Lignocellulosic biomass can be convert to a condensable liquid named bio-oil,a solid product named as char and a mixture of gaseous products comprising CO2,CO,H2,CH4,etc.In recent years,much effort has been made on th...Lignocellulosic biomass can be convert to a condensable liquid named bio-oil,a solid product named as char and a mixture of gaseous products comprising CO2,CO,H2,CH4,etc.In recent years,much effort has been made on the investigation of conversion of biomass through pyrolysis.However,commercialisation of the biomass pyrolysis technology is still challenging due to various issues such as the deleterious properties of bio-oil including the low heating value and the high instability at elevated temperatures.To overcome such issues,many processes,reactors and catalysts have been developed for pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass.A state to the art of pyrolysis or catalytic pyrolysis of biomass need to be summarised to have an overall evaluation of the technologies,in order to provide a useful reference for the further development of pyrolysis technology.This study reviews the various pyrolysis process,especially focus on the effects of essential parameters,the process design,the reactors and the catalysts on the pyrolysis process.In addition,progress in commercialisation of pyrolysis technology was also reviewed and the remaining issues in the process of commercialisation were discussed.展开更多
This article examines the intersection of commercialisation and sustainable development within the context of urban heritage conservation and the related effects on citizens’livelihoods,with a specific focus on the F...This article examines the intersection of commercialisation and sustainable development within the context of urban heritage conservation and the related effects on citizens’livelihoods,with a specific focus on the Five Avenues(hereafter referred to as Wudadao)historical district in Tianjin,China.The Wudadao district,which is known for its complex heritage architecture,historical significance,and multilayered socioeconomic context,offers significant insights through which the challenges and opportunities of urban heritage conservation and urban prosperity can be analysed.Through mixed-method research—primarily relying on qualitative interviews with local stakeholders concerning the patterns of local conservation challenges and transformations in citizens’livelihoods,quantitative data collection on tourist motivations and frequency,and a review of conservation policy—this article aims to determine not only how to balance commercialisation with conservation efforts but also how to cocreate social value with citizens to ensure both economic vitalities and to protect historical authenticity and integrity.The findings indicate that while commercialisation brings essential funds and revitalisation to the area,overcommercialisation raises the risk of gentrification and threatens historical authenticity.This research identifies practices that strike a balance between fostering an economically vibrant district and ensuring that heritage conservation remains at the forefront of development efforts.These findings can act as a blueprint for comparable heritage locations both in China and worldwide.展开更多
Reasons for the initiation of farming systems/participatory approaches in non-Green Revolution（i.e., in more heterogeneous and less favourable production environments） areas in low-income countries is followed by a ...Reasons for the initiation of farming systems/participatory approaches in non-Green Revolution（i.e., in more heterogeneous and less favourable production environments） areas in low-income countries is followed by a discussion of their evolution.Four phases are described along, with a brief description of some of the significant methods in which farmer participation has been sought, accessed and evaluated.They enabled/facilitated the evolutionary process.Although, over the last 40 years there has been a progress in making small-scale farmers much more visible in driving the agricultural research/development agenda through using the four basic stages embodied in the farming systems approach（i.e., descriptive, diagnosis, testing/evaluation and finally dissemination）, much still needs to be done.This leads on to a discussion as to some of the barriers still inhibiting true farmer empowerment and why further, such empowerment is imperative, if the agricultural challenges of this century are to be addressed successfully, namely substantially increasing agricultural productivity in an ecologically sustainable manner.Given the heterogeneity of the production environments and that many identified improvements are likely to be incremental rather than revolutionary in nature, this will require farmers＇ intimate involvement in their identification, evaluation and dissemination.Discussion in the paper recognizes that there is increasing globalization/commercialization of agriculture and is predicated on the need to consider the whole farmer-research-development continuum involving multiple stakeholders（i.e., farmers, scientists, extension workers, input/output service providers and policymakers）.Such a continuum has been explicitly recognized in the operational plans for the recently reformed international agricultural research（i.e., CGIAR） system.The paper concludes with a short discussion on the potential role of formal modelling.展开更多
