The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It ha...The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It has been suggested that the size of the brain(brain reserve) and the extent of neural connections acquired through life(neural reserve) set a threshold beyond which noticeable impairments occur.In contrast,cognitive reserve refers to the brain's ability to adapt and reo rganize stru cturally and functionally to resist damage and maintain function,including neural reserve and brain maintenance,resilience,and compensation(Verkhratsky and Zorec,2024).展开更多
Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accom...Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accompanied by a surge in the incidence of incurable neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).These diseases primarily affect the cognitive and behavioral functions of older adults by impacting brain activity.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is a neurodegenerative condition that affects a significant portion of the population.展开更多
Neuromodulation techniques effectively intervene in cognitive function,holding considerable scientific and practical value in fields such as aerospace,medicine,life sciences,and brain research.These techniques utilize...Neuromodulation techniques effectively intervene in cognitive function,holding considerable scientific and practical value in fields such as aerospace,medicine,life sciences,and brain research.These techniques utilize electrical stimulation to directly or indirectly target specific brain regions,modulating neural activity and influencing broader brain networks,thereby regulating cognitive function.Regulating cognitive function involves an understanding of aspects such as perception,learning and memory,attention,spatial cognition,and physical function.To enhance the application of cognitive regulation in the general population,this paper reviews recent publications from the Web of Science to assess the advancements and challenges of invasive and non-invasive stimulation methods in modulating cognitive functions.This review covers various neuromodulation techniques for cognitive intervention,including deep brain stimulation,vagus nerve stimulation,and invasive methods using microelectrode arrays.The non-invasive techniques discussed include transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial direct current stimulation,transcranial alternating current stimulation,transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,and time interference stimulation for activating deep targets.Invasive stimulation methods,which are ideal for studying the pathogenesis of neurological diseases,tend to cause greater trauma and have been less researched in the context of cognitive function regulation.Non-invasive methods,particularly newer transcranial stimulation techniques,are gentler and more appropriate for regulating cognitive functions in the general population.These include transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation using acupoints and time interference methods for activating deep targets.This paper also discusses current technical challenges and potential future breakthroughs in neuromodulation technology.It is recommended that neuromodulation techniques be combined with neural detection methods to better assess their effects and improve the accuracy of non-invasive neuromodulation.Additionally,researching closed-loop feedback neuromodulation methods is identified as a promising direction for future development.展开更多
BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and of...BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Approximately 30%of patients with head and neck cancer experience adverse effects caused by anxiety and depression.Considering the high prevalence,implementing customized interventions to ease adverse emoti...BACKGROUND Approximately 30%of patients with head and neck cancer experience adverse effects caused by anxiety and depression.Considering the high prevalence,implementing customized interventions to ease adverse emotional states is imperative.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)-based psychological interventions in improving the psychological well-being and quality of life(QoL)of patients with laryngeal carcinoma.METHODS This study enrolled 120 patients admitted from February 2022 to February 2024.The control group,comprising 50 participants,received standard supportive psychological care,while the research group,consisting 70 participants,underwent CBT-based interventions.Several clinical outcomes were systematically assessed that included postoperative recovery metrics(duration of tracheostomy and nasogastric tube dependence and length of hospitalization),psychological status(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale),nutritional markers(serum albumin and hemoglobin levels),sleep quality(Self-Rating Scale of Sleep and Athens Insomnia Scale),and QoL(Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck).RESULTS The results demonstrated that the research group experienced superior outcomes,with significantly reduced durations of tracheostomy and nasogastric tube dependence,as well as shorter hospital stays,compared with the control group.Additionally,the research group exhibited markedly lower post-intervention Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Self-Rating Depression Scale,Self-Rating Scale of Sleep,and Athens Insomnia Scale scores,along with minimal but higher change in serum albumin and hemoglobin levels compared with the control group.All five domains of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck showed notable improvements in the research group,exceeding those observed in the control group.CONCLUSION CBT-based psychological support positively affects the mental well-being and QoL of patients with laryngeal carcinoma,highlighting its potential for broader clinical application.展开更多
