In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From...In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From postcolonial and gendered perspectives,we can rediscover severely marginalized and overshadowed roles of women within the network of colonial ornithology,a particularly masculine and patriarchal branch of imperial science.This paper highlights the contributions of three skilled women artists:Sarah Stone,Elizabeth Gwillim,and Elizabeth Gould.As embodiments of the Victorian ideal of the"angel in the house",these women also functioned as metaphorical angels within colonial ornithology.They provided unwavering support to the male-dominated scientific and imperial endeavors,which,in turn,enabled their travel to colonial territories and access to exotic avifauna.Their work holds enduring value in both scientific and artistic contexts,while simultaneously revealing women's entanglement in and contribution to the imperial agenda.Beyond illustration,women also engaged in observation,documentation,collection,and trade of birds in colonial contexts,with some even commemorated in bird nomenclature.展开更多
This article aims to understand the training process of history undergraduates,to see if there are decolonial curricular practices to combat racism at the Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção(UniPr...This article aims to understand the training process of history undergraduates,to see if there are decolonial curricular practices to combat racism at the Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção(UniProjeção)in the Federal District,to understand how coloniality has corroborated the exclusion of different epistemologies and the erasure of different cultures,and how this exclusionary process of coloniality interferes in the training of history teachers.In order to combat this practice,we are looking for alternatives that can break these suppressions carried out by Europeans.In this way,we turn to decolonial ideas that aim to break with the logic of coloniality.We can conclude that these practices are poorly developed in the institution,so we proposed active problem-based methodology and music as a didactic resource.As playful educational tools that strengthen the teaching-learning process,they are active agents in the decolonial work of combating racism,and it is essential to train responsible and ethical teachers in the fight against racism and any form of oppression.展开更多
Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor ...Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor on public perceptions of vaccines in 40 African countries to examine the predictors of vaccine hesitancy.It examines levels of hesitancy from a language perspective, comparing French speakers with others, mostly English speakers. Results show that French speakers were significantly more hesitant about importance and safety, while English speakers and others were more hesitant about effectiveness. This reflects the continuing influence of colonial ties on African countries. Respondents with high levels of trust in social actors(such as national government, journalists, people neighborhood, doctors and nurses) were also more hesitant about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, indicating the importance of non-scientists in influencing vaccine hesitancy. Those with high levels of education were more likely to be hesitant about vaccines in general, indicating that having more education may have an opposite effect. Perception of science as progress was significant for all three hesitancy types, indicating that Africans with more progressive attitudes were less likely to worry about the importance, safety and effectiveness of vaccines. At the country level, there was no overarching predictor, indicating the strong role of local social and cultural factors.These findings improve our understanding of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in Africa and provide valuable input for future vaccine policy and health-awareness campaigns.展开更多
Aeration induced turbulence was considered as an important measure to control the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in many lakes.Different aeration intensities were set for the culture of Microcystis aeruginosa bas...Aeration induced turbulence was considered as an important measure to control the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in many lakes.Different aeration intensities were set for the culture of Microcystis aeruginosa based on the formation of Microcystis colony at high iron concentrations.The turbulent dissipation rate was calculated using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model to evaluate the intensity of turbulence.The effects of turbulence on the formation of Microcystis colony and the release of microcystin were analyzed.Results show that turbulence produced by aeration promoted the growth of Microcystis compared to that in stagnant water.Low intensity turbulence(4×10^(-8)-1×10^(-7) m2/s3)promoted the formation of Microcystis colonies,but high intensity turbulence(1.28×10^(-6)-1.8×10^(-5) m^(2)/s^(3))did not.The increase in the number of cells per colony was slower than that in total biomass,indicating that the low intensity turbulence induced colony formation via cell division,while the high level turbulence disaggregated colonies formed by both cell division and cell adhesion.Low aeration intensity induced more production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in the cells of Microcystis than those in high aeration intensity.In addition,the content of microcystin(MC)-LR in the cells was positively correlated with turbulence intensity,showing that turbulence affected not only the growth and aggregation of Microcystis colonies but also their toxin production.These findings provide a better understanding of the cyanobacterial bloom formation mechanisms and help to propose feasible methods to prevent the formation of Microcystis colonies in a natural environment.展开更多