The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as poli...The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as political stability,discovery of new rice species in the South,the introduction of paper money by merchants from Sichuan in the South of China,and the increase in iron production especially in the North.Specialisation of products is also discussed separately but into details.A further mention of characteristics of the internal and international trade is also highlighted in this paper.An introduction of how the Song dynasty was founded and its distinct political,social and cultural characteristics,are delved into.Also the separation of northern Song Dynasty from the southern Song dynasty will be discussed.The paper concludes with combined interpretations from the famous“Qing Ming Shag He Tu”painting.This painting gives a somewhat illustrated evidence of the vibrancy of the Song Dynasty’s commercialisation recorded in history.展开更多
Precision Livestock Farming(PLF)is potentially one of the most powerful developments amongst a number of interesting new and upcoming technologies that have the potential to revolutionise the livestock farming industr...Precision Livestock Farming(PLF)is potentially one of the most powerful developments amongst a number of interesting new and upcoming technologies that have the potential to revolutionise the livestock farming industries.If properly implemented,PLF or Smart Farming could(1)improve or at least objectively document animal welfare on farms;(2)reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emission and improve environmental performance of farms;(3)facilitate product segmentation and better marketing of livestock products;(4)reduce illegal trading of livestock products;and(5)improve the economic stability of rural areas.However,there are only a few examples of successful commercialisation of PLF technologies introduced by a small number of commercial companies which are actively involved in the PLF commercialisation process.To ensure that the potential of PLF is taken to the industry,it is recommended to:(1)establish a new service industry;(2)verify,demonstrate and publicise the benefits of PLF;(3)better coordinate the efforts of different industry and academic organisations interested in the development and implementation of PLF technologies on farms;and(4)encourage the commercial sectors to assist with professionally managed product development.展开更多
Ancient cities and towns are popular tourism destinations worldwide.In this paper,Guangfu Ancient City in Yongnian County,Hebei Province,China,is taken as the case study and the modifed creative destruction model is a...Ancient cities and towns are popular tourism destinations worldwide.In this paper,Guangfu Ancient City in Yongnian County,Hebei Province,China,is taken as the case study and the modifed creative destruction model is applied as the analytical framework to evaluate the multiactor dynamics of heritage tourism development.A mixed method approach is adopted,including a local resident survey,in-depth interviews with staf of the Guangfu Ancient City tourism site and government ofcials responsible for the heritage conservation and tourism development of the site,and a review of online tourist reviews,relevant government documents and reports.Based on the modifed creative destruction model,local residents’attitudes towards tourism development,changes in tourist numbers,the level of business and government investments,and the motivations of diferent stakeholders in tourism development are assessed by synthesising on-site research,historical data and other materials.Then,the tourism development stages for Guangfu Ancient City are identifed as the precommodifcation stage before 2006,the early commodifcation stage from 2006 to 2011 and the advanced commodifcation stage from 2012 to 2017.The fndings indicate that with rapid increases in investments from both corporate and government sources and in the number of tourists,the attitude of local residents towards tourism development remained positive.The results show that instead of entering the initial destruction stage,Guangfu Ancient City is in the transition stage from advanced commodifcation to creative enhancement given the government’s dominant role in tourism development,the heritage conservation motives of tourism entrepreneurs,the benefts to residents from tourism development ensured by government policies,and the shift in tourist type to postmodern tourists with double demands.The applicability of the modifed creative destruction model is further discussed,and policy and management recommendations are generated to support the sustainable development of Guangfu Ancient City after the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
