Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)is a vital source of protein and essential nutrients for human consumption and plays a key role in sustainable agriculture due to its nitrogen-fixing ability(Nadeem et al.,2021).Kidne...Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)is a vital source of protein and essential nutrients for human consumption and plays a key role in sustainable agriculture due to its nitrogen-fixing ability(Nadeem et al.,2021).Kidney beans,a subcategory of dry common beans,are highly valued for their rich protein,dietary fiber,low fat content,and various trace elements(Garcia-Cordero et al.,2021).Despite the release of several de novo genome assemblies(Goodstein et al.,2012;Schmutz et al.,2014;Vlasova et al.,2016;Cortinovis et al.,2024),existing common bean genomes remain incomplete,particularly in complex regions such as centromeres and telomeres,limiting a comprehensive understanding of the genomic landscape.展开更多
Synthetic fertilizers are widely used to address the urgent challenge of ensuring food supplies for a growing world population in the context of climate change. However, their industrial production and use in agricult...Synthetic fertilizers are widely used to address the urgent challenge of ensuring food supplies for a growing world population in the context of climate change. However, their industrial production and use in agriculture have a negative impact on the environment and consequently on human health. While chemical fertilizers may not have to be abandoned in agricultural production systems, limiting their use could help to make agriculture sustainable and resilient to climate change. In Senegal, the level of mineral fertilizers used in market gardening has become alarming in the Niayes area. As a result, microbial biotechnologies have been promoted for biofertilizer production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation. Rhizobial inoculums have thus been used to reduce the rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizers being applied in cropping systems. Several investigations in the laboratory, on experimental stations and in the field have shown a possibility of a significant reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilizers in common bean production. Conventional mineral fertilization use can be reduced from over 120 kg N/ha to 20 kg N/ha. This contributes both to a very significant reduction in the application rate with the same level of yield and to an improvement in the standard of living. In addition, the environmental impact of using chemical fertilizers can be mitigated. This study is a contribution to the promotion of biofertilizers adoption in agricultural systems.展开更多
Genetic improvement of drought resistance is one of the main breeding goals for common bean,so molecular markers must be identified to facilitate drought resistance breeding.In this study,we evaluated the proline,treh...Genetic improvement of drought resistance is one of the main breeding goals for common bean,so molecular markers must be identified to facilitate drought resistance breeding.In this study,we evaluated the proline,trehalose,raffinose,and stachyose contents of 210 common bean accessions under two watering conditions and found large variations in all four.The coefficients of variation ranged from 21.21%for proline content to 78.69%for stachyose content under well-watered conditions,and from 20.11%for proline content to 50.08%for trehalose content under drought stress.According to our genome-wide association analysis,32 quantitative trait loci were associated with drought resistance,seven of which overlapped with known loci.Four hotspot regions were identified at Pv01,Pv07 and Pv11.A set of candidate genes was identified,including genes encoding MYB,bZIP,bHLH,ERF,and protein kinases.Among these genes,Phvul.001G189400,Phvul.007G273000 and Phvul.008G270500 were annotated as bZIP,ERF and WRKY,respectively.These genes are reportedly involved in drought stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and were induced by drought stress in common bean.Significant SNPs in six candidate gene regions formed different haplotypes,and phenotypic analysis revealed significant differences among the haplotypes.These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of drought resistance in common bean and reveal candidate genes and superior natural variations that will be useful for improving common bean.展开更多
The origin, classification, utilization and evaluation of germplasm resources, and breeding methods were introduced. The researches of biotic or/and abiotic stress, exploration of genomics and proteomics in common bea...The origin, classification, utilization and evaluation of germplasm resources, and breeding methods were introduced. The researches of biotic or/and abiotic stress, exploration of genomics and proteomics in common bean in recent years were reviewed in this paper, in order to provide theoretical reference for utilization and innovation of germplasm resources in common bean.展开更多
Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean (...Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F-9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement.展开更多
Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand d...Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.展开更多
As a typical compatible solute, proline is accumulated in plants under environmental stresses. Proline transporter(Pro T) plays an important role in proline distribution between plant organs. Using a candidate gene ap...As a typical compatible solute, proline is accumulated in plants under environmental stresses. Proline transporter(Pro T) plays an important role in proline distribution between plant organs. Using a candidate gene approach, we cloned a c DNA sequence for Pro T from common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and designated the gene Pv Pro T. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pv Pro T showed high similarity to Bet/Pro T proteins from other leguminous plants, and the highest similarity was observed with mothbean(Vigna aconitifolia L.) Vu Pro T.Relative quantification of the m RNA level of Pv Pro T using real-time PCR analysis showed that the Pv Pro T transcript level was higher in leaves than in stems and roots of common bean plants subjected to drought and salt stress. Under 20%(w/w) PEG-6000 treatment,drought-resistant plants expressed a higher level of Pv Pro T transcripts than droughtsensitive plants. Although heterologous expression of Pv Pro T in the Escherichia coli mutant mkh13 showed that Pv Pro T exhibited uptake activities for proline and betaine, no betaine content was detected in the common bean. These findings suggest that Pv Pro T plays an important role in the transportation of proline in common bean plants exposed to drought and salt stress.展开更多
