To be successful in global markets, companies from the emerging countries need the approval of foreign investors and other stakeholders. In this regard, Brazil, Russia, India, and China （BRIC） have progressively str...To be successful in global markets, companies from the emerging countries need the approval of foreign investors and other stakeholders. In this regard, Brazil, Russia, India, and China （BRIC） have progressively strengthened their corporate governance rules to help their companies overcome the competitors from the old industrialized countries. Directors＇ non-executive qualification, independence, and professional expertise represent basic requirements for effective corporate governance, so they should be carefully considered to guarantee a proper board composition and an adequate establishment of internal committees in listed companies. The paper intends to compare the legislative and regulatory frameworks adopted by the four countries; then it aims at answering to the following research questions by means of an empirical investigation： Have BRIC companies appointed non-executive and independent board members？ What do BRIC companies do in order to assure an effective participation of non-executive and independent board members to corporate governance activities？ Have BRIC companies established internal committees？ The research examines the appointment of non-executive directors and independent directors to the boards of 100 BRIC leading firms, as well as their involvement in internal committees focused on matters requiring motivated and impartial opinions. Although the laws and recommendations seem to favor a general convergence of corporate governance principles among the four BRIC and towards the international best practices, some differences and peculiarities emerge from a firm-level perspective. Indeed, the Indian and the Chinese companies analyzed appear more inclined than the Brazilian and the Russian ones to reassure their international stakeholders about board independence and effective committees.展开更多
In order to further strengthen the construction and improvement of villager autonomy system with democratic election,democratic decision making,democratic management,and democratic supervision of rural two committees ...In order to further strengthen the construction and improvement of villager autonomy system with democratic election,democratic decision making,democratic management,and democratic supervision of rural two committees with Chinese characteristics,experience of work team of Longyang District Agricultural Technology Extension Station dispatched to villager committees( or offices) and their guidance on election of rural two committees in 2007-2016 were used,and exploration was made for election of rural two committees from the third to the sixth committees. It summarized achievements and main problems in election of rural two committees and came up with pertinent recommendations.The results of this study are expected to provide certain reference for theory and practice of future villager autonomy.展开更多
This study examines whether audit committees are associated with improved financial reporting quality for a sample of Nigerian listed companies prior to and after a corporate governance code mandated new regulations f...This study examines whether audit committees are associated with improved financial reporting quality for a sample of Nigerian listed companies prior to and after a corporate governance code mandated new regulations for audit committees in 2003. Using a sample of 70 companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, this study uses archival data in the form of companies＇ annual reports to measure the association between audit committees and improved financial reporting quality. Dechew and Dichev （2002）＇s model was used to measure earnings as a proxy for financial reporting quality. The results indicate that formation of audit committees was positively associated with improved financial reporting quality. It was also found that audit committees having an independent chair and audit committee expertise were positively associated with financial reporting quality. Other audit committee characteristics examined were found to be insignificantly related to financial reporting quality.展开更多
In December, 2004, the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) has approved the establishments of three National Standardization Technical Committees. They are the National Standardization Technical Committees f...In December, 2004, the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) has approved the establishments of three National Standardization Technical Committees. They are the National Standardization Technical Committees for Environmental Protection Products (SAC/TC275), for Safety Management of Agricultural Transgenic Biology (SAC/TC276) and for Testing of New Varieties of Plant (SAC/TC277).The National Standardization Technical Committee for Environmental Protection Products is responsible for the development and revision of national standards in the following fields:展开更多
The report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） called for improving the grassroots autonomy mechanism led by grassroots Party organizations; paying more attention to enriching democra...The report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） called for improving the grassroots autonomy mechanism led by grassroots Party organizations; paying more attention to enriching democracy, improving the democratic system to ensure people＇s democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision;展开更多