The cultural heritage inventory is an alternate tool to document historic buildings to establish a protected enlistment process.Recognising the importance of inventories for developing knowledge of historical and cult...The cultural heritage inventory is an alternate tool to document historic buildings to establish a protected enlistment process.Recognising the importance of inventories for developing knowledge of historical and cultural patterns,multiple attempts are being made to record Karachi's historic buildings in the form of inventory documents.This research investigates the various approaches used for inventorying Karachi's cultural heritage and their potential impact on the survival of the city's historical ensemble.As literature,this research provides a brief overview of Karachi's architectural development before and after its annexation to the British Raj(Term used by scholars to represent the British Crown in India.The term'The Raj'is also sometimes used.)(1843-1947),which is now considered the historic core of the city of Karachi,together with the systems of inventorying the built heritage over time.Wadhumal Odharam(Jail)Quarter is shortlisted as a case study for this research,which will be examined from the perspective of inventory making in relation to its specific physical and sociocultural context as documented through the inventorying process.The Quarter is also referred to as'Jail Quarter'because of the presence of the Jail building within the Quarter precinct,which was demolished during the British era;it is discussed in further detail later in this article.The research approach follows a survey of the quarter conducted between August and September 2022,followed by a mapping of the historic properties.The inventory mapping of the Quarter is performed by using an available database(Database of various historic Quarters of Karachi by Heritage Cell-DAPNED).The data for inventory also helps provide an understanding of the history and development of the area.The other aspects of the research methodology include intreating questions and collecting data about various aspects of the Quarter,such as the building information,photographic documentation of the properties,and analysis of the present conservation status based on inventory mapping.Moreover,this study also suggests that inventorying aided the enlistment process for the Quarter under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act 1994(SCHPA),which was frst implemented in 1997 and again in 2011 until 2021.The protected status helped stop the llicit demolitions;however,vandalism continued in many forms,for instance,the need-based alterations relying on the ever-increasing population,upgradation of the building bylaws,inadequate heritage legislation and its enforcement.展开更多
The former Italian concession in Tianjin(1901–1945)has assumed symbolic significance for the modern urban redevelopment of this municipality through experimentation with distinctive practices of conservation manageme...The former Italian concession in Tianjin(1901–1945)has assumed symbolic significance for the modern urban redevelopment of this municipality through experimentation with distinctive practices of conservation management.In 1986,when the Historic Buildings Protection Area was defined,the former Italian concession was identified as a pilot urban conservation project.In 2002,the public company Haihe Construction and Development Investment Ltd.was put in charge of the design and implementation plan for the site,which progressively assumed the semblance of an‘Italian-Style Town’.The distinctive transformation raised significant questions regarding the architectural restyling as well as its specific historical and cultural value.In August 2020,the management of the Italian-Style town was handed over to the Hebei District Government.This coincided with the emergence of a proposal for the creation of a‘Larger Italian-Style Town’,that extended beyond the borders of the original Italian concession to include the former Austrian concession and the western section of the ex-Russian concession.The redevelopment strategy for this larger area aimed to create a service-oriented commercial area,presented as an‘urban living room’,while showcasing Tianjin as an international metropolis.This article analyses the evolution of the conservation strategy as well as the relevant legislation,management,and practices during the redevelopment of the former Italian concession.The aim of this study is to address the conflict between heritage protection and commercialisation.Thus,this article offers a critique of the trend towards functional replacement and structural adaptation to cater to the tourism industry rather than to the value of the community’s livelihood as a living heritage.展开更多
This paper gave attention to two issues that arise because of the growth in the use of health data by general practitioners(GPs)and general practices in England.The issues were(a)the use and commercialisation of pa-ti...This paper gave attention to two issues that arise because of the growth in the use of health data by general practitioners(GPs)and general practices in England.The issues were(a)the use and commercialisation of pa-tients’personal health data;and(b)the propensity of GPs and general practice staff,in utilising those data,to see patients as fragmented bodies rather than as‘whole persons’.The paper included attention to the computing needs of general practice from the 1960s and notes the period of growth in GP computer use during the 1990s.The implications of recent increased computer use by GPs and general practices,as a contributor to the further scientification of health,were then explored.Significant is the fact that the paper finds consciousness,from the 1970s,of the two issues.Their importance was emphasised as the momentum increases around the utilisation and sharing of patient data.Related concerns about data privacy and confidentiality are highlighted.In this con-text,the paper recommended that further research be undertaken with urgency to explore the ways that caring relationships(that have been a hallmark of the work of GPs)can be safeguarded.展开更多