The Last of the Mohicans is one of the five frontier novels written by famous American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in the early 19thcentury.Although it has been criticized for its narrative flaws,its length and for...The Last of the Mohicans is one of the five frontier novels written by famous American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in the early 19thcentury.Although it has been criticized for its narrative flaws,its length and formal prose style,it was one of the most popular in its time and is of a high literary value nowadays.With the coming of the white European colonialists,the Indians underwent various changes.Some Indians submitted themselves to the white while some Indians rebelled against the invaders and sought their revenge.With a post-colonial approach,the changes of the Indians will be better understood,and people nowadays will also have a better understanding of the Indian history and culture in early American history.展开更多
In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am m...In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am most concerned with those settler-colonialisms that persist at the centers of world capitalism, and examine bow this social context often produces an ideology that relegates the concrete reality of settler-colonialism to the past, pushing its existence under supposedly “modem” social relations. Since Frantz Fanon＇s analysis of settler-colonialism, and the class contradiction between colonizer and colonized, was developed in an era where settler-colonialism was partially defined by the relationship between motherland and colony, some often imagine that the era of settler-colonialism is over. Clearly settler-colonialism did not vanish along with this distinction; internal colonies are retained in North America, for example, and the state of Israel is perhaps the most recent historical of this type of colonialism since it was settled and established in the 20th century. Moreover, there is often talk of a “world-wide indigenous movement” which claims to represent a global anti-colonialist front. The point of my paper, therefore, is to examine how settler-colonialism functions and persists when the settler-colony has become synonymous with the motherland. In this social context, colonizers often imagine themselves as the native inhabitants, while those who remain colonized are pushed even further out of history than they were during the previous era of settler-colonialism.展开更多
Examinations of the German colonial empire often focus on questions of ideology, metropolitan politics, or seek to address questions related to the ＂special path＂ of German history. All too often, the German invader...Examinations of the German colonial empire often focus on questions of ideology, metropolitan politics, or seek to address questions related to the ＂special path＂ of German history. All too often, the German invaders are portrayed as omnipotent and intellectually superior to their African allies and opponents. This paper argues for the primacy of ＂events on the ground＂, and instead focuses on the initiative and choices made by local African actors during the protracted conflict between the Germans and the Hehe in German East Africa （modem Tanzania） in the 1890s. During this conflict, African elites sought to maximize their own power, wealth, and prestige by utilizing German resources to their own ends. Overall, this work argues for the centrality of African politics and policy-making during early colonialism.展开更多
The history of Omhedi in north-central Namibia is not simply about place but is a site that internalizes conflictual and contradictory social forces which are inscribed in place. While Omhedi was a contested site of c...The history of Omhedi in north-central Namibia is not simply about place but is a site that internalizes conflictual and contradictory social forces which are inscribed in place. While Omhedi was a contested site of conflict during the war of liberation and served as a stage for ethnographic tours and photography, it has in post-colonial period come to represent a segment of important local power as it is currently the seat of the new Oukwanyama kingship. The central aim of this paper is to explain the transformation of Omhedi as a site of＂spectacles＂ of culture during the colonial period and as the seat of Oukwanyama monarchy in post-colonial Namibia. It centrally asks how the colonial politics of the time influenced the way Omhedi was organized and accessed and the ways in which people attach meaning to and organize a sense of space and place in the postcolonial era. This paper is significant as it explores how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of＂traditional＂ power like Omhedi and what meanings these hold in terms of access in postcolonial Namibia. I conclude by raising issues of the past with the restoration of the Oukwanyama monarchy and its installation at Omhedi after independence, posing key questions about shifts in political legitimacy in both the colony and the post-colony. My analysis utilizes theories on the important use of landscape as a physical ＂space＂ for living, but also as a ＂place＂ with its meanings and contributions to societal identity. Consequently the place identity is a particular element contributing to sense of place. I argue that there exists a sense of nostalgia that many Ovakwanyama people have for a precolonial past, and the Omhedi landscape serves that purpose. In analyzing these sentiments against the construction of Omhedi as a space and place, this highlights a sense of identity and belonging that many Ovakwanyama people have towards Omhedi in default of any site with deeper legitimation or authenticity.展开更多