Common bacterial blight(CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans(Xff), is a worldwide disease of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Longyundou 5, a Chinese cultivar in...Common bacterial blight(CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans(Xff), is a worldwide disease of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Longyundou 5, a Chinese cultivar in the Mesoamerican gene pool of common bean, displays resistance to the Xff strain XSC3-1. To identify the genetic mechanisms behind this resistance,we crossed Long 5 with a susceptible genotype to develop a mapping population of F2 plants.Plant resistance to CBB was identified at 14 and 21 days after inoculation with Xff strain XSC3-1.A major QTL at 14 and 21 days after inoculation was mapped on chromosome Pv10 with LOD scores of 6.41 and 5.35, respectively. This locus was associated with SAP6, a previouslyidentified and much-used dominant marker, but in a 4.2 cM interval between new codominant markers BMp10s174 and BMp10s244. Ten candidate genes were found between markers BMp10s174 and BMp10s244 on chromosome Pv10 and could encode defense response proteins responding to CBB pathogens. Four pairs each of epistatic QTL for CBB resistance were detected at 14 and 21 days after inoculation. Phenotypic variation explained by the epistatic QTL ranged from 7.19% to 12.15% and 7.72% to 8.80% at 14 and 21 days after inoculation, respectively. These results confirmed the importance of epistasis in CBB resistance in common bean. The adjacent markers found may be more efficient for marker assisted selection in common bean breeding for CBB resistance owing to their closer linkage to the target QTL.展开更多
Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) is an annual legume crop that is grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds and tender pods. Marsh spot(MS) of the seeds is a physio-genic stress disease affecting seed quality in beans. ...Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) is an annual legume crop that is grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds and tender pods. Marsh spot(MS) of the seeds is a physio-genic stress disease affecting seed quality in beans. Studies have suggested that this disease involves a nutritional disorder caused by manganese deficiency, but the inheritance of resistance to this disease has not been reported. A biparental genetic population composed of 138 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) was developed from a cross between an MS resistant cultivar ‘Cran09’ and an MS susceptible cultivar ‘Messina’. The 138 RILs and their two parents were evaluated for MS resistance during five consecutive years from 2015 to 2019 in sandy and heavy clay soils in Morden, Manitoba, Canada. The MS incidence(MSI) and the MS resistance index(MSRI) representing disease severity were shown to be both highly correlated heritable traits that had high broad-sense heritability values(H;) of 86.5% and 83.2%, respectively. No significant differences for MSI and MSRI were observed between the two soil types in all five-(MSI) or four-year(MSRI) data collection, but significant correlations among years were observed despite MS resistance was moderately affected by year. The MSIs and MSRIs displayed a right-skewed distribution, indicating a mixed genetic model involving a few major genes and polygenes. Using the joint segregation analysis method, the same four major genes with additive-epistasis effects showed the best fit for both traits, explaining 84.4% and85.3% of the phenotypic variance for MSI and MSRI, respectively. For both traits, the M1, M2, M3 and m4 acted as the favorable(resistant) alleles for the four genes where M and m represent two alleles of each gene. However, due to epistatic effects, only the individuals of the M1 M2 M3 M4 haplotype appeared to be highly resistant, whereas those of the m1 m2 m3 M4 haplotype were the most susceptible. The m4 allele significantly suppressed the additive effects of M1 M2 M3 on resistance, but decreased susceptibility due to the additive effects of m1 m2 m3. Further quantitative trait locus(QTL) mapping is warranted to identify and validate individual genes and develop molecular markers for marker-assisted selection of resistant cultivars.展开更多
Drought stress severely impairs common bean production.For facilitating drought-resistance breeding in common bean,molecular markers were identified in a genome-wide level marker–trait association study.A panel of 21...Drought stress severely impairs common bean production.For facilitating drought-resistance breeding in common bean,molecular markers were identified in a genome-wide level marker–trait association study.A panel of 210 common bean accessions showed large variation in 11 agronomic traits at the adult stage(plant height,pod number per plant,seed number per pod,seed number per plant,seed yield per plant,pod length,harvest index,pod harvest index,days to maturity,hundred-seed weight,and seed yield)under two water conditions.The coefficient of variation ranged from 6.21% for pod harvest index to51.00% for seed number per plant under well-watered conditions,and from 4.05% for days to maturity to 40.72% for seed number per plant under drought stress.In a genome-wide association study,119quantitative-trait loci were associated with drought resistance,including 41 adjacent to known loci.Among these loci,12 were found to be associated with at least two traits.Three major loci were identified at Pv01 and Pv02.A set of candidate genes were found that encode MYBs,AREBs,WKRYs,and protein kinases.These results reveal promising alleles that control drought resistance,shedding light on the genetic basis of drought resistance and accelerating future efforts for drought resistance improvement in common bean.展开更多
Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disea...Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disease of common bean and results in high yield loss. Due to the high degree of pathogenic variability of the fungus and the continual emergence of new races, genetic resistance in the host is not durable. Gene pyramiding using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is proposed as a viable approach to improve the durability of major genes conditioning resistance to anthracnose. In this study a common bean line Urugezi x AND 1062 susceptible to anthracnose but already improved for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pythium </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">root rot resistance was improved for anthracnose resistance through a backcross breeding program. Genotypic selection was done in Rubilizi laboratory in Kigali, Rwanada whereas phenotypic selection was conducted in an anthracnose hotspot at Rwerere, a research Centre of the Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB).</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analysis of variance for effect of bean varieties and anthracnose isolates on disease expression showed significant differences (p < 0.001) among varieties and isolates and for the interaction between isolates and varieties. Developed BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants were 41% of them resistant and 59% susceptible to anthracnose. However, the observed proportion of 26 resistants and 37 susceptible in BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants didn’t fit the goodness of fit of the expected proportion of 75 resistants to 25 susceptible. Only 41% of BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants inherited the resistance genes and were phenotypically resistant. Presence of SCAR-markers, SAB3 and SBB14, in the developed resistant lines </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suggested successful resistance transfer of anthracnose resistance genes.展开更多