基金University of Tabriz for their supportsupported by the Strategic International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation Special Funds of National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFE0204000)+2 种基金the Program for Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province Government,the Recruitment Program of Global Young Experts(Thousand Youth Talents Plan)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2017BB002)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2018GSF116014)
文摘Lignocellulosic biomass can be convert to a condensable liquid named bio-oil,a solid product named as char and a mixture of gaseous products comprising CO2,CO,H2,CH4,etc.In recent years,much effort has been made on the investigation of conversion of biomass through pyrolysis.However,commercialisation of the biomass pyrolysis technology is still challenging due to various issues such as the deleterious properties of bio-oil including the low heating value and the high instability at elevated temperatures.To overcome such issues,many processes,reactors and catalysts have been developed for pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass.A state to the art of pyrolysis or catalytic pyrolysis of biomass need to be summarised to have an overall evaluation of the technologies,in order to provide a useful reference for the further development of pyrolysis technology.This study reviews the various pyrolysis process,especially focus on the effects of essential parameters,the process design,the reactors and the catalysts on the pyrolysis process.In addition,progress in commercialisation of pyrolysis technology was also reviewed and the remaining issues in the process of commercialisation were discussed.
文摘This article examines the intersection of commercialisation and sustainable development within the context of urban heritage conservation and the related effects on citizens’livelihoods,with a specific focus on the Five Avenues(hereafter referred to as Wudadao)historical district in Tianjin,China.The Wudadao district,which is known for its complex heritage architecture,historical significance,and multilayered socioeconomic context,offers significant insights through which the challenges and opportunities of urban heritage conservation and urban prosperity can be analysed.Through mixed-method research—primarily relying on qualitative interviews with local stakeholders concerning the patterns of local conservation challenges and transformations in citizens’livelihoods,quantitative data collection on tourist motivations and frequency,and a review of conservation policy—this article aims to determine not only how to balance commercialisation with conservation efforts but also how to cocreate social value with citizens to ensure both economic vitalities and to protect historical authenticity and integrity.The findings indicate that while commercialisation brings essential funds and revitalisation to the area,overcommercialisation raises the risk of gentrification and threatens historical authenticity.This research identifies practices that strike a balance between fostering an economically vibrant district and ensuring that heritage conservation remains at the forefront of development efforts.These findings can act as a blueprint for comparable heritage locations both in China and worldwide.
文摘Reasons for the initiation of farming systems/participatory approaches in non-Green Revolution（i.e., in more heterogeneous and less favourable production environments） areas in low-income countries is followed by a discussion of their evolution.Four phases are described along, with a brief description of some of the significant methods in which farmer participation has been sought, accessed and evaluated.They enabled/facilitated the evolutionary process.Although, over the last 40 years there has been a progress in making small-scale farmers much more visible in driving the agricultural research/development agenda through using the four basic stages embodied in the farming systems approach（i.e., descriptive, diagnosis, testing/evaluation and finally dissemination）, much still needs to be done.This leads on to a discussion as to some of the barriers still inhibiting true farmer empowerment and why further, such empowerment is imperative, if the agricultural challenges of this century are to be addressed successfully, namely substantially increasing agricultural productivity in an ecologically sustainable manner.Given the heterogeneity of the production environments and that many identified improvements are likely to be incremental rather than revolutionary in nature, this will require farmers＇ intimate involvement in their identification, evaluation and dissemination.Discussion in the paper recognizes that there is increasing globalization/commercialization of agriculture and is predicated on the need to consider the whole farmer-research-development continuum involving multiple stakeholders（i.e., farmers, scientists, extension workers, input/output service providers and policymakers）.Such a continuum has been explicitly recognized in the operational plans for the recently reformed international agricultural research（i.e., CGIAR） system.The paper concludes with a short discussion on the potential role of formal modelling.