Syed Waliullah （1922-1971） and Albert Camus （1913-1960） are two distinct writers from two different continents. These writers have interesting commonness, especially in two of their novels—Chander Amabasya （Nigh...Syed Waliullah （1922-1971） and Albert Camus （1913-1960） are two distinct writers from two different continents. These writers have interesting commonness, especially in two of their novels—Chander Amabasya （Night of No Moon）, by Walilullah and The Outsider by Camus. The protagonists in both of these novels, ArifAli and Meursault respectively, suffer from existentialist crisis, mainly fueled by the impacts of the tarnished history of colonialism and the aftermaths. Even though the stories of the these protagonists take place almost halfway round the world in entirely different settings, the impacts and facades of the crisis are strikingly similar. This paper is a comparative study of soul-searching Arif Ali and Meursault.展开更多
The post-colonialism is a theory proposed by the eastern colonial academist Edward W. Said. With the understanding and the definition of post-colonialism, the paper is to analyze phenomena of the movie 2012 and Avatar...The post-colonialism is a theory proposed by the eastern colonial academist Edward W. Said. With the understanding and the definition of post-colonialism, the paper is to analyze phenomena of the movie 2012 and Avatar from several aspects. Firstly, the ＂other＂ is the first angle to be talked about. In the Westerners＇ perspective, they are the center of the world, and they dominate the world. Their rules are the accepted rules, and people of different origin or different cultures are all called ＂other＂. Secondly, it is the degeneration of eastern culture. In the complex of the degeneration of the culture, the demonization of the under-developed nations, the dominant language of English in the communication with the people around, feminization of the characters in the movies, and the updated colonialism of the colonized countries are to be mentioned.展开更多
Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively change...Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively changed their original communication methods and modes,and even partly changed them.The relationship between India and Africa during this period was linked to the growth and decline of Western powers in the Indian Ocean region,reflecting the internal governance methods and foreign relations concepts of the non-colonial rulers of India.It has generally experienced the Portuguese colonial period,the period of hegemony and the period of British rule.In a large period of time,the sub-stages such as the rule of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company can also be detailed.Together,they present a relatively unique picture of historical exchanges between colonial Indo-African countries or regions.展开更多
In Youth volume,Conrad shows his growing criticism of British colonialism.But because of his special favor to Britain,his disaffection with British colonialism is implicit,which is presented by a western voice in Yout...In Youth volume,Conrad shows his growing criticism of British colonialism.But because of his special favor to Britain,his disaffection with British colonialism is implicit,which is presented by a western voice in Youth,Kurtz’s non-pure British heritage in Heart of Darkness,and Whalley’s pure English seaman in The End of the Tether.展开更多
The research on the architecture and urbanism of the former Portuguese Africa allows us to consider and to establish the real intrinsic value, typological and morphological diversity, and the lengthy duration of the l...The research on the architecture and urbanism of the former Portuguese Africa allows us to consider and to establish the real intrinsic value, typological and morphological diversity, and the lengthy duration of the legacy of this architectural/urban heritage. Portuguese colonization in Africa produced more recently, mostly in the period 1950-1975, some vast and great material values, of which seven or eight main cities, including the vast contents of their modern architecture, are striking examples. We can evaluate the most positive aspects with future impact represented by this Portuguese architects＇ practice （cultural ethics, use of modern technology, and service to society） and the architectonic work produced during that era. Although these cities and its architecture were created within a late colonial context of indisputable discrimination, they have prevailed despite wars and circumstantial abandonment. Now they represent a consistent material basis for the modernization and/or revitalization of urban life in these countries. Architects that are at present working and intervening in these countries should understand this ambivalence and complementary nature between the ex-colonial ＂concrete city＂ and the ＂informal city＂ pre- and post-colonial, so that their performance is socially and culturally informed, correct, and positive.展开更多
Background:Parrots(Psittacidae Family)are one of the most colorful groups of birds in the world,their colors pro-duced both structurally and via unusual pigments(psittacofulvins).Most species are considered to be mono...Background:Parrots(Psittacidae Family)are one of the most colorful groups of birds in the world,their colors pro-duced both structurally and via unusual pigments(psittacofulvins).Most species are considered to be monogamous,and many have been viewed historically as sexually monomorphic and monochromatic.However,studies using morphometric analysis and spectrophotometric techniques have revealed sexual size dimorphism and also sexual plumage color dimorphism among some species.The Monk Parakeet(Myiopsitta monachus),a native parrot of South America,is an interesting species for the study of plumage coloration and size since it is considered sexually mono-chromatic and monomorphic.Furthermore,recent studies show that the Monk Parakeet has extra-bond paternity behavior and even breeding trios,which suggests that sexual selection