The genetic resistance to angular leaf spot （ALS） caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola in the common bean cultivar Mexico 54 was investigated on disease reactions in parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations derived ...The genetic resistance to angular leaf spot （ALS） caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola in the common bean cultivar Mexico 54 was investigated on disease reactions in parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations derived from crosses between a resistant cultivar Mexico 54 and a susceptible cultivar Kablanketi under screen house conditions. The heritability （h2） estimate was as high as 0.719 indicating a successful transfer of ALS resistance among progenies and thus selection can be performed in early generation. High heritability coupled with high expected genetic advance of 39.5% is considered to be more useful in predicting the outcome of selecting the best individuals. Chi-square values were computed to determine whether the observed ratios for disease reactions deviated from expected Mendelian ratios for a single, dominant gene controlling resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean. Based on the resistance of the F2, and the backcross generation to the resistant parent, a 3 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the F2 and a 1 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the backcross generation to the susceptible parent was obtained implying that resistance to the isolate ofPhaeoisariopsis griseola is governed by a single, dominant gene.展开更多
Field trial was carried out in the Soudano-Guinean zone of Cameroon to investigate the effect of intercropping systems of castor bean with common bean and maize on their growth and yield. Randomized complete block des...Field trial was carried out in the Soudano-Guinean zone of Cameroon to investigate the effect of intercropping systems of castor bean with common bean and maize on their growth and yield. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used and five treatments： castor bean in monoculture or in association with common beans or maize, common bean in monoculture and in association with castor bean, maize in monoculture and in association with castor bean. The growth parameters and seed yield were evaluated. Castor beans associated with either maize or common bean grew faster compared to the monoculture system. In addition common bean exhibited fast growth and high seed yield when associated to castor bean, while, no significant difference was observed for maize. In conclusion, the culture of castor bean in association with common bean or maize is advantageous for the peasants in the Adamawa Cameroon region.展开更多
Many publications describe cryopreservation techniques but only a few studies have focused on the biochemical and physiological changes occurring in plants regenerated from seeds exposed to liquid nitrogen. This paper...Many publications describe cryopreservation techniques but only a few studies have focused on the biochemical and physiological changes occurring in plants regenerated from seeds exposed to liquid nitrogen. This paper aims at describing the effect of common bean seed cryostorage on mineral nutrition of young plantlets. The following elements were measured on leaves of 10-day-old plantlets from non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved seeds: Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Se, Sr and Zn. At 10 days after sowing, both treatments (control and cryopreserved seeds) showed 100% seed germination without any visual phenotypic difference. However, contents of several elements in the leaves were different. Exposure of seeds to liquid nitrogen decreased Cu, Cd and Na uptake and increased absorption of B and Al. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between seed exposure to liquid nitrogen and mineral nutrition during the early stages of plantlet growth.展开更多
Legumes such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been introduced into cropping systems for sustainable soil management. Consequently, the loss of fertility of the latter remains a major constraint to bean prod...Legumes such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been introduced into cropping systems for sustainable soil management. Consequently, the loss of fertility of the latter remains a major constraint to bean production because this legume is rarely fertilized, yet it is considered to be a poor nitrogen fixer in the absence of inoculation. To overcome this, this study was undertaken with the objective of seeking efficient local rhizobia in order to propose a bean inoculum formulation. To do this, soil samples taken from twelve localities in the Centre, North and West areas of C?te d’Ivoire were used to trap bean nodulating rhizobia. The ROBA1 bean accession used was sown in pots containing the sampled soils. Seedlings were uprooted at the start of flowering and nodulation was assessed. The isolates obtained were purified and then characterized phenotypically. The infectivity and symbiotic efficacy of these isolates were determined in vitro by the authentication test in which the purified isolates were reinoculated to their original host plant. A total of 24 rhizobium isolates were obtained from the soils of six localities. During morphological characterization, the isolates showed typical characteristics of Rhizobium. With the exception of RPC501, RPC505 and RPC522, all isolates were authenticated and able to nodulate the host plant in controlled culture. Isolates RPC502, RPC507, and RPC508 were effective and significantly increased (P < 0.05) nodule number and weight, height, and plant biomass. This study has, therefore, revealed the presence of effective local rhizobia in Ivorian soils and capable of nodulating common beans. A genetic characterization of efficient rhizobia identified after experimentation in different environmental conditions should be considered before being recommended as bean rhizobia inoculant.展开更多
