By using biological five points,expert consultation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the species,phenological ornamental characteristics,and landscape application of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were surveyed sy...By using biological five points,expert consultation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the species,phenological ornamental characteristics,and landscape application of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were surveyed systematically. The results show that there are 42 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City,belonging to 31 genera and 18 families,of which there are 5,19,and 18 species of spring,autumn,and common colored-leaf trees,accounting for 11.90%,45.24% and 42.86% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. It is clearly seen that there are too few species of spring colored-leaf trees in the city. There are 19 and 17 species of trees possessing red and yellow leaves,while the leaves of other 6 species of colored-leaf trees are shown in other colors,and the number of their species accounts for 45.24%,40.48% and 14.28% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. The best ornamental periods of spring,autumn and common colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City average 38.4,41.8 and 251.8 d respectively. Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f. atropurpurea Rehd.,Ulmus pumila L.,Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu,and Salix alba are applied most frequently in Lhasa City,and their relative frequency is 18.67%,10.29%,9.91% and 8.95% respectively. According to the comprehensive assessment value of their ornamental characteristics,the ornamental characteristics of 15 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City are good or very good,and there is a positive correlation between the comprehensive assessment value and relative frequency. Based on the investigation,the current application situation and problems of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were analyzed,and solutions to the problems were proposed.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesti...Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.展开更多
Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution an...Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.展开更多
Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose...Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose of search,here,they have the home-gardens;the farmers plant fruit trees at the villages of provinces,that is a place which is influenced by the climate change.We went to the villages such as:Hiep Thanh village,Chau Thanh district,Long An province;Tan Phu village,Tan Phu Dong district,Tien Giang province;Tieu Can village,Tieu Can district,Tra Vinh province to observe the landscape(here 10 households for 1 village),and we took the sample to analyze.We knew the factors such as:drought,deficiency of water,salt water intrusion,flood.These factors influence the trees,assets,diseases,lives of the persons who stay here,and cause many damages.We compare many home-gardens having a climate change with the normal home-gardens.Thus,we propose the reasonable methods in order to fix the consequence and prevent the salt intrusion,flood,important damages…And we present some illustrations.展开更多
1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this...1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this is called dormancy and it's pretty amazing.展开更多
Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biolo...Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.展开更多
A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to...A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to climate change,rising CO_(2) levels,and/or changes in forest management.We analyzed 9,214 cores from nine conifer and 11 broadleaf species grown in managed mixed-species stands in the upper Midwest to quantify how well diameter(diameter at breast height(DBH))serves to predict BA growth and above-ground wood and carbon(C).These samples include many large trees.We ft mixed models to predict BA growth and above-ground biomass/C from diameter,tree height,and the BA of nearby trees while controlling for site effects.Models account for 55%–83%of the variance in log(recent growth),improving predictions over earlier models.Growth-diameter scaling exponents covary with certain leaf and stem(but not wood)functional traits,reflecting growth strategies.LogBA increment scales linearly with log(diameter)as trees grow bigger in 16/20 species and growth actually accelerates in Quercus rubra L.Three other species plateau in growth.Growth only decelerates in red pine,Pinus resinosa Ait.Growth in whole-tree,above-ground biomass,and C accelerate even more strongly with diameter(mean exponent:2.08 vs.1.30 for BA growth).Sustained BA growth and accelerating wood/C growth contradict the common assumption that tree growth declines in bigger trees.Yield tables and silvicultural guidelines should be updated to reflect these current relationships.Such revisions will favor delaying harvests in many managed stands to increase wood production and enhance ecosystem values including C fxation and storage.Further research may resolve the relative roles of thinning,climatic conditions,nitrogen inputs,and rising CO2 levels on changing patterns of tree growth.展开更多
CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented pre...CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented precision and efficiency in the genetic improvement of fruit trees. To date, this technology has been widely utilized to enhance fruit quality, improve stress resistance, and mediate growth and development. These applications demonstrate its immense potential in fruit tree breeding. Looking ahead, advancements in editing efficiency, expanded application scopes, comprehensive safety assessments, and improved regulatory frameworks are expected to further broaden the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in fruit tree breeding, thereby driving the fruit tree industry toward higher yield, superior quality, enhanced stress resilience, higher efficiency, and contributing to global food security and sustainable agricultural development. This article outlines the fundamental principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, its applications in plants (including fruit trees), and its pivotal role in genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.展开更多
System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose sign...System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose significant challenges for efficient decision-making,necessitating a modular multiagent control system.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)and Decision Tree(DT)have been utilized for these complex decision-making tasks,but each has its limitations:DRL is highly adaptive but lacks interpretability,while DT is inherently interpretable but has limited adaptability.To overcome these challenges,we propose the Adaptive Interpretable Decision Tree(AIDT),an evolutionary-based algorithm that is both adaptable to diverse environmental settings and highly interpretable in its decision-making processes.We first construct a Markov decision process(MDP)-based simulation environment using the Cooperative Submarine Search task as a representative scenario for training and testing the proposed method.Specifically,we use the heat map as a state variable to address the issue of multi-agent input state proliferation.Next,we introduce the curiosity-guiding intrinsic reward to encourage comprehensive exploration and enhance algorithm performance.Additionally,we incorporate decision tree size as an influence factor in the adaptation process to balance task completion with computational efficiency.To further improve the generalization capability of the decision tree,we apply a normalization method to ensure consistent processing of input states.Finally,we validate the proposed algorithm in different environmental settings,and the results demonstrate both its adaptability and interpretability.展开更多
Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied ...Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied separately from adult trees,and the seedling lifespan,from seed to sapling,is poorly known.In the 50-ha Barro Colorado forest plot,we started intensive censuses of seeds and seedlings in 1994 in order to merge seedling and adult demography and document complete lifespans.Methods In 17 species abundant in seedling censuses,we subdivided populations into six size classes from seed to 1cm dbh,including seeds plus five seedling stages.The smallest seedling class was subdivided by age.Censuses in two consecutive years provided transition matrices describing the probability that a seedling in one stage moved to another one year later.For each species,we averaged the transition matrix across 25 censuses and used it to project the seedling lifespan,from seed until 1cm dbh or death.Results The predicted mean survival rate of seeds to 1cm dbh varied 1000-fold across species,from 2.9×10^(−6)to 4.4×10^(−3);the median was 2.0×10^(−4).The seedling lifespan,or the average time it takes a seed to grow to 1cm dbh,varied across species from 5.1 to 53.1 years,with a median of 20.3 years.In the median species,the 10%fastest-growing seeds would reach 1cm dbh in 9.0 years,and the slowest 10%in 34.6 years.Conclusions Combining seedling results with our previous study of lifespan after 1cm dbh,we estimate that the focal species have full lifespans varying from 41 years in a gap-demanding pioneer to 320 years in one shade-tolerant species.Lifetime demography can contribute precise survival rates and lifespans to forestry models.展开更多
Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first tim...Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first time studied the proportion of HW in the trunk and the distribution of carbon and extractives in sapwood(SW)and HW of 70–80 year old Pinus sylvestris L.trees under different growing conditions in the pine forests of North-West Russia.Method:We have examined the influence of conditions and tree position in stand(dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees)in the ecological series:blueberry pine forest(Blu)–lingonberry pine forest(Lin)–lichen pine forest(Lic).We have analyzed the influence of climate conditions in the biogeographical series of Lin:the middle taiga subzone–the northern taiga subzone–the transition area of the northern taiga subzone and tundra.Results:We found that the carbon concentration in HW was 1.6%–3.4%higher than in SW,and the difference depended on growing conditions.Carbon concentration in HW increased with a decrease in stand productivity(Blu-Lin-Lic).In medium-productive stands,the carbon concentration in SW was higher in intermediate and supressed trees compared to dominant trees.In the series from south to north,carbon concentration in HW increased by up to 2%,while in SW,it rose by 2.7%–3.8%.Conclusions:Our results once again emphasized the need for an empirical assessment of the accurate carbon content in aboveground wood biomass,including various forest growing conditions,to better understand the role of boreal forests in carbon storage.展开更多
This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for ...This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.展开更多