may play an important role in this species,and that it might have sexually dimorphic plumage(albeit imperceptible by humans)and be dimorphic in size.Methods:For the determination of plumage color we used spectrophotometry in the range of avian vision(300-700 nm)and performed a morphological analysis.Results:Our spectrophotometric results indicate that the Monk Parakeet shows subtle sexual plumage color dimor-phism in three(crown,nape and wing)out of twelve body regions.Similarly,our morphometric analysis showed that there are subtle sex differences in body size(bill and weight).Conclusions:Although the Monk Parakeet shows extra-bond paternity and breeding trio behaviors which could increase sexual dimorphism,these behaviors occur among highly related individuals;perhaps the high rate of inbreeding is responsible for the attenuation of sexual plumage color dimorphism and sex differences in body size observed.展开更多
In Conan Doyle’s detective stories mainly including“The Resident Patient,”“The Gloria Scott,”“The Adventure of Blanched Soldier,”and“The Crooked Man,”featuring the master sleuth character Sherlock Holmes,he d...In Conan Doyle’s detective stories mainly including“The Resident Patient,”“The Gloria Scott,”“The Adventure of Blanched Soldier,”and“The Crooked Man,”featuring the master sleuth character Sherlock Holmes,he depicts the return of the colonials from British colonies,mostly India,with physically deformed or ravaged body and traumatic past that haunt and trouble his characters’present life.Doyle allegorically uses returned colonials or poor whites who turn into figures of retributive ghosts that function as pathetic memories and inner fears from British colonies.The seeing of ghostly figures and haunting past events delineated in these stories cause characters’sense of uncanny horror and remind them of their past trauma.These monstrous returned colonials or poor whites often create a fear and a social menace that must be appropriately dealt with when the master sleuth is commissioned to pin down the truth of client’s cases.Why are these bodies of ghostly figures so“irregular”and ravaged?What do these deformities signify?How can returned colonial’s or poor white’s traumatic past be related to retributive ghost?This paper attempts to probe into these issues in order to find out possible answers.展开更多
The balkanisation of the African continent by the European powers in the nineteenth century caused the territorial division of people with the same ancestry into two or more states under different European governments...The balkanisation of the African continent by the European powers in the nineteenth century caused the territorial division of people with the same ancestry into two or more states under different European governments. During the partition, the European powers did not take into consideration the cultural and historical boundaries of the people of Africa. In West Africa for example, the partition made some Nzema people to be found in La Cote d＇Ivoire and in Ghana. Some Dagarti are also found in Burkina Faso and while others remained in Ghana. Ewes today can be found in the three countries of Ghana, Togo and Benin. The same applies to the Bono in Gyaman. Some of the Gyaman people can be found in the Ivory Coast with others in Ghana. This article discusses Gyaman under the British and French colonial rule. It focuses on the responses of Gyaman authorities to colonialism and details out British and French colonial policies and their impact on the Gyaman people.展开更多
Objectives: Iodine is an essential nutrient needed for the synthesis of hormone thyroxin. Hormone thyroxin is involved in the metabolism of several nutrients, the regulation of enzymes and differentiation of cells, ti...Objectives: Iodine is an essential nutrient needed for the synthesis of hormone thyroxin. Hormone thyroxin is involved in the metabolism of several nutrients, the regulation of enzymes and differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Iodine deficiency (ID) impairs the development of the brain and nervous system. It affects cognitive capacity, educability, productivity and child mortality. ID hinders physical strength and causes reproductive failure. The objective of this paper is to explore if the health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Design: Using primary data (notes from a visit) and secondary data, this paper examines if the effects of ID are more common and severe among Oromo women inEthiopia. Findings: The health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Conclusions: ID is an easily preventable nutritional problem. In Oromia, the persistence of ID is explained by the Ethiopian government’s colonial social policies. Preventing ID should be seen as part of the efforts we make to enhance capacity building, promote health, gender equity and social justice. Implications: Iodine deficiency has a wide range of biological, social, economic and cultural impacts. Preventing ID can be instrumental in bringing about gender equity and building the capacity of people.展开更多
Nigeria has lost over 90% of her forest resources due to the hydra-headed and enduring problem of deforestation, hinging on timber logging, establishment of agricultural plantations in hitherto intact forest reserves,...Nigeria has lost over 90% of her forest resources due to the hydra-headed and enduring problem of deforestation, hinging on timber logging, establishment of agricultural plantations in hitherto intact forest reserves, construction of highways, mining of solid minerals, approval of taungya farming activities in forest reserves, extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and dereservation of large areas of certain forest reserves for other economic and development activities. Though colonialism was dismantled in the first half of the twentieth century, its policies on forest nationalization remain unchanged across many independent states in the tropics including Nigeria. The paper assesses the colonial forest policy underpinnings of tropical deforestation in Cross River State of Nigeria. It highlights the weaknesses of forest reservation laws and its impacts on tropical deforestation. The paper concludes by advocating a shift in forest policies in favour of property rights recognition and devolution of forest management responsibilities to forest communities.展开更多