The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of gamma irradiation (dose from 10 to 100 Gy) and in vitro selection with fungus filtrate as selecting agent (concentration from 20% to 100%) on the suscept...The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of gamma irradiation (dose from 10 to 100 Gy) and in vitro selection with fungus filtrate as selecting agent (concentration from 20% to 100%) on the susceptibility of the common bean to Rhizoctonia solani. The best results were found with a dose of 20 Gy or a concentration of 20% of fungus filtrate applied separately. These conditions were used to evaluate the combined effect of both approaches in a second experiment. The combined effect of irradiation and then selection adversely affected growth (height and roots) and survival of the in vitro plants. It may not be necessary to combine the variation generated by irradiation with the selection technique. For future assays we propose the application of: 1) gamma radiation, thereby inducing not only mutants with pathogen resistance, but also with other agronomic traits of interest. Later in the subculture MV4 potential fungus-resistant mutants will be evaluated in the field;or 2) selection pressure using fungus filtrate during three subcultures, which may be sufficient to induce the variation necessary to obtain in vitro plants resistant to fungus.展开更多
The main objective of this investigation was to study the time effect during solid state bioconversion (SSB) on total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AoxA) of common beans to improve antihypertensive...The main objective of this investigation was to study the time effect during solid state bioconversion (SSB) on total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AoxA) of common beans to improve antihypertensive functionality. Cooked cotyledons of dehulled common beans were inoculated with a suspension of R. oligosporus NRRL 2710 (1 × 106 spores/mL), and incubated at 35℃ for times of 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 108 h (after 108 h the cotyledons showed off odor). Flours from bioprocessed dehulled common bean from each incubation time were blended with their corresponding milled seed coats. The best time for producing bioprocessed common bean (added with seed coats) functional flour with the highest AoxA (ORAC value = 17,468 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 gsample, dw;ABTS value = 13,505 μmol TE/100 gsample, dw) was 108 h. The SSB process substantially increased TPC and total hydrophilic AoxA and antihypertensive potential of common beans in 2.24, 2.45 - 2.73 and 6769 times, respectively. Proteins hydrolyzates from unprocessed whole and bioprocessed (108 h) common beans had IC50 [concentration needed to inhibit 50% the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)] of 79.2 and 0.0117 μg/mL, respectively. The SSB is an efective strategy to improve the TPC of common beans for enhanced functionality with improved antioxidant activity and antihypertensive potential.展开更多
The objective of this study was to characterize the phaseolin type and a-amylase(αAI) level in common bean(Phaseolus vidgaris L.) accessions deposited in the Chinese National Genebank.The 40 accessions sampled were c...The objective of this study was to characterize the phaseolin type and a-amylase(αAI) level in common bean(Phaseolus vidgaris L.) accessions deposited in the Chinese National Genebank.The 40 accessions sampled were common varieties originating in Asia,North America,South America,Europe,and Africa.No Inca(I-) phaseolin was observed in the accessions.Only four accessions contained Tendergreen(T-) phaseolin and the remaining36 contained Sanilac(S-) phaseolin.aAI proteins extracted from nine accessions showed higher a-amylase inhibitory activity than the control(Phase 2,IC_(50) = 0.65 μg).These common bean accessions have potential use as nutraceutical ingredients.展开更多
Legumes are high-protein, medium-energy and micronutrient-rich food consumed in many parts of the world including Africa. This study evaluated the levels of specific phenolic compounds in three legumes. Two varieties ...Legumes are high-protein, medium-energy and micronutrient-rich food consumed in many parts of the world including Africa. This study evaluated the levels of specific phenolic compounds in three legumes. Two varieties of the common bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) soybeans (Glycine max L.), and peas (Pisum sativum L.) from Rwanda were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The phenolic compounds were identified by comparison to the chromatographic retention times and UV spectra of known reference compounds. This study results clearly shows the presence of 11 different phenolic compounds in common beans: gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, o-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid. The concentration ranged from 0.59 to 2.27 mg/kg for epicatechin. High levels of catechin (13.5 to 57.9 mg/kg) ferulic acid (26.1 to 47.6 mg/kg) were also observed. Therefore, the results of this study show that Rwandan common beans are a good source of phenolic acids in particular catechins and ferulic acid.展开更多
Limited tolerance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to cold temperatures hinders an additional harvest during the small rainy season crop cycle (February to May) in the Ethiopian highlands that comprise two-thir...Limited tolerance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to cold temperatures hinders an additional harvest during the small rainy season crop cycle (February to May) in the Ethiopian highlands that comprise two-thirds of the country. Therefore, identification of cold tolerant common bean genotypes is of paramount importance for the region. Field screening of 99 common bean genotypes originally procured from CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) was carried out for nine different plant traits associated with crop growth and yield at two locations differing in climates: Dire Dawa-higher daily maximum and minimum temperatures and absence of near zero chilling temperatures from February to May;Haramaya-lower daily maximum and minimum temperatures and occasionally near zero chilling temperatures during this period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the existence of significant variation among genotypes for the parameters measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to assess the variation and correlation among genotypes for the traits and group them based on their performance at the two locations. The combination of first three principal components explained more than 50% of the genotypic variations. Principal component analysis was also able to discriminate the performance of genotypes between the two locations. It was grouped into at least 17 genotypes that were specific to Haramaya highland location. The results also revealed significant variation in performance among the 17 genotypes. These genotypes are specific to Ethiopian highlands and prominent resources for in-situ conservation of germplasms.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241045,32241046,32241038)the Major Special Science and Technology Projects in Shanxi Province(202101140601027)+3 种基金Shanxi Provincial Agricultural Key Technologies Breakthrough Project(NYGG01)Doctoral Research Starting Project at Shanxi Agricultural University(2024BQ77)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1202705/2023YFD120270503,2023YFD1202703/2023YFD1202703-4)Shanxi HouJi Laboratory Self-proposed Research Project(202304010930003/202304010930003-03).