It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, end...It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, ending an intense political debate about how much independence villagers committees should be given to manage village affairs and to what extent villagers should be allowed to choose their leaders. It is five years in which the implementation of villagers autonomy as defined by the law proceeded the fastest and the achievements were the most fruitful. Local laws Over the past five years, all places展开更多
This paper presents the results from a survey of first-level hospitals in Urumqi,China.The survey had two parts:the first part was aimed at understanding the operation of the ethics committees of first-level hospitals...This paper presents the results from a survey of first-level hospitals in Urumqi,China.The survey had two parts:the first part was aimed at understanding the operation of the ethics committees of first-level hospitals,including the process for electing members and the variety of members' backgrounds.Information was also gathered about the establishment of criteria,operational rules and regulations,and standard operational procedures.The aim of the second part was to investigate the level of understanding among technicians and doctors about the function of the ethics committees.This paper identifies and analyzes some deficiencies found in the operation of hospital ethics committees,offers some constructive suggestions for improvement,and promotes the role of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region hospital ethics committees.展开更多
China＇s supervisory mechanism is peculiar in that it integrated the supervisory board （SB） of the German corporate governance （CG） model in 1993, and has simultaneously adopted the audit committee （AC） of the A...China＇s supervisory mechanism is peculiar in that it integrated the supervisory board （SB） of the German corporate governance （CG） model in 1993, and has simultaneously adopted the audit committee （AC） of the Anglo-American model since 2002. This paper aims to reveal the effectiveness of SBs in coordination with ACs in China. The regulations for Anglo-American and Chinese systems are compared and further evidence is provided through interviewing two governors of all listed companies in the SSE and of 79 investment corporations in Hangzhou. Both statements indicate that China still faces difficulties and problems in meeting the two indexes of independence and expertise of supervision to give effective supervisory functions. Both opinions differed in terms of the co-ordination of SBs and ACs in the future. The evidence presented forms a basis for proposals of how key characteristics of effectiveness and co-ordination can be improved to make supervisory functions in China more effective.展开更多
The FAIR Guidelines were conceptualised and coined as guidelines for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable(FAIR) data at a conference held at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden in 2014. A relatively short period ...The FAIR Guidelines were conceptualised and coined as guidelines for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable(FAIR) data at a conference held at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden in 2014. A relatively short period of time after this conference, the FAIR Guidelines made it onto the public policy agenda of the European Union. Following the concept of Kingdon, policy entrepreneurs played a critical role in creating a policy window for this idea to reach the agenda by linking it to the policy of establishing a European Open Science Cloud(EOSC). Tracing the development from idea to policy, this study highlights the critical role that expert committees play in the European Union. The permeability of the complex governance structure is increased by these committees, which allow experts to link up with the institutions and use the committees to launch new ideas. The High Level Expert Groups on the EOSC provided the platform from which the FAIR Guidelines were launched, and this culminated in the adoption of the FAIR Guidelines as a requirement for all European-funded science. As a result, the FAIR Guidelines have become an obligatory part of data management in European-funded research in 2020 and are now followed by other funders worldwide.展开更多
The CPC Central Committee’s Recommendations for Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development place rural revitalization as a priority within the overall framework of modernization,...The CPC Central Committee’s Recommendations for Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development place rural revitalization as a priority within the overall framework of modernization,clearly stating that agricultural and rural modernization has a major bearing on Chinese modernization as a whole and the outcomes it delivers.展开更多
Born in Penglai,Shandong Province in 1942,Jiang Baolin is currently working as a doctoral supervisor at the Chinese National Academy of Arts.He’s also a committee member and researcher at the China National Academy o...Born in Penglai,Shandong Province in 1942,Jiang Baolin is currently working as a doctoral supervisor at the Chinese National Academy of Arts.He’s also a committee member and researcher at the China National Academy of Painting.He graduated from Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts(now China Academy of Art),studying under such masters as Lu Yanshao and Gu Kunbo,and later pursued his master’s degree at the Central Academy of Fine Arts,sitting at the feet of masters like Li Keran.展开更多
The residential committee organizes members of the veteran cadres activity station to have out-door body building activities to carry out the "Body Building Plans for the Whole People."