文摘In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From postcolonial and gendered perspectives,we can rediscover severely marginalized and overshadowed roles of women within the network of colonial ornithology,a particularly masculine and patriarchal branch of imperial science.This paper highlights the contributions of three skilled women artists:Sarah Stone,Elizabeth Gwillim,and Elizabeth Gould.As embodiments of the Victorian ideal of the"angel in the house",these women also functioned as metaphorical angels within colonial ornithology.They provided unwavering support to the male-dominated scientific and imperial endeavors,which,in turn,enabled their travel to colonial territories and access to exotic avifauna.Their work holds enduring value in both scientific and artistic contexts,while simultaneously revealing women's entanglement in and contribution to the imperial agenda.Beyond illustration,women also engaged in observation,documentation,collection,and trade of birds in colonial contexts,with some even commemorated in bird nomenclature.
文摘This article aims to understand the training process of history undergraduates,to see if there are decolonial curricular practices to combat racism at the Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção(UniProjeção)in the Federal District,to understand how coloniality has corroborated the exclusion of different epistemologies and the erasure of different cultures,and how this exclusionary process of coloniality interferes in the training of history teachers.In order to combat this practice,we are looking for alternatives that can break these suppressions carried out by Europeans.In this way,we turn to decolonial ideas that aim to break with the logic of coloniality.We can conclude that these practices are poorly developed in the institution,so we proposed active problem-based methodology and music as a didactic resource.As playful educational tools that strengthen the teaching-learning process,they are active agents in the decolonial work of combating racism,and it is essential to train responsible and ethical teachers in the fight against racism and any form of oppression.
文摘Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor on public perceptions of vaccines in 40 African countries to examine the predictors of vaccine hesitancy.It examines levels of hesitancy from a language perspective, comparing French speakers with others, mostly English speakers. Results show that French speakers were significantly more hesitant about importance and safety, while English speakers and others were more hesitant about effectiveness. This reflects the continuing influence of colonial ties on African countries. Respondents with high levels of trust in social actors(such as national government, journalists, people neighborhood, doctors and nurses) were also more hesitant about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, indicating the importance of non-scientists in influencing vaccine hesitancy. Those with high levels of education were more likely to be hesitant about vaccines in general, indicating that having more education may have an opposite effect. Perception of science as progress was significant for all three hesitancy types, indicating that Africans with more progressive attitudes were less likely to worry about the importance, safety and effectiveness of vaccines. At the country level, there was no overarching predictor, indicating the strong role of local social and cultural factors.These findings improve our understanding of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in Africa and provide valuable input for future vaccine policy and health-awareness campaigns.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51979236)。
文摘Aeration induced turbulence was considered as an important measure to control the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in many lakes.Different aeration intensities were set for the culture of Microcystis aeruginosa based on the formation of Microcystis colony at high iron concentrations.The turbulent dissipation rate was calculated using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model to evaluate the intensity of turbulence.The effects of turbulence on the formation of Microcystis colony and the release of microcystin were analyzed.Results show that turbulence produced by aeration promoted the growth of Microcystis compared to that in stagnant water.Low intensity turbulence(4×10^(-8)-1×10^(-7) m2/s3)promoted the formation of Microcystis colonies,but high intensity turbulence(1.28×10^(-6)-1.8×10^(-5) m^(2)/s^(3))did not.The increase in the number of cells per colony was slower than that in total biomass,indicating that the low intensity turbulence induced colony formation via cell division,while the high level turbulence disaggregated colonies formed by both cell division and cell adhesion.Low aeration intensity induced more production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in the cells of Microcystis than those in high aeration intensity.In addition,the content of microcystin(MC)-LR in the cells was positively correlated with turbulence intensity,showing that turbulence affected not only the growth and aggregation of Microcystis colonies but also their toxin production.These findings provide a better understanding of the cyanobacterial bloom formation mechanisms and help to propose feasible methods to prevent the formation of Microcystis colonies in a natural environment.