文摘Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)is a vital source of protein and essential nutrients for human consumption and plays a key role in sustainable agriculture due to its nitrogen-fixing ability(Nadeem et al.,2021).Kidney beans,a subcategory of dry common beans,are highly valued for their rich protein,dietary fiber,low fat content,and various trace elements(Garcia-Cordero et al.,2021).Despite the release of several de novo genome assemblies(Goodstein et al.,2012;Schmutz et al.,2014;Vlasova et al.,2016;Cortinovis et al.,2024),existing common bean genomes remain incomplete,particularly in complex regions such as centromeres and telomeres,limiting a comprehensive understanding of the genomic landscape.
文摘Synthetic fertilizers are widely used to address the urgent challenge of ensuring food supplies for a growing world population in the context of climate change. However, their industrial production and use in agriculture have a negative impact on the environment and consequently on human health. While chemical fertilizers may not have to be abandoned in agricultural production systems, limiting their use could help to make agriculture sustainable and resilient to climate change. In Senegal, the level of mineral fertilizers used in market gardening has become alarming in the Niayes area. As a result, microbial biotechnologies have been promoted for biofertilizer production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation. Rhizobial inoculums have thus been used to reduce the rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizers being applied in cropping systems. Several investigations in the laboratory, on experimental stations and in the field have shown a possibility of a significant reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilizers in common bean production. Conventional mineral fertilization use can be reduced from over 120 kg N/ha to 20 kg N/ha. This contributes both to a very significant reduction in the application rate with the same level of yield and to an improvement in the standard of living. In addition, the environmental impact of using chemical fertilizers can be mitigated. This study is a contribution to the promotion of biofertilizers adoption in agricultural systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD1001300 and 2019YFD1001305)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(SWUKQ22042)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-08)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Genetic improvement of drought resistance is one of the main breeding goals for common bean,so molecular markers must be identified to facilitate drought resistance breeding.In this study,we evaluated the proline,trehalose,raffinose,and stachyose contents of 210 common bean accessions under two watering conditions and found large variations in all four.The coefficients of variation ranged from 21.21%for proline content to 78.69%for stachyose content under well-watered conditions,and from 20.11%for proline content to 50.08%for trehalose content under drought stress.According to our genome-wide association analysis,32 quantitative trait loci were associated with drought resistance,seven of which overlapped with known loci.Four hotspot regions were identified at Pv01,Pv07 and Pv11.A set of candidate genes was identified,including genes encoding MYB,bZIP,bHLH,ERF,and protein kinases.Among these genes,Phvul.001G189400,Phvul.007G273000 and Phvul.008G270500 were annotated as bZIP,ERF and WRKY,respectively.These genes are reportedly involved in drought stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and were induced by drought stress in common bean.Significant SNPs in six candidate gene regions formed different haplotypes,and phenotypic analysis revealed significant differences among the haplotypes.These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of drought resistance in common bean and reveal candidate genes and superior natural variations that will be useful for improving common bean.
基金Supported by Postdoctor Initial Funding Project from Northeast China Agricultural Innovation Center(2013-2015)Fund for Overseas Students from the Personnel Department of Jilin Province(3140101)~~
文摘The origin, classification, utilization and evaluation of germplasm resources, and breeding methods were introduced. The researches of biotic or/and abiotic stress, exploration of genomics and proteomics in common bean in recent years were reviewed in this paper, in order to provide theoretical reference for utilization and innovation of germplasm resources in common bean.
文摘Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F-9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement.
基金funding to D. Ambachew, A. Asfaw, and M. W. Blair by the Tropical Legumes project of the Generation Challenge Program (C-086-13) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationThe Evans Allen Fund is recognized for funding Matthew W. Blair and Daniel Ambachew at Tennessee State University
文摘Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.
