment is a political arbitrariness, the desire for power, and the desire for money----corruption.
文摘Contemporary world is not the same,after the declaration by World Health Organisation to Covid-19 as pandemic on 11th March 2020.People’s life and all aspects of it are under the grip of a myriad of questions.Where we are and where will we go?In this stage of crisis,we are experiencing a vacuum,as all available political metanarratives are unable to satisfy our needs and fail to provide opportunities of leading a good life.Political ideologies give us structures,platforms,frameworks for systematisation of thoughts upon which we create our“worldview”.On the basis of these world views,economic and political systems are constructed.The present paper will inquire about how the existing world views are insufficient to create“human good”considering the case of globalization,the hyper state of which has accelerated the movement of goods,services,ideas,and people.But,this stage seems to be over by adding one more word in the list of free movements and that is“viruses”.It has created a stir in the whole world and threat to human security.Similarly,the ideology of neoliberalism has focused only on“economic growth”.But,it is evident now that only by developing economically,we cannot make our lives beautiful.Rather,it is lessening the rhythm and balance between human and nature day by day.The material growth has not been able to help us in contemporary pandemic so far,and there is no doubt that“matter”of this materialism alone does not matter in life.The ideology of materialism seems to get failed visualizing condition of developed world mainly America,Germany,and Italy.Communism has witnessed its downfall after the fall of USSR.Again,communist China has more or less created Covid-19 to make herself a“superpower”.History has shown us how communism has locked human freedom and adversely affected transparency of any system.The biggest problem is with the ideology of utilitarianism which endorses every activity of mankind on the basis of“utility”only justifying the idea of making“greatest benefit of greatest number”.This paper will inquire and critically analyse all the above mentioned ideologies and further suggest the Gandhian values,styles,and ideas for making the world a better place to live.
文摘This essay takes a holistic look at the philosophy of education in China from the antiquity to the present time,with an emphasis on the notion of self-cultivation in different schools of thought.The purpose of the study is to draw out the positive aspects of Chinese philosophy for newer generations to carry forward the cultural heritage for a healthy development of their mind,body,and spirit in the 21st century and beyond.The study is meaningful since the Chinese civilization can be traced back at least 5,000 years,and perhaps even further.Its endurance,intellectual and cultural contributions to the world civilization,and China’s current rise as a world leading political and economic superpower,makes it especially worth examination.The paper is structured around four key themes:the quest for harmony,the pursuit of happiness,the search for health,and the action for healing.The article concludes with a suggestion of an integrated educational philosophy for contemporary Chinese educational practice.The study may have global implications as Confucius Institutes and Classrooms have been established worldwide since 2004 to teach Chinese language and culture.The localization and smooth integration of Chinese philosophy with Western ideologies in these countries is the key to bringing world peace and harmony.
文摘During the Second World War, the Albanian communist leadership strengthened its political power by establishing close ties with the communist leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that was also the godfather in the creation of the Albanian Communist Party on November 8, 1941. The article will argue that the relationship of the Albanian Communist Party with other communist parties including the Yugoslav one and the management of the internal member＇s relations was motivated by the quest for power rather than the ideological motives. Hoxha was largely responsible for Albania＇s virtual isolation from the world. Little interest, understanding combined with negligence of the Western comprehension of the grip of Stalinism in Albania left the country to adhere Stalinism until the end of Communism in the 1990s.
文摘The process of medicalization of abortion in Poland began when pregnancy termination procedures were legalized in 1956.The context in which that was possible is important:it happened under the communist rule as part of the Soviet bloc.The main goal of communism was to promote scientific approach to medicine and to eliminate popular folk medicine.The communist rule was also characterized by state feminism,which involved mass employment of women in industry and other occupations.The positive side to the changes was the fact that health care was free of charge.However,the system excluded the care of village healers and abortionists who were replaced by obstetricians-gynecologists,usually men.According to the official propaganda,an abortion that was not performed by a medical professional was dangerous for a woman’s health and could cause her death.Indeed,abortion-related mortality decreased,but the rate of abortion itself did not fall;it gradually increased.This is typical for countries with no free market,including communist ones,where access to contraceptive pills is very limited with abortion being the primary method of birth control.After the fall of communism in Poland,access to abortion was severely restricted;nevertheless,contraceptive pills and morning-after pills are available on prescription from pharmacies.The total fertility rate decreased in comparison to the period of communism and its broad access to abortion.Therefore,I maintain that the process of medicalization of abortion has not ended despite the partial disenfranchisement of women.
文摘Adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on October 23,2025.The 20th Central Committeeof the Communist Party of China(CPC)convened its fourth plenary session in Beijing from October 20 to 23,2025.
文摘This book applies interdisciplinary theories,methods,perspectives,and cases to analyze the current trend of the development of the intelligence revolution,using easy-to-understand,concise language to grasp and describe the"world after the intelligence revolution."In particular it focuses on issues closely related to everyone,such as digital communism in the future intelligent society,self tr ansformation of Homo sapiens,Al pension and machine emotion,robot labor and human unemployment,AI scientific research and post-truth conditions:anew changes in human morality,AI technology to govern society,and avoiding the precipice ofAI civilization.
文摘Marx is concerned with theory that not only interprets but also changes the world. His central concern lies in the transition from capitalism to communism. This paper examines three ways that he might understand this transition as concerns economic crisis, politics, or the proletariat.
文摘This article highlights the striking similarity of underlying social forms on both sides of the 1950s Cold War divide. Urban China in the early People＇s Republic is interpreted as a variant of Fordism, a coherent social system that assumed hegemony across the globe in the postwar period. Under Fordism, bureaucratic mediation of a rationalized production process was brought together with a new regime of inclusive and homogeneous work and culture, all of which supported a vision of national unity and industrial development. Such an understanding may prove useful in working through difficulties in theorizing this period and in pursuing new directions for research.
文摘This article explores the insights of the Italian Marxist philosopher Domenico Losurdo on Stalin,with a focus on his controversial work:Stalin:History and Cri-tique of a Black Legend.Losurdo sheds light on the metamorphosis of Stalin's image from a revered leader into a human monster”and challenges the equation of Stalin with Hitler(the“twin monsters theory”).He advocates for a balanced perspective that refutes the veneration-demonisation dichotomy and offers original criticism on various facets of the“black legend”:Stalin's alleged self-cult of personality;the common juxtaposition of Soviet Gulags with Nazi camps;and accusations of geno-cide against Ukrainians(known as the Holodomor)and antisemitism.The article also highlights Losurdo's methodology,consisting of a comprehensive comparative approach that calls into question the liberal tradition to reveal parallels between its darker aspects and Nazism.Losurdo demonstrates how the twin monsters theory eventually serves to bolster liberalism's claim of moral superiority.Moreover,his work extends beyond Stalin to provide a wider assessment and criticism of most of the contemporary historiography's themes and approaches,revealing how history is often manipulated for political reasons.