The residents＇ committee as an affiliate of the sub-district office actually plays a role much greater than that of a ＂self-governing mass organization＂ as defined by law. Owing to path dependence arising from thei...The residents＇ committee as an affiliate of the sub-district office actually plays a role much greater than that of a ＂self-governing mass organization＂ as defined by law. Owing to path dependence arising from their long-time role as agents of the government, residents＇ committee staff are naturally used to regarding daily political administration closely related to community development as part of internal community affairs. Therefore, community building is essentially the construction of a governance structure in grassroots society, which entails state forces vacating some space to allow the self-operation of grass-roots society. To realize this goal, the critical precondition rests in that the management and services of the functional departments of government must hit the mark. Creative institutional reform involves establishing a community governance system consisting of a ＂community-building guidance committee （government agency）, community management committee （social association）, community workers （professional service body）, community residents＇ committee （community self-governing organization）.＂展开更多
In the ISO,we have three pillars.The first pillar is the ISO members.Now we have 174 members,one representing one country.I would like to recognize that China plays a very important role in the governance of ISO,as Ch...In the ISO,we have three pillars.The first pillar is the ISO members.Now we have 174 members,one representing one country.I would like to recognize that China plays a very important role in the governance of ISO,as China is a permanent member of the ISO Council and the Board of Directors,and also a permanent member of the Technical Management Board.The second pillar is our technical activities.We don’t write our standards,and the standards are written by technical experts appointed by the ISO members.Now we have around 800 technical committees and subcommittees,and an incredible portfolio of over 25,000 international standards.And 75%of the ISO members are developing countries.展开更多
Although there is guidance from different regulatory agencies,there are opportunities to bring greater consistency and stronger applicability to address the practical issues of establishing and operating a data monito...Although there is guidance from different regulatory agencies,there are opportunities to bring greater consistency and stronger applicability to address the practical issues of establishing and operating a data monitoring committee(DMC)for clinical studies of Chinese medicine.We names it as a Chinese Medicine Data Monitoring Committee(CMDMC).A panel composed of clinical and statistical experts shared their experience and thoughts on the important aspects of CMDMCs.Subsequently,a community standard on CMDMCs(T/CACM 1323-2019)was issued by the China Association of Chinese Medicine on September 12,2019.This paper summarizes the key content of this standard to help the sponsors of clinical studies establish and operate CMDMCs,which will further develop the scientific integrity and quality of clinical studies.展开更多
文摘To be successful in global markets, companies from the emerging countries need the approval of foreign investors and other stakeholders. In this regard, Brazil, Russia, India, and China （BRIC） have progressively strengthened their corporate governance rules to help their companies overcome the competitors from the old industrialized countries. Directors＇ non-executive qualification, independence, and professional expertise represent basic requirements for effective corporate governance, so they should be carefully considered to guarantee a proper board composition and an adequate establishment of internal committees in listed companies. The paper intends to compare the legislative and regulatory frameworks adopted by the four countries; then it aims at answering to the following research questions by means of an empirical investigation： Have BRIC companies appointed non-executive and independent board members？ What do BRIC companies do in order to assure an effective participation of non-executive and independent board members to corporate governance activities？ Have BRIC companies established internal committees？ The research examines the appointment of non-executive directors and independent directors to the boards of 100 BRIC leading firms, as well as their involvement in internal committees focused on matters requiring motivated and impartial opinions. Although the laws and recommendations seem to favor a general convergence of corporate governance principles among the four BRIC and towards the international best practices, some differences and peculiarities emerge from a firm-level perspective. Indeed, the Indian and the Chinese companies analyzed appear more inclined than the Brazilian and the Russian ones to reassure their international stakeholders about board independence and effective committees.