基金supported by an earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-09)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of CAASthe Higher Education Institution Key Research Project Plan of Henan Province (No. 15A210042)
文摘As a typical compatible solute, proline is accumulated in plants under environmental stresses. Proline transporter(Pro T) plays an important role in proline distribution between plant organs. Using a candidate gene approach, we cloned a c DNA sequence for Pro T from common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and designated the gene Pv Pro T. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pv Pro T showed high similarity to Bet/Pro T proteins from other leguminous plants, and the highest similarity was observed with mothbean(Vigna aconitifolia L.) Vu Pro T.Relative quantification of the m RNA level of Pv Pro T using real-time PCR analysis showed that the Pv Pro T transcript level was higher in leaves than in stems and roots of common bean plants subjected to drought and salt stress. Under 20%(w/w) PEG-6000 treatment,drought-resistant plants expressed a higher level of Pv Pro T transcripts than droughtsensitive plants. Although heterologous expression of Pv Pro T in the Escherichia coli mutant mkh13 showed that Pv Pro T exhibited uptake activities for proline and betaine, no betaine content was detected in the common bean. These findings suggest that Pv Pro T plays an important role in the transportation of proline in common bean plants exposed to drought and salt stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471559)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-09)+2 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2013BAD01B03-18a)the Evans Allen Fund of the U.S. Department of Agriculturethe Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Common bacterial blight(CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans(Xff), is a worldwide disease of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Longyundou 5, a Chinese cultivar in the Mesoamerican gene pool of common bean, displays resistance to the Xff strain XSC3-1. To identify the genetic mechanisms behind this resistance,we crossed Long 5 with a susceptible genotype to develop a mapping population of F2 plants.Plant resistance to CBB was identified at 14 and 21 days after inoculation with Xff strain XSC3-1.A major QTL at 14 and 21 days after inoculation was mapped on chromosome Pv10 with LOD scores of 6.41 and 5.35, respectively. This locus was associated with SAP6, a previouslyidentified and much-used dominant marker, but in a 4.2 cM interval between new codominant markers BMp10s174 and BMp10s244. Ten candidate genes were found between markers BMp10s174 and BMp10s244 on chromosome Pv10 and could encode defense response proteins responding to CBB pathogens. Four pairs each of epistatic QTL for CBB resistance were detected at 14 and 21 days after inoculation. Phenotypic variation explained by the epistatic QTL ranged from 7.19% to 12.15% and 7.72% to 8.80% at 14 and 21 days after inoculation, respectively. These results confirmed the importance of epistasis in CBB resistance in common bean. The adjacent markers found may be more efficient for marker assisted selection in common bean breeding for CBB resistance owing to their closer linkage to the target QTL.
基金financial support provided by the Manitoba Pulse and Soybean Growers,AAFC,the Canadian Agricultural Partnership Pulse Science Cluster,and NSERC(RGPIN/2018-03878)。
文摘Common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) is an annual legume crop that is grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds and tender pods. Marsh spot(MS) of the seeds is a physio-genic stress disease affecting seed quality in beans. Studies have suggested that this disease involves a nutritional disorder caused by manganese deficiency, but the inheritance of resistance to this disease has not been reported. A biparental genetic population composed of 138 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) was developed from a cross between an MS resistant cultivar ‘Cran09’ and an MS susceptible cultivar ‘Messina’. The 138 RILs and their two parents were evaluated for MS resistance during five consecutive years from 2015 to 2019 in sandy and heavy clay soils in Morden, Manitoba, Canada. The MS incidence(MSI) and the MS resistance index(MSRI) representing disease severity were shown to be both highly correlated heritable traits that had high broad-sense heritability values(H;) of 86.5% and 83.2%, respectively. No significant differences for MSI and MSRI were observed between the two soil types in all five-(MSI) or four-year(MSRI) data collection, but significant correlations among years were observed despite MS resistance was moderately affected by year. The MSIs and MSRIs displayed a right-skewed distribution, indicating a mixed genetic model involving a few major genes and polygenes. Using the joint segregation analysis method, the same four major genes with additive-epistasis effects showed the best fit for both traits, explaining 84.4% and85.3% of the phenotypic variance for MSI and MSRI, respectively. For both traits, the M1, M2, M3 and m4 acted as the favorable(resistant) alleles for the four genes where M and m represent two alleles of each gene. However, due to epistatic effects, only the individuals of the M1 M2 M3 M4 haplotype appeared to be highly resistant, whereas those of the m1 m2 m3 M4 haplotype were the most susceptible. The m4 allele significantly suppressed the additive effects of M1 M2 M3 on resistance, but decreased susceptibility due to the additive effects of m1 m2 m3. Further quantitative trait locus(QTL) mapping is warranted to identify and validate individual genes and develop molecular markers for marker-assisted selection of resistant cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFD1001300,2019YFD1001305)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA-Food Legumes (CARS-08)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS。
文摘Drought stress severely impairs common bean production.For facilitating drought-resistance breeding in common bean,molecular markers were identified in a genome-wide level marker–trait association study.A panel of 210 common bean accessions showed large variation in 11 agronomic traits at the adult stage(plant height,pod number per plant,seed number per pod,seed number per plant,seed yield per plant,pod length,harvest index,pod harvest index,days to maturity,hundred-seed weight,and seed yield)under two water conditions.The coefficient of variation ranged from 6.21% for pod harvest index to51.00% for seed number per plant under well-watered conditions,and from 4.05% for days to maturity to 40.72% for seed number per plant under drought stress.In a genome-wide association study,119quantitative-trait loci were associated with drought resistance,including 41 adjacent to known loci.Among these loci,12 were found to be associated with at least two traits.Three major loci were identified at Pv01 and Pv02.A set of candidate genes were found that encode MYBs,AREBs,WKRYs,and protein kinases.These results reveal promising alleles that control drought resistance,shedding light on the genetic basis of drought resistance and accelerating future efforts for drought resistance improvement in common bean.