The optimum models of harvesting yield and net profits of large diameter trees for broadleaved forest were developed, of which include matrix growth sub-model, harvesting cost and wood price sub-models, based on the d...The optimum models of harvesting yield and net profits of large diameter trees for broadleaved forest were developed, of which include matrix growth sub-model, harvesting cost and wood price sub-models, based on the data from Hongshi Forestry Bureau, in Changbai Mountain region, Jilin Province, China. The data were measured in 232 permanent sample plots. With the data of permanent sample plots, the parameters of transition probability and ingrowth models were estimated, and some models were compared and partly modified. During the simulation of stand structure, four factors such as largest diameter residual tree （LDT）, the ratio of the number of trees in a given diameter class to those in the next larger diameter class （q）, residual basal area （RBA） and selective cutting cycle （C） were considered. The simulation results showed that the optimum stand structure parameters for large diameter trees are as follows： q is 1.2, LDT is 46cm, RBA is larger than 26 m^2 and selective cutting cycle time （C） is between 10 and 20 years.展开更多
Wind not only causes extensive damages to trees in many parts of the world, it also has more subtle effects on the growth and morphology of trees and forest ecology as well. Wind damage to trees has historically been ...Wind not only causes extensive damages to trees in many parts of the world, it also has more subtle effects on the growth and morphology of trees and forest ecology as well. Wind damage to trees has historically been the field of silviculture, but increasing recognition of the importance and complexity of the subject has recently got people involved from many other disciplines. Due to the global climate changes, it is believed that the risk of further and stronger storms is increasing. In order to better understand the effects of wind on individual trees, forest stand and forest ecosystem, and further to practice the management of forests, it is necessary to summarize the research results related to this subject. This review was mostly based on the references from recent researches in the field, especially from the symposium volumes of some international conferences on this subject. The results indicated that there have been significant progresses in the following aspects: 1) the aerodynamic interaction between wind and trees, 2) the mechanics of trees under wind loading and adaptive growth, 3) the tree's physiological responses to wind, and 4) the risk assessment of wind damage to forest. However, there are some aspects which may need further studies: 1) wind damage to natural forests, 2) wind-driven gap formation and forest dynamics, 3) the effects of changes resulted from wind disturbances on ecological processes of forest ecosystem, and 4) management for the wind-damaged forests. Key words Wind - Wind effect - Trees/forest - Forest ecology - Disturbance CLC number S718 Document code B Foundation item: This research was supported by “the 100-Young-Researcher Project” of Chinese Academy of Sciences (BR0301) and National Natural Science Foundation (30371149).Biography: ZHU Jiao-jun (1965-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences. China. Scholar researcher of Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, JapanResponsible editor: Song Funan展开更多
The paper had studied growth situation and disease symptoms of ancient trees in Surging Waves Pavilion.There were 14 ancient trees belonging to 10 genera of 9 families,with tree age of 120-260 years.These trees had be...The paper had studied growth situation and disease symptoms of ancient trees in Surging Waves Pavilion.There were 14 ancient trees belonging to 10 genera of 9 families,with tree age of 120-260 years.These trees had been well protected generally.There were 9 ancient trees growing well,occupying 64.29%,which were Ginkgo biloba,Cupressus funebris Endl.,Podocarpus macrophyllus,Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz,Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl,Buxus sinica,and Wisteria sinensis(Sims)Sweet.There were 5 ancient trees needing to be protected preferentially,occupying 35.71%,including Ligustrum lucidum,Osmanthus fragrans and Pterocarya stenoptera.The disease symptoms were trunk rot and hollow structure.Based on these symptoms,the paper had proposed protective measures for Ligustrum lucidum and Osmanthus fragrans:① enclosing eroding holes on the trunk;② clearing up eroded woodiness on the surface of trunk,disinfecting and applying anti-corrosion protectants;③ filling eroded holes of the trunk.Protective measures for Pterocarya stenoptera included:① clearing up the inner part and interior walls;② disinfecting the inside and interior walls of holes;③ applying anti-corrosion protectants.展开更多
A study of the storage dynamics in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forests was carried out in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, P. R. China. The modifying law of fallen trees was the storage dynamics of th...A study of the storage dynamics in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forests was carried out in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, P. R. China. The modifying law of fallen trees was the storage dynamics of the existing fallen trees and the annual input in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest. The current storage of fallen trees was 16.25 t昲m-2 in the initially, but after 100 years, 85% of the storage in dry weight was decomposed, and little material was left after 300 years. The average annual input of fallen trees was 0.6 t昲m-2and it increased with time to 31.0 t昲m-2after 200 years, which was maintained until the climax community ended. The total storage of fallen trees increased in the early stage. The decomposition of fallen trees eventually reached equilibrium with storage being identical with the annual input of fallen trees.展开更多