Cognitive impairment is a particularly severe non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease that significantly diminishes the quality of life of affected individuals.Identifying reliable biomarkers for cognitive impair...Cognitive impairment is a particularly severe non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease that significantly diminishes the quality of life of affected individuals.Identifying reliable biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is essential for early diagnosis,prognostic assessments,and the development of targeted therapies.This review aims to summarize recent advancements in biofluid biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease,focusing on the detection of specific proteins,metabolites,and other biomarkers in blood,cerebrospinal fluid,and saliva.These biomarkers can shed light on the multifaceted etiology of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease,which includes protein misfolding,neurodegeneration,inflammation,and oxidative stress.The integration of biofluid biomarkers with neuroimaging and clinical data can facilitate the development of predictive models to enhance early diagnosis and monitor the progression of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease.This comprehensive approach can improve the existing understanding of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline and support the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the course of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.Despite the promise of these biomarkers in characterizing the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease,further research is necessary to validate their clinical utility and establish a standardized framework for early detection and monitoring of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.展开更多
The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests suc...The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,exhibit inherent limitations with respect to accessibility,administration burden,and sensitivity to subtle cognitive decline,particularly among diverse populations.This commentary critically examines a recent study that champions a novel approach:The integration of gait and handwriting kinematic parameters analyzed via machine learning for MCI screening.The present study positions itself within the broader landscape of MCI detection,with a view to comparing its advantages against established neuropsychological batteries,advanced neuroimaging(e.g.,positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance imaging),and emerging fluid biomarkers(e.g.,cerebrospinal fluid,blood-based assays).While the study demonstrates promising accuracy(74.44%area under the curve 0.74 with gait and graphic handwriting)and addresses key unmet needs in accessibility and objectivity,we highlight its cross-sectional nature,limited sample diversity,and lack of dual-task assessment as areas for future refinement.This commentary posits that kinematic biomarkers offer a distinctive,scalable,and ecologically valid approach to widespread MCI screening,thereby complementing existing methods by providing real-world functional insights.Future research should prioritize longitudinal validation,expansion to diverse cohorts,integration with multimodal data including dual-tasking,and the development of highly portable,artificial intelligence-driven solutions to achieve the democratization of early MCI detection and enable timely interventions.展开更多
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult ...Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis is closely associated with cognitive impairment in central nervous system diseases.Targeting and regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been shown to improve cognitive deficits.This review aims to expand the current understanding and prospects of targeting neurogenesis in the treatment of cognitive impairment.Recent research indicates the presence of abnormalities in AHN in several diseases associated with cognitive impairment,including cerebrovascular diseases,Alzheimer's disease,aging-related conditions,and issues related to anesthesia and surgery.The role of these abnormalities in the cognitive deficits caused by these diseases has been widely recognized,and targeting AHN is considered a promising approach for treating cognitive impairment.However,the underlying mechanisms of this role are not yet fully understood,and the effectiveness of targeting abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis for treatment remains limited,with a need for further development of treatment methods and detection techniques.By reviewing recent studies,we classify the potential mechanisms of adult hippocampal neurogenesis abnormalities into four categories:immunity,energy metabolism,aging,and pathological states.In immunity-related mechanisms,abnormalities in meningeal,brain,and peripheral immunity can disrupt normal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function disorders are significant energy metabolism factors that lead to abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.During aging,the inflammatory state of the neurogenic niche and the expression of aging-related microRNAs contribute to reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in older adult patients.Pathological states of the body and emotional disorders may also result in abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Among the current strategies used to enhance this form of neurogenesis,physical therapies such as exercise,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,and enriched environments have proven effective.Dietary interventions,including energy intake restriction and nutrient optimization,have shown efficacy in both basic research and clinical trials.However,drug treatments,such as antidepressants and stem cell therapy,are primarily reported in basic research,with limited clinical application.The relationship between abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment has garnered widespread attention,and targeting the former may be an important strategy for treating the latter.However,the mechanisms underlying abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain unclear,and treatments are lacking.This highlights the need for greater focus on translating research findings into clinical practice.展开更多
Complex genetic relationships between neurodegenerative disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms have been shown, suggesting shared pathogenic mechanisms and emphasizing the potential for developing common therapeutic ...Complex genetic relationships between neurodegenerative disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms have been shown, suggesting shared pathogenic mechanisms and emphasizing the potential for developing common therapeutic targets. Apolipoprotein E(APOE) genotypes and their corresponding protein(Apo E) isoforms may influence the biophysical properties of the cell membrane lipid bilayer. However, the role of APOE in central nervous system pathophysiology extended beyond its lipid transport function. In the present review article, we analyzed the links existing between APOE genotypes and the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. APOE genotypes(APOE ε2, APOE ε3, and APOE ε4) were implicated in common mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, including sporadic Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. These shared pathways often involved neuroinflammation, abnormal protein accumulation, or responses to acute detrimental events. Across these conditions, APOE variants are believed to contribute to the modulation of inflammatory