文摘The Song Dynasty has been known in history for its great commercial success due to a series of events in the dynasty.In order to explain the reasons for economic success,this paper attempts to use factors such as political stability,discovery of new rice species in the South,the introduction of paper money by merchants from Sichuan in the South of China,and the increase in iron production especially in the North.Specialisation of products is also discussed separately but into details.A further mention of characteristics of the internal and international trade is also highlighted in this paper.An introduction of how the Song dynasty was founded and its distinct political,social and cultural characteristics,are delved into.Also the separation of northern Song Dynasty from the southern Song dynasty will be discussed.The paper concludes with combined interpretations from the famous“Qing Ming Shag He Tu”painting.This painting gives a somewhat illustrated evidence of the vibrancy of the Song Dynasty’s commercialisation recorded in history.
文摘Precision Livestock Farming(PLF)is potentially one of the most powerful developments amongst a number of interesting new and upcoming technologies that have the potential to revolutionise the livestock farming industries.If properly implemented,PLF or Smart Farming could(1)improve or at least objectively document animal welfare on farms;(2)reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emission and improve environmental performance of farms;(3)facilitate product segmentation and better marketing of livestock products;(4)reduce illegal trading of livestock products;and(5)improve the economic stability of rural areas.However,there are only a few examples of successful commercialisation of PLF technologies introduced by a small number of commercial companies which are actively involved in the PLF commercialisation process.To ensure that the potential of PLF is taken to the industry,it is recommended to:(1)establish a new service industry;(2)verify,demonstrate and publicise the benefits of PLF;(3)better coordinate the efforts of different industry and academic organisations interested in the development and implementation of PLF technologies on farms;and(4)encourage the commercial sectors to assist with professionally managed product development.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China(19XNI004)to Dr.Ming Ming Su.
文摘Ancient cities and towns are popular tourism destinations worldwide.In this paper,Guangfu Ancient City in Yongnian County,Hebei Province,China,is taken as the case study and the modifed creative destruction model is applied as the analytical framework to evaluate the multiactor dynamics of heritage tourism development.A mixed method approach is adopted,including a local resident survey,in-depth interviews with staf of the Guangfu Ancient City tourism site and government ofcials responsible for the heritage conservation and tourism development of the site,and a review of online tourist reviews,relevant government documents and reports.Based on the modifed creative destruction model,local residents’attitudes towards tourism development,changes in tourist numbers,the level of business and government investments,and the motivations of diferent stakeholders in tourism development are assessed by synthesising on-site research,historical data and other materials.Then,the tourism development stages for Guangfu Ancient City are identifed as the precommodifcation stage before 2006,the early commodifcation stage from 2006 to 2011 and the advanced commodifcation stage from 2012 to 2017.The fndings indicate that with rapid increases in investments from both corporate and government sources and in the number of tourists,the attitude of local residents towards tourism development remained positive.The results show that instead of entering the initial destruction stage,Guangfu Ancient City is in the transition stage from advanced commodifcation to creative enhancement given the government’s dominant role in tourism development,the heritage conservation motives of tourism entrepreneurs,the benefts to residents from tourism development ensured by government policies,and the shift in tourist type to postmodern tourists with double demands.The applicability of the modifed creative destruction model is further discussed,and policy and management recommendations are generated to support the sustainable development of Guangfu Ancient City after the COVID-19 pandemic.
基金This research is part of the PhD in Preservation of Architectural Heritage,supported by the funding from the Department of Architecture and Urban Studies,Politecnico DiMilano,Italy.