To improve the performance of Saitou and Nei＇s algorithm （SN） and Studier and Keppler＇s improved algorithm （SK） for constructing neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees and reduce the time complexity of the computat...To improve the performance of Saitou and Nei＇s algorithm （SN） and Studier and Keppler＇s improved algorithm （SK） for constructing neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees and reduce the time complexity of the computation, a fast algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes three techniques. First, a linear array A[N] is introduced to store the sum of every row of the distance matrix （the same as SK）, which can eliminate many repeated computations. Secondly, the value of A [i] is computed only once at the beginning of the algorithm, and is updated by three elements in the iteration. Thirdly, a very compact formula for the sum of all the branch lengths of operational taxonomic units （OTUs） i and j is designed, and the correctness of the formula is proved. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is from tens to hundreds times faster than SN and roughly two times faster than SK when N increases, constructing a tree with 2 000 OTUs in 3 min on a current desktop computer. To earn the time with the cost of the space and reduce the computations in the innermost loop are the basic solutions for algorithms with many loops.展开更多
Due to the regional characteristics and special environment of classical Suzhou gardens, ancient and famous trees in these gardens are not only organisms or natural resources, but also witnesses and recorders of histo...Due to the regional characteristics and special environment of classical Suzhou gardens, ancient and famous trees in these gardens are not only organisms or natural resources, but also witnesses and recorders of history, so they have unique attributes and value of humanistic resources. On this basis, current situation of ancient and famous trees as well as ecological landscapes formed by these trees in classical Suzhou gardens were analyzed, connotations of these trees elaborated, and relevant regulations taken to identify the grade of these trees. Ancient and famous trees in 9 classical Chinese gardens were investigated, specifically, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Master-of-Nets Garden, the Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty, the Pavilion of Surging Waves, the Lion Grove Garden, the Garden of Cultivation, the Couple's Retreat Garden and the Garden of Pleasure. Compared with statistics obtained in 2002, the quantity of ancient and famous trees in these 9 gardens reduced by 11. History and growth state of some trees were introduced, such as Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl., Ginkgo biloba L., Sabina chinensis (Linn.) Ant., Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng, Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur., and significance of the principle-"right tree for right land" for ancient trees aged 100 years or more was stressed. Moreover, it was stressed that garden protection should also devote more attention to researches on plants.展开更多
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51568059)
文摘By using biological five points,expert consultation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the species,phenological ornamental characteristics,and landscape application of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were surveyed systematically. The results show that there are 42 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City,belonging to 31 genera and 18 families,of which there are 5,19,and 18 species of spring,autumn,and common colored-leaf trees,accounting for 11.90%,45.24% and 42.86% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. It is clearly seen that there are too few species of spring colored-leaf trees in the city. There are 19 and 17 species of trees possessing red and yellow leaves,while the leaves of other 6 species of colored-leaf trees are shown in other colors,and the number of their species accounts for 45.24%,40.48% and 14.28% of total number of the investigated tree species respectively. The best ornamental periods of spring,autumn and common colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City average 38.4,41.8 and 251.8 d respectively. Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f. atropurpurea Rehd.,Ulmus pumila L.,Populus × beijingensis W. Y. Hsu,and Salix alba are applied most frequently in Lhasa City,and their relative frequency is 18.67%,10.29%,9.91% and 8.95% respectively. According to the comprehensive assessment value of their ornamental characteristics,the ornamental characteristics of 15 species of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City are good or very good,and there is a positive correlation between the comprehensive assessment value and relative frequency. Based on the investigation,the current application situation and problems of colored-leaf trees in Lhasa City were analyzed,and solutions to the problems were proposed.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
基金supported by LIFE project MYCORESTORE“Innovative use of mycological resources for resilient and productive Mediterranean forests threatened by climate change,LIFE18 CCA/ES/001110”projects VA178P23 and VA208P20 funded by JCYL(Spain),both co-financed by FEDER(UE)budget.