responses, the regulation of amyloid and tau pathology, as well as the clearance of proteins such as α-synuclein. The bidirectional interactions among Apo E, amyloid and mitochondrial metabolism, immunomodulatory effects, neuronal repair, and remodeling underscored the complexity of Apo E's role in neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with these conditions since from early phases of cognitive impairment such as mild cognitive impairment and mild behavioral impairment. Besides Apo E-specific isoforms' link to increased neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease(depression, psychosis, aberrant motor behaviors, and anxiety, not apathy), the APOE ε4 genotype was also considered a significant genetic risk factor for Lewy body disease and its worse cognitive outcomes. Conversely, the APOE ε2 variant has been observed not to exert a protective effect equally in all neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, in Lewy body disease, this variant may delay disease onset, paralleling its protective role in Alzheimer's disease, although its role in frontotemporal dementia is uncertain. The APOE ε4 genotype has been associated with adverse cognitive outcomes across other various neurodegenerative conditions. In Parkinson's disease, the APOE ε4 allele significantly impacted cognitive performance, increasing the risk of developing dementia, even in cases of pure synucleinopathies with minimal co-pathology from Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, in traumatic brain injury, recovery rates varied, with APOE ε4 carriers demonstrating a greater risk of poor long-term cognitive outcomes and elevated levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, APOE ε4 influenced the age of onset and severity of stroke, as well as the likelihood of developing stroke-associated dementia, potentially due to its role in compromising endothelial integrity and promoting blood–brain barrier dysfunction.展开更多
Poststro ke cognitive impairment is a major secondary effect of ischemic stroke in many patients;however,few options are available for the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition.The aims of this study were to...Poststro ke cognitive impairment is a major secondary effect of ischemic stroke in many patients;however,few options are available for the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition.The aims of this study were to(1)determine the specific relationship between hypoxic andα-synuclein during the occur of poststroke cognitive impairment and(2)assess whether the serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein level can be used as a biomarker for poststro ke cognitive impairment.We found that the phosphorylatedα-synuclein level was significantly increased and showed pathological aggregation around the cerebral infa rct area in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.In addition,neuronalα-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation were observed in the brain tissue of mice subjected to chronic hypoxia,suggesting that hypoxia is the underlying cause ofα-synuclein-mediated pathology in the brains of mice with ischemic stroke.Serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels in patients with ischemic stroke were significantly lower than those in healt hy subjects,and were positively correlated with cognition levels in patients with ischemic stroke.Furthermore,a decrease in serum high-density lipoprotein levels in stroke patie nts was significantly correlated with a decrease in phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels.Although ischemic stroke mice did not show significant cognitive impairment or disrupted lipid metabolism 14 days after injury,some of them exhibited decreased cognitive function and reduced phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels.Taken together,our results suggest that serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein is a potential biomarker for poststroke cognitive impairment.展开更多
With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterati...With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cognitive frailty and depression are prevalent among the elderly,significantly impairing physical and cognitive functions,psychological well-being,and quality of life.Effective interventions are essential t...BACKGROUND Cognitive frailty and depression are prevalent among the elderly,significantly impairing physical and cognitive functions,psychological well-being,and quality of life.Effective interventions are essential to mitigate these adverse effects and enhance overall health outcomes in this population.AIM To evaluate the effects of exercise-cognitive dual-task training on frailty,cognitive function,psychological status,and quality of life in elderly patients with cognitive frailty and depression.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 130 patients with cognitive frailty and depression admitted between December 2021 and December 2023.Patients were divided into a control group receiving routine intervention and an observation group undergoing exercise-cognitive dual-task training in addition to routine care.Frailty,cognitive function,balance and gait,psychological status,and quality of life were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS After the intervention,the frailty score of the observation group was(5.32±0.69),lower than that of the control group(5.71±0.55).The Montreal cognitive assessment basic scale score in the observation group was(24.06±0.99),higher than the control group(23.43±1.40).The performance oriented mobility assessment score in the observation group was(21.81±1.24),higher than the control group(21.15±1.26).The self-efficacy in the observation group was(28.27±2.66),higher than the control group(30.05±2.66).The anxiety score in the hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADS)for the observation group was(5.86±0.68),lower than the control group(6.21±0.64).The depression score in the HADS for the observation group was(5.67±0.75),lower than the control group(6.27±0.92).Additionally,the scores for each dimension of the 36-item short form survey in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Exercise-cognitive dual-task training is beneficial for improving frailty,enhancing cognitive function,and improving psychological status and quality of life in elderly patients with cognitive frailty and depression.展开更多
According to the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labour,and Welfare,14.2%of people were aged>75 years in Japan in 2018,and this number continues to rise.With population aging,the incidence of congestive heart failure(C...According to the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labour,and Welfare,14.2%of people were aged>75 years in Japan in 2018,and this number continues to rise.With population aging,the incidence of congestive heart failure(CHF)is also increasing.[1–3]Reports have shown that the presence of cognitive impairment(CI)in patients with CHF is associated with poor prognosis,[4–6]and the degree of CI is related to CHF severity.展开更多