文摘The Last of the Mohicans is one of the five frontier novels written by famous American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in the early 19thcentury.Although it has been criticized for its narrative flaws,its length and formal prose style,it was one of the most popular in its time and is of a high literary value nowadays.With the coming of the white European colonialists,the Indians underwent various changes.Some Indians submitted themselves to the white while some Indians rebelled against the invaders and sought their revenge.With a post-colonial approach,the changes of the Indians will be better understood,and people nowadays will also have a better understanding of the Indian history and culture in early American history.
文摘In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am most concerned with those settler-colonialisms that persist at the centers of world capitalism, and examine bow this social context often produces an ideology that relegates the concrete reality of settler-colonialism to the past, pushing its existence under supposedly “modem” social relations. Since Frantz Fanon＇s analysis of settler-colonialism, and the class contradiction between colonizer and colonized, was developed in an era where settler-colonialism was partially defined by the relationship between motherland and colony, some often imagine that the era of settler-colonialism is over. Clearly settler-colonialism did not vanish along with this distinction; internal colonies are retained in North America, for example, and the state of Israel is perhaps the most recent historical of this type of colonialism since it was settled and established in the 20th century. Moreover, there is often talk of a “world-wide indigenous movement” which claims to represent a global anti-colonialist front. The point of my paper, therefore, is to examine how settler-colonialism functions and persists when the settler-colony has become synonymous with the motherland. In this social context, colonizers often imagine themselves as the native inhabitants, while those who remain colonized are pushed even further out of history than they were during the previous era of settler-colonialism.
文摘Examinations of the German colonial empire often focus on questions of ideology, metropolitan politics, or seek to address questions related to the ＂special path＂ of German history. All too often, the German invaders are portrayed as omnipotent and intellectually superior to their African allies and opponents. This paper argues for the primacy of ＂events on the ground＂, and instead focuses on the initiative and choices made by local African actors during the protracted conflict between the Germans and the Hehe in German East Africa （modem Tanzania） in the 1890s. During this conflict, African elites sought to maximize their own power, wealth, and prestige by utilizing German resources to their own ends. Overall, this work argues for the centrality of African politics and policy-making during early colonialism.
文摘The history of Omhedi in north-central Namibia is not simply about place but is a site that internalizes conflictual and contradictory social forces which are inscribed in place. While Omhedi was a contested site of conflict during the war of liberation and served as a stage for ethnographic tours and photography, it has in post-colonial period come to represent a segment of important local power as it is currently the seat of the new Oukwanyama kingship. The central aim of this paper is to explain the transformation of Omhedi as a site of＂spectacles＂ of culture during the colonial period and as the seat of Oukwanyama monarchy in post-colonial Namibia. It centrally asks how the colonial politics of the time influenced the way Omhedi was organized and accessed and the ways in which people attach meaning to and organize a sense of space and place in the postcolonial era. This paper is significant as it explores how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of＂traditional＂ power like Omhedi and what meanings these hold in terms of access in postcolonial Namibia. I conclude by raising issues of the past with the restoration of the Oukwanyama monarchy and its installation at Omhedi after independence, posing key questions about shifts in political legitimacy in both the colony and the post-colony. My analysis utilizes theories on the important use of landscape as a physical ＂space＂ for living, but also as a ＂place＂ with its meanings and contributions to societal identity. Consequently the place identity is a particular element contributing to sense of place. I argue that there exists a sense of nostalgia that many Ovakwanyama people have for a precolonial past, and the Omhedi landscape serves that purpose. In analyzing these sentiments against the construction of Omhedi as a space and place, this highlights a sense of identity and belonging that many Ovakwanyama people have towards Omhedi in default of any site with deeper legitimation or authenticity.