文摘Tree endophytic fungi play an important role in reducing insect herbivory,either by repelling them or kill-ing them directly.Identifying which fungi show such activ-ity could lead to new environmentally friendly pesticides.In this study,the Mediterranean basin climate conditions are projected to harshen in the next decades,will increase vulnerability of tree species to pest invasions.Endophytic fungi were isolated from wood and leaves of Quercus pyr-enaica,Q.ilex and Q.suber and tested for virulence against adults of the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor L.using a direct contact method.Only 3 of 111 sporulating isolates had entomopathogenic activity,all identified as Lecanicillium lecanii.The pathogenicity of L.lecanii on T.molitor resulted in a median lethal time(TL50)of 14-16 d.Compared with commercial products,L.lecanii caused faster insect death than the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and nuclear polyhedrosis virus(no effect on T.molitor survival),and slower than Beauveria bassiana(TL50=5),Beauveria pseu-dobassiana(TL50=8d)and Bacillus thuriengensis(80%mortality first day after inoculation).Mortality was also accelerated under water stress,reducing TL50 by an addi-tional 33%.Remarkably,water stress alone had a comparable effect on mortality to that of L.lecanii isolates.This study confirms T.molitor as a good model insect for pathogenicity testing and agrees with management policies proposed in the EU Green Deal.
基金financial support provided by the German Research Foundation,DFG,through grant number KL894/23-2 and NO 1444/1-2 as part of the Research Unit FOR2432/2the China Scholarship Council(CSC)that supports the first author with a Ph D scholarshipsupport provided by Indian partners at the Institute of Wood Science and Technology(IWST),Bengaluru。
文摘Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient,leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities.This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF).Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning,in conservation strategies,and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context.In this study,we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km^(2)research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru,a megacity in Southern India.Additionally,we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH)from the tree crown diameter(CD)derived from the detected bounding boxes.Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient.The findings revealed distinct patterns:the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m)and DBH(mean:43.78 cm)but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare).Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center,tree density increased,while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased,showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru.This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient.This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.
文摘Mekong River Delta has many home-gardens,here,everybody organizes the tourisms.We observed the real situations and substances,evaluation,a choice at some households in the Mekong River Delta in order to have a purpose of search,here,they have the home-gardens;the farmers plant fruit trees at the villages of provinces,that is a place which is influenced by the climate change.We went to the villages such as:Hiep Thanh village,Chau Thanh district,Long An province;Tan Phu village,Tan Phu Dong district,Tien Giang province;Tieu Can village,Tieu Can district,Tra Vinh province to observe the landscape(here 10 households for 1 village),and we took the sample to analyze.We knew the factors such as:drought,deficiency of water,salt water intrusion,flood.These factors influence the trees,assets,diseases,lives of the persons who stay here,and cause many damages.We compare many home-gardens having a climate change with the normal home-gardens.Thus,we propose the reasonable methods in order to fix the consequence and prevent the salt intrusion,flood,important damages…And we present some illustrations.
文摘1 Trees don't create their own heat like mammals do,and they don't have warm shelters or fur coats.So how do they survive the deep freeze of winter?In a way they do hibernate(冬眠)like bears—but in trees this is called dormancy and it's pretty amazing.
基金supported by the Major Innovation Project of Shandong Province(Grant No.2022CXGC010605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001990)the Key R&D Projects in Ningxia Autonomous Region(Grant No.2022BBF02014).
文摘Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.
文摘A tree's basal area(BA)and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specifc patterns.Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to climate change,rising CO_(2) levels,and/or changes in forest management.We analyzed 9,214 cores from nine conifer and 11 broadleaf species grown in managed mixed-species stands in the upper Midwest to quantify how well diameter(diameter at breast height(DBH))serves to predict BA growth and above-ground wood and carbon(C).These samples include many large trees.We ft mixed models to predict BA growth and above-ground biomass/C from diameter,tree height,and the BA of nearby trees while controlling for site effects.Models account for 55%–83%of the variance in log(recent growth),improving predictions over earlier models.Growth-diameter scaling exponents covary with certain leaf and stem(but not wood)functional traits,reflecting growth strategies.LogBA increment scales linearly with log(diameter)as trees grow bigger in 16/20 species and growth actually accelerates in Quercus rubra L.Three other species plateau in growth.Growth only decelerates in red pine,Pinus resinosa Ait.Growth in whole-tree,above-ground biomass,and C accelerate even more strongly with diameter(mean exponent:2.08 vs.1.30 for BA growth).Sustained BA growth and accelerating wood/C growth contradict the common assumption that tree growth declines in bigger trees.Yield tables and silvicultural guidelines should be updated to reflect these current relationships.Such revisions will favor delaying harvests in many managed stands to increase wood production and enhance ecosystem values including C fxation and storage.Further research may resolve the relative roles of thinning,climatic conditions,nitrogen inputs,and rising CO2 levels on changing patterns of tree growth.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Start-up Fund for PhD.of Zhaoqing University(210046)the Zhaoqing Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project(231017174162871,241226220091239).