文摘Anthracnose, caused by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, is a major disease of common bean and results in high yield loss. Due to the high degree of pathogenic variability of the fungus and the continual emergence of new races, genetic resistance in the host is not durable. Gene pyramiding using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is proposed as a viable approach to improve the durability of major genes conditioning resistance to anthracnose. In this study a common bean line Urugezi x AND 1062 susceptible to anthracnose but already improved for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pythium </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">root rot resistance was improved for anthracnose resistance through a backcross breeding program. Genotypic selection was done in Rubilizi laboratory in Kigali, Rwanada whereas phenotypic selection was conducted in an anthracnose hotspot at Rwerere, a research Centre of the Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB).</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analysis of variance for effect of bean varieties and anthracnose isolates on disease expression showed significant differences (p < 0.001) among varieties and isolates and for the interaction between isolates and varieties. Developed BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants were 41% of them resistant and 59% susceptible to anthracnose. However, the observed proportion of 26 resistants and 37 susceptible in BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants didn’t fit the goodness of fit of the expected proportion of 75 resistants to 25 susceptible. Only 41% of BC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">F</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> plants inherited the resistance genes and were phenotypically resistant. Presence of SCAR-markers, SAB3 and SBB14, in the developed resistant lines </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">h</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> suggested successful resistance transfer of anthracnose resistance genes.
文摘The genetic resistance to angular leaf spot （ALS） caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola in the common bean cultivar Mexico 54 was investigated on disease reactions in parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations derived from crosses between a resistant cultivar Mexico 54 and a susceptible cultivar Kablanketi under screen house conditions. The heritability （h2） estimate was as high as 0.719 indicating a successful transfer of ALS resistance among progenies and thus selection can be performed in early generation. High heritability coupled with high expected genetic advance of 39.5% is considered to be more useful in predicting the outcome of selecting the best individuals. Chi-square values were computed to determine whether the observed ratios for disease reactions deviated from expected Mendelian ratios for a single, dominant gene controlling resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean. Based on the resistance of the F2, and the backcross generation to the resistant parent, a 3 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the F2 and a 1 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the backcross generation to the susceptible parent was obtained implying that resistance to the isolate ofPhaeoisariopsis griseola is governed by a single, dominant gene.
文摘Field trial was carried out in the Soudano-Guinean zone of Cameroon to investigate the effect of intercropping systems of castor bean with common bean and maize on their growth and yield. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used and five treatments： castor bean in monoculture or in association with common beans or maize, common bean in monoculture and in association with castor bean, maize in monoculture and in association with castor bean. The growth parameters and seed yield were evaluated. Castor beans associated with either maize or common bean grew faster compared to the monoculture system. In addition common bean exhibited fast growth and high seed yield when associated to castor bean, while, no significant difference was observed for maize. In conclusion, the culture of castor bean in association with common bean or maize is advantageous for the peasants in the Adamawa Cameroon region.
文摘Many publications describe cryopreservation techniques but only a few studies have focused on the biochemical and physiological changes occurring in plants regenerated from seeds exposed to liquid nitrogen. This paper aims at describing the effect of common bean seed cryostorage on mineral nutrition of young plantlets. The following elements were measured on leaves of 10-day-old plantlets from non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved seeds: Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Se, Sr and Zn. At 10 days after sowing, both treatments (control and cryopreserved seeds) showed 100% seed germination without any visual phenotypic difference. However, contents of several elements in the leaves were different. Exposure of seeds to liquid nitrogen decreased Cu, Cd and Na uptake and increased absorption of B and Al. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between seed exposure to liquid nitrogen and mineral nutrition during the early stages of plantlet growth.
文摘Legumes such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been introduced into cropping systems for sustainable soil management. Consequently, the loss of fertility of the latter remains a major constraint to bean production because this legume is rarely fertilized, yet it is considered to be a poor nitrogen fixer in the absence of inoculation. To overcome this, this study was undertaken with the objective of seeking efficient local rhizobia in order to propose a bean inoculum formulation. To do this, soil samples taken from twelve localities in the Centre, North and West areas of C?te d’Ivoire were used to trap bean nodulating rhizobia. The ROBA1 bean accession used was sown in pots containing the sampled soils. Seedlings were uprooted at the start of flowering and nodulation was assessed. The isolates obtained were purified and then characterized phenotypically. The infectivity and symbiotic efficacy of these isolates were determined in vitro by the authentication test in which the purified isolates were reinoculated to their original host plant. A total of 24 rhizobium isolates were obtained from the soils of six localities. During morphological characterization, the isolates showed typical characteristics of Rhizobium. With the exception of RPC501, RPC505 and RPC522, all isolates were authenticated and able to nodulate the host plant in controlled culture. Isolates RPC502, RPC507, and RPC508 were effective and significantly increased (P < 0.05) nodule number and weight, height, and plant biomass. This study has, therefore, revealed the presence of effective local rhizobia in Ivorian soils and capable of nodulating common beans. A genetic characterization of efficient rhizobia identified after experimentation in different environmental conditions should be considered before being recommended as bean rhizobia inoculant.