文摘Syed Waliullah （1922-1971） and Albert Camus （1913-1960） are two distinct writers from two different continents. These writers have interesting commonness, especially in two of their novels—Chander Amabasya （Night of No Moon）, by Walilullah and The Outsider by Camus. The protagonists in both of these novels, ArifAli and Meursault respectively, suffer from existentialist crisis, mainly fueled by the impacts of the tarnished history of colonialism and the aftermaths. Even though the stories of the these protagonists take place almost halfway round the world in entirely different settings, the impacts and facades of the crisis are strikingly similar. This paper is a comparative study of soul-searching Arif Ali and Meursault.
文摘The post-colonialism is a theory proposed by the eastern colonial academist Edward W. Said. With the understanding and the definition of post-colonialism, the paper is to analyze phenomena of the movie 2012 and Avatar from several aspects. Firstly, the ＂other＂ is the first angle to be talked about. In the Westerners＇ perspective, they are the center of the world, and they dominate the world. Their rules are the accepted rules, and people of different origin or different cultures are all called ＂other＂. Secondly, it is the degeneration of eastern culture. In the complex of the degeneration of the culture, the demonization of the under-developed nations, the dominant language of English in the communication with the people around, feminization of the characters in the movies, and the updated colonialism of the colonized countries are to be mentioned.
基金supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”in South China University of Technology,project No:XYMS202008.
文摘Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively changed their original communication methods and modes,and even partly changed them.The relationship between India and Africa during this period was linked to the growth and decline of Western powers in the Indian Ocean region,reflecting the internal governance methods and foreign relations concepts of the non-colonial rulers of India.It has generally experienced the Portuguese colonial period,the period of hegemony and the period of British rule.In a large period of time,the sub-stages such as the rule of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company can also be detailed.Together,they present a relatively unique picture of historical exchanges between colonial Indo-African countries or regions.
文摘In Youth volume,Conrad shows his growing criticism of British colonialism.But because of his special favor to Britain,his disaffection with British colonialism is implicit,which is presented by a western voice in Youth,Kurtz’s non-pure British heritage in Heart of Darkness,and Whalley’s pure English seaman in The End of the Tether.
文摘The research on the architecture and urbanism of the former Portuguese Africa allows us to consider and to establish the real intrinsic value, typological and morphological diversity, and the lengthy duration of the legacy of this architectural/urban heritage. Portuguese colonization in Africa produced more recently, mostly in the period 1950-1975, some vast and great material values, of which seven or eight main cities, including the vast contents of their modern architecture, are striking examples. We can evaluate the most positive aspects with future impact represented by this Portuguese architects＇ practice （cultural ethics, use of modern technology, and service to society） and the architectonic work produced during that era. Although these cities and its architecture were created within a late colonial context of indisputable discrimination, they have prevailed despite wars and circumstantial abandonment. Now they represent a consistent material basis for the modernization and/or revitalization of urban life in these countries. Architects that are at present working and intervening in these countries should understand this ambivalence and complementary nature between the ex-colonial ＂concrete city＂ and the ＂informal city＂ pre- and post-colonial, so that their performance is socially and culturally informed, correct, and positive.
文摘Background:Parrots(Psittacidae Family)are one of the most colorful groups of birds in the world,their colors pro-duced both structurally and via unusual pigments(psittacofulvins).Most species are considered to be monogamous,and many have been viewed historically as sexually monomorphic and monochromatic.However,studies using morphometric analysis and spectrophotometric techniques have revealed sexual size dimorphism and also sexual plumage color dimorphism among some species.The Monk Parakeet(Myiopsitta monachus),a native parrot of South America,is an interesting species for the study of plumage coloration and size since it is considered sexually mono-chromatic and monomorphic.Furthermore,recent studies show that the Monk Parakeet has extra-bond paternity behavior and even breeding trios,which suggests that sexual selection may play an important role in this species,and that it might have sexually dimorphic plumage(albeit imperceptible by humans)and be dimorphic in size.Methods:For the determination of plumage color we used spectrophotometry in the range of avian vision(300-700 nm)and performed a morphological analysis.Results:Our spectrophotometric results indicate that the Monk Parakeet shows subtle sexual plumage color dimor-phism in three(crown,nape and wing)out of twelve body regions.Similarly,our morphometric analysis showed that there are subtle sex differences in body size(bill and weight).Conclusions:Although the Monk Parakeet shows extra-bond paternity and breeding trio behaviors which could increase sexual dimorphism,these behaviors occur among highly related individuals;perhaps the high rate of inbreeding is responsible for the attenuation of sexual plumage color dimorphism and sex differences in body size observed.