文摘CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has rapidly garnered attention in plant science owing to its simplicity, high editing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, it offers unprecedented precision and efficiency in the genetic improvement of fruit trees. To date, this technology has been widely utilized to enhance fruit quality, improve stress resistance, and mediate growth and development. These applications demonstrate its immense potential in fruit tree breeding. Looking ahead, advancements in editing efficiency, expanded application scopes, comprehensive safety assessments, and improved regulatory frameworks are expected to further broaden the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in fruit tree breeding, thereby driving the fruit tree industry toward higher yield, superior quality, enhanced stress resilience, higher efficiency, and contributing to global food security and sustainable agricultural development. This article outlines the fundamental principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, its applications in plants (including fruit trees), and its pivotal role in genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.
文摘System upgrades in unmanned systems have made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)-based patrolling and monitoring a preferred solution for ocean surveillance.However,dynamic environments and large-scale deployments pose significant challenges for efficient decision-making,necessitating a modular multiagent control system.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)and Decision Tree(DT)have been utilized for these complex decision-making tasks,but each has its limitations:DRL is highly adaptive but lacks interpretability,while DT is inherently interpretable but has limited adaptability.To overcome these challenges,we propose the Adaptive Interpretable Decision Tree(AIDT),an evolutionary-based algorithm that is both adaptable to diverse environmental settings and highly interpretable in its decision-making processes.We first construct a Markov decision process(MDP)-based simulation environment using the Cooperative Submarine Search task as a representative scenario for training and testing the proposed method.Specifically,we use the heat map as a state variable to address the issue of multi-agent input state proliferation.Next,we introduce the curiosity-guiding intrinsic reward to encourage comprehensive exploration and enhance algorithm performance.Additionally,we incorporate decision tree size as an influence factor in the adaptation process to balance task completion with computational efficiency.To further improve the generalization capability of the decision tree,we apply a normalization method to ensure consistent processing of input states.Finally,we validate the proposed algorithm in different environmental settings,and the results demonstrate both its adaptability and interpretability.
基金funded by the Environmental Seed Arrival and Interspecific Associations in Seedling Sciences Program of the Smithsonian Institutionthe National Science Foundation (DEB-0075102,DEB-0823728,DEB-0640386,DEB-1242622,DEB-1464389)the Andrew Mellon Foundation,The Ohio State University,and Yale University
文摘Background The full lifespan of long-lived trees includes a seedling phase,during which a seed germinates and grows to a size large enough to be measured in forest inventories.Seedling populations are usually studied separately from adult trees,and the seedling lifespan,from seed to sapling,is poorly known.In the 50-ha Barro Colorado forest plot,we started intensive censuses of seeds and seedlings in 1994 in order to merge seedling and adult demography and document complete lifespans.Methods In 17 species abundant in seedling censuses,we subdivided populations into six size classes from seed to 1cm dbh,including seeds plus five seedling stages.The smallest seedling class was subdivided by age.Censuses in two consecutive years provided transition matrices describing the probability that a seedling in one stage moved to another one year later.For each species,we averaged the transition matrix across 25 censuses and used it to project the seedling lifespan,from seed until 1cm dbh or death.Results The predicted mean survival rate of seeds to 1cm dbh varied 1000-fold across species,from 2.9×10^(−6)to 4.4×10^(−3);the median was 2.0×10^(−4).The seedling lifespan,or the average time it takes a seed to grow to 1cm dbh,varied across species from 5.1 to 53.1 years,with a median of 20.3 years.In the median species,the 10%fastest-growing seeds would reach 1cm dbh in 9.0 years,and the slowest 10%in 34.6 years.Conclusions Combining seedling results with our previous study of lifespan after 1cm dbh,we estimate that the focal species have full lifespans varying from 41 years in a gap-demanding pioneer to 320 years in one shade-tolerant species.Lifetime demography can contribute precise survival rates and lifespans to forestry models.