基金Supported by Reform and Construction Subsidy Project of National Grassroots Agricultural Extension System[Guo Fa(2006)30Yun Zheng Fa(2007)85]+1 种基金Project for Construction of Modern Agricultural Rice and Maize Industry Technology System in Yunnan Province[Yun Nong Ke Zi(2009)53Yun Cai Nong(2009)171]
文摘In order to further strengthen the construction and improvement of villager autonomy system with democratic election,democratic decision making,democratic management,and democratic supervision of rural two committees with Chinese characteristics,experience of work team of Longyang District Agricultural Technology Extension Station dispatched to villager committees( or offices) and their guidance on election of rural two committees in 2007-2016 were used,and exploration was made for election of rural two committees from the third to the sixth committees. It summarized achievements and main problems in election of rural two committees and came up with pertinent recommendations.The results of this study are expected to provide certain reference for theory and practice of future villager autonomy.
文摘This study examines whether audit committees are associated with improved financial reporting quality for a sample of Nigerian listed companies prior to and after a corporate governance code mandated new regulations for audit committees in 2003. Using a sample of 70 companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, this study uses archival data in the form of companies＇ annual reports to measure the association between audit committees and improved financial reporting quality. Dechew and Dichev （2002）＇s model was used to measure earnings as a proxy for financial reporting quality. The results indicate that formation of audit committees was positively associated with improved financial reporting quality. It was also found that audit committees having an independent chair and audit committee expertise were positively associated with financial reporting quality. Other audit committee characteristics examined were found to be insignificantly related to financial reporting quality.
文摘In December, 2004, the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) has approved the establishments of three National Standardization Technical Committees. They are the National Standardization Technical Committees for Environmental Protection Products (SAC/TC275), for Safety Management of Agricultural Transgenic Biology (SAC/TC276) and for Testing of New Varieties of Plant (SAC/TC277).The National Standardization Technical Committee for Environmental Protection Products is responsible for the development and revision of national standards in the following fields:
文摘The report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） called for improving the grassroots autonomy mechanism led by grassroots Party organizations; paying more attention to enriching democracy, improving the democratic system to ensure people＇s democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision;
文摘It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, ending an intense political debate about how much independence villagers committees should be given to manage village affairs and to what extent villagers should be allowed to choose their leaders. It is five years in which the implementation of villagers autonomy as defined by the law proceeded the fastest and the achievements were the most fruitful. Local laws Over the past five years, all places
基金Project (No. 12XSH010) supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China
文摘This paper presents the results from a survey of first-level hospitals in Urumqi,China.The survey had two parts:the first part was aimed at understanding the operation of the ethics committees of first-level hospitals,including the process for electing members and the variety of members' backgrounds.Information was also gathered about the establishment of criteria,operational rules and regulations,and standard operational procedures.The aim of the second part was to investigate the level of understanding among technicians and doctors about the function of the ethics committees.This paper identifies and analyzes some deficiencies found in the operation of hospital ethics committees,offers some constructive suggestions for improvement,and promotes the role of the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region hospital ethics committees.
文摘China＇s supervisory mechanism is peculiar in that it integrated the supervisory board （SB） of the German corporate governance （CG） model in 1993, and has simultaneously adopted the audit committee （AC） of the Anglo-American model since 2002. This paper aims to reveal the effectiveness of SBs in coordination with ACs in China. The regulations for Anglo-American and Chinese systems are compared and further evidence is provided through interviewing two governors of all listed companies in the SSE and of 79 investment corporations in Hangzhou. Both statements indicate that China still faces difficulties and problems in meeting the two indexes of independence and expertise of supervision to give effective supervisory functions. Both opinions differed in terms of the co-ordination of SBs and ACs in the future. The evidence presented forms a basis for proposals of how key characteristics of effectiveness and co-ordination can be improved to make supervisory functions in China more effective.