文摘In Conan Doyle’s detective stories mainly including“The Resident Patient,”“The Gloria Scott,”“The Adventure of Blanched Soldier,”and“The Crooked Man,”featuring the master sleuth character Sherlock Holmes,he depicts the return of the colonials from British colonies,mostly India,with physically deformed or ravaged body and traumatic past that haunt and trouble his characters’present life.Doyle allegorically uses returned colonials or poor whites who turn into figures of retributive ghosts that function as pathetic memories and inner fears from British colonies.The seeing of ghostly figures and haunting past events delineated in these stories cause characters’sense of uncanny horror and remind them of their past trauma.These monstrous returned colonials or poor whites often create a fear and a social menace that must be appropriately dealt with when the master sleuth is commissioned to pin down the truth of client’s cases.Why are these bodies of ghostly figures so“irregular”and ravaged?What do these deformities signify?How can returned colonial’s or poor white’s traumatic past be related to retributive ghost?This paper attempts to probe into these issues in order to find out possible answers.
文摘The balkanisation of the African continent by the European powers in the nineteenth century caused the territorial division of people with the same ancestry into two or more states under different European governments. During the partition, the European powers did not take into consideration the cultural and historical boundaries of the people of Africa. In West Africa for example, the partition made some Nzema people to be found in La Cote d＇Ivoire and in Ghana. Some Dagarti are also found in Burkina Faso and while others remained in Ghana. Ewes today can be found in the three countries of Ghana, Togo and Benin. The same applies to the Bono in Gyaman. Some of the Gyaman people can be found in the Ivory Coast with others in Ghana. This article discusses Gyaman under the British and French colonial rule. It focuses on the responses of Gyaman authorities to colonialism and details out British and French colonial policies and their impact on the Gyaman people.
文摘Objectives: Iodine is an essential nutrient needed for the synthesis of hormone thyroxin. Hormone thyroxin is involved in the metabolism of several nutrients, the regulation of enzymes and differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Iodine deficiency (ID) impairs the development of the brain and nervous system. It affects cognitive capacity, educability, productivity and child mortality. ID hinders physical strength and causes reproductive failure. The objective of this paper is to explore if the health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Design: Using primary data (notes from a visit) and secondary data, this paper examines if the effects of ID are more common and severe among Oromo women inEthiopia. Findings: The health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Conclusions: ID is an easily preventable nutritional problem. In Oromia, the persistence of ID is explained by the Ethiopian government’s colonial social policies. Preventing ID should be seen as part of the efforts we make to enhance capacity building, promote health, gender equity and social justice. Implications: Iodine deficiency has a wide range of biological, social, economic and cultural impacts. Preventing ID can be instrumental in bringing about gender equity and building the capacity of people.
文摘Nigeria has lost over 90% of her forest resources due to the hydra-headed and enduring problem of deforestation, hinging on timber logging, establishment of agricultural plantations in hitherto intact forest reserves, construction of highways, mining of solid minerals, approval of taungya farming activities in forest reserves, extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and dereservation of large areas of certain forest reserves for other economic and development activities. Though colonialism was dismantled in the first half of the twentieth century, its policies on forest nationalization remain unchanged across many independent states in the tropics including Nigeria. The paper assesses the colonial forest policy underpinnings of tropical deforestation in Cross River State of Nigeria. It highlights the weaknesses of forest reservation laws and its impacts on tropical deforestation. The paper concludes by advocating a shift in forest policies in favour of property rights recognition and devolution of forest management responsibilities to forest communities.