文摘The cultural heritage inventory is an alternate tool to document historic buildings to establish a protected enlistment process.Recognising the importance of inventories for developing knowledge of historical and cultural patterns,multiple attempts are being made to record Karachi's historic buildings in the form of inventory documents.This research investigates the various approaches used for inventorying Karachi's cultural heritage and their potential impact on the survival of the city's historical ensemble.As literature,this research provides a brief overview of Karachi's architectural development before and after its annexation to the British Raj(Term used by scholars to represent the British Crown in India.The term'The Raj'is also sometimes used.)(1843-1947),which is now considered the historic core of the city of Karachi,together with the systems of inventorying the built heritage over time.Wadhumal Odharam(Jail)Quarter is shortlisted as a case study for this research,which will be examined from the perspective of inventory making in relation to its specific physical and sociocultural context as documented through the inventorying process.The Quarter is also referred to as'Jail Quarter'because of the presence of the Jail building within the Quarter precinct,which was demolished during the British era;it is discussed in further detail later in this article.The research approach follows a survey of the quarter conducted between August and September 2022,followed by a mapping of the historic properties.The inventory mapping of the Quarter is performed by using an available database(Database of various historic Quarters of Karachi by Heritage Cell-DAPNED).The data for inventory also helps provide an understanding of the history and development of the area.The other aspects of the research methodology include intreating questions and collecting data about various aspects of the Quarter,such as the building information,photographic documentation of the properties,and analysis of the present conservation status based on inventory mapping.Moreover,this study also suggests that inventorying aided the enlistment process for the Quarter under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Preservation Act 1994(SCHPA),which was frst implemented in 1997 and again in 2011 until 2021.The protected status helped stop the llicit demolitions;however,vandalism continued in many forms,for instance,the need-based alterations relying on the ever-increasing population,upgradation of the building bylaws,inadequate heritage legislation and its enforcement.
文摘The former Italian concession in Tianjin(1901–1945)has assumed symbolic significance for the modern urban redevelopment of this municipality through experimentation with distinctive practices of conservation management.In 1986,when the Historic Buildings Protection Area was defined,the former Italian concession was identified as a pilot urban conservation project.In 2002,the public company Haihe Construction and Development Investment Ltd.was put in charge of the design and implementation plan for the site,which progressively assumed the semblance of an‘Italian-Style Town’.The distinctive transformation raised significant questions regarding the architectural restyling as well as its specific historical and cultural value.In August 2020,the management of the Italian-Style town was handed over to the Hebei District Government.This coincided with the emergence of a proposal for the creation of a‘Larger Italian-Style Town’,that extended beyond the borders of the original Italian concession to include the former Austrian concession and the western section of the ex-Russian concession.The redevelopment strategy for this larger area aimed to create a service-oriented commercial area,presented as an‘urban living room’,while showcasing Tianjin as an international metropolis.This article analyses the evolution of the conservation strategy as well as the relevant legislation,management,and practices during the redevelopment of the former Italian concession.The aim of this study is to address the conflict between heritage protection and commercialisation.Thus,this article offers a critique of the trend towards functional replacement and structural adaptation to cater to the tourism industry rather than to the value of the community’s livelihood as a living heritage.
文摘This paper gave attention to two issues that arise because of the growth in the use of health data by general practitioners(GPs)and general practices in England.The issues were(a)the use and commercialisation of pa-tients’personal health data;and(b)the propensity of GPs and general practice staff,in utilising those data,to see patients as fragmented bodies rather than as‘whole persons’.The paper included attention to the computing needs of general practice from the 1960s and notes the period of growth in GP computer use during the 1990s.The implications of recent increased computer use by GPs and general practices,as a contributor to the further scientification of health,were then explored.Significant is the fact that the paper finds consciousness,from the 1970s,of the two issues.Their importance was emphasised as the momentum increases around the utilisation and sharing of patient data.Related concerns about data privacy and confidentiality are highlighted.In this con-text,the paper recommended that further research be undertaken with urgency to explore the ways that caring relationships(that have been a hallmark of the work of GPs)can be safeguarded.