基金VODAN-Africathe Philips Foundation+2 种基金the Dutch Development Bank FMOCORDAIDthe GO FAIR Foundation for supporting this research
文摘The FAIR Guidelines were conceptualised and coined as guidelines for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable(FAIR) data at a conference held at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden in 2014. A relatively short period of time after this conference, the FAIR Guidelines made it onto the public policy agenda of the European Union. Following the concept of Kingdon, policy entrepreneurs played a critical role in creating a policy window for this idea to reach the agenda by linking it to the policy of establishing a European Open Science Cloud(EOSC). Tracing the development from idea to policy, this study highlights the critical role that expert committees play in the European Union. The permeability of the complex governance structure is increased by these committees, which allow experts to link up with the institutions and use the committees to launch new ideas. The High Level Expert Groups on the EOSC provided the platform from which the FAIR Guidelines were launched, and this culminated in the adoption of the FAIR Guidelines as a requirement for all European-funded science. As a result, the FAIR Guidelines have become an obligatory part of data management in European-funded research in 2020 and are now followed by other funders worldwide.
文摘The CPC Central Committee’s Recommendations for Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development place rural revitalization as a priority within the overall framework of modernization,clearly stating that agricultural and rural modernization has a major bearing on Chinese modernization as a whole and the outcomes it delivers.
文摘Born in Penglai,Shandong Province in 1942,Jiang Baolin is currently working as a doctoral supervisor at the Chinese National Academy of Arts.He’s also a committee member and researcher at the China National Academy of Painting.He graduated from Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts(now China Academy of Art),studying under such masters as Lu Yanshao and Gu Kunbo,and later pursued his master’s degree at the Central Academy of Fine Arts,sitting at the feet of masters like Li Keran.
文摘The residential committee organizes members of the veteran cadres activity station to have out-door body building activities to carry out the "Body Building Plans for the Whole People."
文摘The residents＇ committee as an affiliate of the sub-district office actually plays a role much greater than that of a ＂self-governing mass organization＂ as defined by law. Owing to path dependence arising from their long-time role as agents of the government, residents＇ committee staff are naturally used to regarding daily political administration closely related to community development as part of internal community affairs. Therefore, community building is essentially the construction of a governance structure in grassroots society, which entails state forces vacating some space to allow the self-operation of grass-roots society. To realize this goal, the critical precondition rests in that the management and services of the functional departments of government must hit the mark. Creative institutional reform involves establishing a community governance system consisting of a ＂community-building guidance committee （government agency）, community management committee （social association）, community workers （professional service body）, community residents＇ committee （community self-governing organization）.＂
文摘In the ISO,we have three pillars.The first pillar is the ISO members.Now we have 174 members,one representing one country.I would like to recognize that China plays a very important role in the governance of ISO,as China is a permanent member of the ISO Council and the Board of Directors,and also a permanent member of the Technical Management Board.The second pillar is our technical activities.We don’t write our standards,and the standards are written by technical experts appointed by the ISO members.Now we have around 800 technical committees and subcommittees,and an incredible portfolio of over 25,000 international standards.And 75%of the ISO members are developing countries.
基金Supported by China National Key Program of New Drug Research and Development(No.2011ZX09304-07)。
文摘Although there is guidance from different regulatory agencies,there are opportunities to bring greater consistency and stronger applicability to address the practical issues of establishing and operating a data monitoring committee(DMC)for clinical studies of Chinese medicine.We names it as a Chinese Medicine Data Monitoring Committee(CMDMC).A panel composed of clinical and statistical experts shared their experience and thoughts on the important aspects of CMDMCs.Subsequently,a community standard on CMDMCs(T/CACM 1323-2019)was issued by the China Association of Chinese Medicine on September 12,2019.This paper summarizes the key content of this standard to help the sponsors of clinical studies establish and operate CMDMCs,which will further develop the scientific integrity and quality of clinical studies.