基金carried out within the framework of the most important innovative project of state importance“Development of a system of ground-based and remote monitoring of carbon pools and greenhouse gas fluxes on the territory of the Russian Federation,…”(No.123030300031-6)in the northern taiga subzone and on the border of tundra and taiga under the state assignment of the Forest Institute of the Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences(FMEN-2021-0018)with the partial financial support from RSF(grant no.21-14-00204)。
文摘Background:The heartwood(HW)proportion in the trunk of mature trees is an important characteristic not only for wood quality but also for assessing the role of forests in carbon sequestration.We have for the first time studied the proportion of HW in the trunk and the distribution of carbon and extractives in sapwood(SW)and HW of 70–80 year old Pinus sylvestris L.trees under different growing conditions in the pine forests of North-West Russia.Method:We have examined the influence of conditions and tree position in stand(dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees)in the ecological series:blueberry pine forest(Blu)–lingonberry pine forest(Lin)–lichen pine forest(Lic).We have analyzed the influence of climate conditions in the biogeographical series of Lin:the middle taiga subzone–the northern taiga subzone–the transition area of the northern taiga subzone and tundra.Results:We found that the carbon concentration in HW was 1.6%–3.4%higher than in SW,and the difference depended on growing conditions.Carbon concentration in HW increased with a decrease in stand productivity(Blu-Lin-Lic).In medium-productive stands,the carbon concentration in SW was higher in intermediate and supressed trees compared to dominant trees.In the series from south to north,carbon concentration in HW increased by up to 2%,while in SW,it rose by 2.7%–3.8%.Conclusions:Our results once again emphasized the need for an empirical assessment of the accurate carbon content in aboveground wood biomass,including various forest growing conditions,to better understand the role of boreal forests in carbon storage.
基金supported by Istanbul Technical University(Project No.45698)supported through the“Young Researchers’Career Development Project-training of doctoral students”of the Croatian Science Foundation.
文摘This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.
基金This paper was supported by National Strategy Key Project, Research and Paradigm on Ecological Harvesting and Regeneration Tech-nique for Northeast Natural Forest (2001BA510B07-02)
文摘The optimum models of harvesting yield and net profits of large diameter trees for broadleaved forest were developed, of which include matrix growth sub-model, harvesting cost and wood price sub-models, based on the data from Hongshi Forestry Bureau, in Changbai Mountain region, Jilin Province, China. The data were measured in 232 permanent sample plots. With the data of permanent sample plots, the parameters of transition probability and ingrowth models were estimated, and some models were compared and partly modified. During the simulation of stand structure, four factors such as largest diameter residual tree （LDT）, the ratio of the number of trees in a given diameter class to those in the next larger diameter class （q）, residual basal area （RBA） and selective cutting cycle （C） were considered. The simulation results showed that the optimum stand structure parameters for large diameter trees are as follows： q is 1.2, LDT is 46cm, RBA is larger than 26 m^2 and selective cutting cycle time （C） is between 10 and 20 years.
基金This research was supported by the 100-Young-Researcher Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (BR0301) and National Natural Science Foundation (30371149).
文摘Wind not only causes extensive damages to trees in many parts of the world, it also has more subtle effects on the growth and morphology of trees and forest ecology as well. Wind damage to trees has historically been the field of silviculture, but increasing recognition of the importance and complexity of the subject has recently got people involved from many other disciplines. Due to the global climate changes, it is believed that the risk of further and stronger storms is increasing. In order to better understand the effects of wind on individual trees, forest stand and forest ecosystem, and further to practice the management of forests, it is necessary to summarize the research results related to this subject. This review was mostly based on the references from recent researches in the field, especially from the symposium volumes of some international conferences on this subject. The results indicated that there have been significant progresses in the following aspects: 1) the aerodynamic interaction between wind and trees, 2) the mechanics of trees under wind loading and adaptive growth, 3) the tree's physiological responses to wind, and 4) the risk assessment of wind damage to forest. However, there are some aspects which may need further studies: 1) wind damage to natural forests, 2) wind-driven gap formation and forest dynamics, 3) the effects of changes resulted from wind disturbances on ecological processes of forest ecosystem, and 4) management for the wind-damaged forests. Key words Wind - Wind effect - Trees/forest - Forest ecology - Disturbance CLC number S718 Document code B Foundation item: This research was supported by “the 100-Young-Researcher Project” of Chinese Academy of Sciences (BR0301) and National Natural Science Foundation (30371149).Biography: ZHU Jiao-jun (1965-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences. China. Scholar researcher of Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, JapanResponsible editor: Song Funan