文摘The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of gamma irradiation (dose from 10 to 100 Gy) and in vitro selection with fungus filtrate as selecting agent (concentration from 20% to 100%) on the susceptibility of the common bean to Rhizoctonia solani. The best results were found with a dose of 20 Gy or a concentration of 20% of fungus filtrate applied separately. These conditions were used to evaluate the combined effect of both approaches in a second experiment. The combined effect of irradiation and then selection adversely affected growth (height and roots) and survival of the in vitro plants. It may not be necessary to combine the variation generated by irradiation with the selection technique. For future assays we propose the application of: 1) gamma radiation, thereby inducing not only mutants with pathogen resistance, but also with other agronomic traits of interest. Later in the subculture MV4 potential fungus-resistant mutants will be evaluated in the field;or 2) selection pressure using fungus filtrate during three subcultures, which may be sufficient to induce the variation necessary to obtain in vitro plants resistant to fungus.
基金This research was supported by grants Programa de Fomento y Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación(PRO-FAPI 2011,2012)Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa and Fundación Produce Sinaloa,AC(2010,2011,2012).
文摘The main objective of this investigation was to study the time effect during solid state bioconversion (SSB) on total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AoxA) of common beans to improve antihypertensive functionality. Cooked cotyledons of dehulled common beans were inoculated with a suspension of R. oligosporus NRRL 2710 (1 × 106 spores/mL), and incubated at 35℃ for times of 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 108 h (after 108 h the cotyledons showed off odor). Flours from bioprocessed dehulled common bean from each incubation time were blended with their corresponding milled seed coats. The best time for producing bioprocessed common bean (added with seed coats) functional flour with the highest AoxA (ORAC value = 17,468 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 gsample, dw;ABTS value = 13,505 μmol TE/100 gsample, dw) was 108 h. The SSB process substantially increased TPC and total hydrophilic AoxA and antihypertensive potential of common beans in 2.24, 2.45 - 2.73 and 6769 times, respectively. Proteins hydrolyzates from unprocessed whole and bioprocessed (108 h) common beans had IC50 [concentration needed to inhibit 50% the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)] of 79.2 and 0.0117 μg/mL, respectively. The SSB is an efective strategy to improve the TPC of common beans for enhanced functionality with improved antioxidant activity and antihypertensive potential.
基金supported by the Program of Science and Technology Cooperation with Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, China (2013DFH30050)the special fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201403063)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CYTX-014)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program
文摘The objective of this study was to characterize the phaseolin type and a-amylase(αAI) level in common bean(Phaseolus vidgaris L.) accessions deposited in the Chinese National Genebank.The 40 accessions sampled were common varieties originating in Asia,North America,South America,Europe,and Africa.No Inca(I-) phaseolin was observed in the accessions.Only four accessions contained Tendergreen(T-) phaseolin and the remaining36 contained Sanilac(S-) phaseolin.aAI proteins extracted from nine accessions showed higher a-amylase inhibitory activity than the control(Phase 2,IC_(50) = 0.65 μg).These common bean accessions have potential use as nutraceutical ingredients.
文摘Legumes are high-protein, medium-energy and micronutrient-rich food consumed in many parts of the world including Africa. This study evaluated the levels of specific phenolic compounds in three legumes. Two varieties of the common bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) soybeans (Glycine max L.), and peas (Pisum sativum L.) from Rwanda were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The phenolic compounds were identified by comparison to the chromatographic retention times and UV spectra of known reference compounds. This study results clearly shows the presence of 11 different phenolic compounds in common beans: gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, o-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid. The concentration ranged from 0.59 to 2.27 mg/kg for epicatechin. High levels of catechin (13.5 to 57.9 mg/kg) ferulic acid (26.1 to 47.6 mg/kg) were also observed. Therefore, the results of this study show that Rwandan common beans are a good source of phenolic acids in particular catechins and ferulic acid.
文摘Limited tolerance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to cold temperatures hinders an additional harvest during the small rainy season crop cycle (February to May) in the Ethiopian highlands that comprise two-thirds of the country. Therefore, identification of cold tolerant common bean genotypes is of paramount importance for the region. Field screening of 99 common bean genotypes originally procured from CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) was carried out for nine different plant traits associated with crop growth and yield at two locations differing in climates: Dire Dawa-higher daily maximum and minimum temperatures and absence of near zero chilling temperatures from February to May;Haramaya-lower daily maximum and minimum temperatures and occasionally near zero chilling temperatures during this period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the existence of significant variation among genotypes for the parameters measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to assess the variation and correlation among genotypes for the traits and group them based on their performance at the two locations. The combination of first three principal components explained more than 50% of the genotypic variations. Principal component analysis was also able to discriminate the performance of genotypes between the two locations. It was grouped into at least 17 genotypes that were specific to Haramaya highland location. The results also revealed significant variation in performance among the 17 genotypes. These genotypes are specific to Ethiopian highlands and prominent resources for in-situ conservation of germplasms.