基金Supported by"Study on Protection and Monitoring Warning Standard of Ancient and Rare Trees in Suzhou Classical Gardens"which is the Scientific and Technological Development Planning Project of Science and Technology Bureau of Suzhou City in2008(SS08055)~~
文摘The paper had studied growth situation and disease symptoms of ancient trees in Surging Waves Pavilion.There were 14 ancient trees belonging to 10 genera of 9 families,with tree age of 120-260 years.These trees had been well protected generally.There were 9 ancient trees growing well,occupying 64.29%,which were Ginkgo biloba,Cupressus funebris Endl.,Podocarpus macrophyllus,Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz,Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl,Buxus sinica,and Wisteria sinensis(Sims)Sweet.There were 5 ancient trees needing to be protected preferentially,occupying 35.71%,including Ligustrum lucidum,Osmanthus fragrans and Pterocarya stenoptera.The disease symptoms were trunk rot and hollow structure.Based on these symptoms,the paper had proposed protective measures for Ligustrum lucidum and Osmanthus fragrans:① enclosing eroding holes on the trunk;② clearing up eroded woodiness on the surface of trunk,disinfecting and applying anti-corrosion protectants;③ filling eroded holes of the trunk.Protective measures for Pterocarya stenoptera included:① clearing up the inner part and interior walls;② disinfecting the inside and interior walls of holes;③ applying anti-corrosion protectants.
基金Supported by NKBRSF (Grant No. G1999043407) the Institute of Applied Ecology (grant No. SCXZD0101)+2 种基金 CAS the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC39970123) and by the Changbai Mountain Open Research Station.
文摘A study of the storage dynamics in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forests was carried out in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, P. R. China. The modifying law of fallen trees was the storage dynamics of the existing fallen trees and the annual input in the mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest. The current storage of fallen trees was 16.25 t昲m-2 in the initially, but after 100 years, 85% of the storage in dry weight was decomposed, and little material was left after 300 years. The average annual input of fallen trees was 0.6 t昲m-2and it increased with time to 31.0 t昲m-2after 200 years, which was maintained until the climax community ended. The total storage of fallen trees increased in the early stage. The decomposition of fallen trees eventually reached equilibrium with storage being identical with the annual input of fallen trees.
文摘To improve the performance of Saitou and Nei＇s algorithm （SN） and Studier and Keppler＇s improved algorithm （SK） for constructing neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees and reduce the time complexity of the computation, a fast algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes three techniques. First, a linear array A[N] is introduced to store the sum of every row of the distance matrix （the same as SK）, which can eliminate many repeated computations. Secondly, the value of A [i] is computed only once at the beginning of the algorithm, and is updated by three elements in the iteration. Thirdly, a very compact formula for the sum of all the branch lengths of operational taxonomic units （OTUs） i and j is designed, and the correctness of the formula is proved. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is from tens to hundreds times faster than SN and roughly two times faster than SK when N increases, constructing a tree with 2 000 OTUs in 3 min on a current desktop computer. To earn the time with the cost of the space and reduce the computations in the innermost loop are the basic solutions for algorithms with many loops.
文摘Due to the regional characteristics and special environment of classical Suzhou gardens, ancient and famous trees in these gardens are not only organisms or natural resources, but also witnesses and recorders of history, so they have unique attributes and value of humanistic resources. On this basis, current situation of ancient and famous trees as well as ecological landscapes formed by these trees in classical Suzhou gardens were analyzed, connotations of these trees elaborated, and relevant regulations taken to identify the grade of these trees. Ancient and famous trees in 9 classical Chinese gardens were investigated, specifically, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Master-of-Nets Garden, the Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty, the Pavilion of Surging Waves, the Lion Grove Garden, the Garden of Cultivation, the Couple's Retreat Garden and the Garden of Pleasure. Compared with statistics obtained in 2002, the quantity of ancient and famous trees in these 9 gardens reduced by 11. History and growth state of some trees were introduced, such as Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl., Ginkgo biloba L., Sabina chinensis (Linn.) Ant., Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng, Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur., and significance of the principle-"right tree for right land" for ancient trees aged 100 years or more was stressed. Moreover, it was stressed that garden protection should also devote more attention to researches on plants.