A reduction in adult neurogenesis is associated with behavioral abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Consequently,enhancing adult neurogenesis represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigati...A reduction in adult neurogenesis is associated with behavioral abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Consequently,enhancing adult neurogenesis represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating disease symptoms and progression.Nonetheless,nonpharmacological interventions aimed at inducing adult neurogenesis are currently limited.Although individual non-pharmacological interventions,such as aerobic exercise,acousto-optic stimulation,and olfactory stimulation,have shown limited capacity to improve neurogenesis and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease,the therapeutic effect of a strategy that combines these interventions has not been fully explored.In this study,we observed an age-dependent decrease in adult neurogenesis and a concurrent increase in amyloid-beta accumulation in the hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice aged 2-8 months.Amyloid deposition became evident at 4 months,while neurogenesis declined by 6 months,further deteriorating as the disease progressed.However,following a 4-week multifactor stimulation protocol,which encompassed treadmill running(46 min/d,10 m/min,6 days per week),40 Hz acousto-optic stimulation(1 hour/day,6 days/week),and olfactory stimulation(1 hour/day,6 days/week),we found a significant increase in the number of newborn cells(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells),immature neurons(doublecortin-positive cells),newborn immature neurons(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive/doublecortin-positive cells),and newborn astrocytes(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive/glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells).Additionally,the amyloid-beta load in the hippocampus decreased.These findings suggest that multifactor stimulation can enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis and mitigate amyloid-beta neuropathology in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.Furthermore,cognitive abilities were improved,and depressive symptoms were alleviated in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice following multifactor stimulation,as evidenced by Morris water maze,novel object recognition,forced swimming test,and tail suspension test results.Notably,the efficacy of multifactor stimulation in consolidating immature neurons persisted for at least 2weeks after treatment cessation.At the molecular level,multifactor stimulation upregulated the expression of neuron-related proteins(NeuN,doublecortin,postsynaptic density protein-95,and synaptophysin),anti-apoptosis-related proteins(Bcl-2 and PARP),and an autophagyassociated protein(LC3B),while decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins(BAX and caspase-9),in the hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.These observations might be attributable to both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway and antioxidant pathways.Furthermore,serum metabolomics analysis indicated that multifactor stimulation regulated differentially expressed metabolites associated with cell apoptosis,oxidative damage,and cognition.Collectively,these findings suggest that multifactor stimulation is a novel non-invasive approach for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
Background:Platinum can cause chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.Low-intensity focused ultrasound(LIFUS)is a promising noninvasive physical stimulation method with a unique advantage in neurological rehabilitat...Background:Platinum can cause chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.Low-intensity focused ultrasound(LIFUS)is a promising noninvasive physical stimulation method with a unique advantage in neurological rehabilitation.We aimed to investigate whether LIFUS can alleviate cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment in rats and explore the related neuropatho-logical mechanisms.Methods:After confirming the target position for LIFUS treatment in 18 rats,64 rats were randomly divided into four groups:control,model,sham,and LIFUS groups.Before and after LIFUS treatment,detailed biological behavioral assessments and magnetic resonance imaging were performed.Finally,the rats were euthanized,and relevant histopathological and molecular biological experiments were conducted and analyzed.Results:In the Morris water maze,the model group showed fewer platform crossings(1.250.93 vs.5.691.58),a longer escape latency(41.6536.55 s vs.6.382.11 s),and a lower novel object recognition index(29.7711.83 vs.83.695.67)than the control group.LIFUS treatment improved these metrics,with more platform crossings(3.130.34),a higher recognition index(65.588.71),and a shorter escape latency(6.452.27 s).Longitudinal analysis of the LIFUS group further confirmed these improvements.Neuroimaging revealed significant differences in diffusion tensor imaging metrics of specific brain regions pre-and post-LIFUS.Moreover,neuropathology showed higher dendritic spine density,less myelin loss,fewer apoptotic cells,more synapses,and less mitochondrial autophagy after LIFUS treatment.The neuroimaging indicators were correlated with behavioral improvements,highlighting the potential of LIFUS for alleviating cognitive impairment(as demonstrated through imaging and analysis).Our investigation of the molecular biological mechanisms revealed distinct protein expression patterns in the hippocampus and its subregions.In the model group,glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1(IBA1)expression levels were elevated across the hippocampus,whereas neuronal nuclei(NeuN)expression was reduced.Subregional analysis revealed higher GFAP and IBA1 and lower NeuN,especially in the dentate gyrus subregion.Moreover,positive cell areas were larger in the cornu ammonis(CA)1,CA2,CA3,and dentate gyrus regions.In the CA2 and CA3,significant differences among the groups were observed in GFAP-positive cell counts and areas,and there were variations in NeuN expression.Conclusions:Our results suggest that LIFUS can reverse cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments.The neuroimaging findings were consistent with the behavioral and histological results and suggest a neuropathological basis that supports further research into the clinical applications of LIFUS.Furthermore,LIFUS appeared to enhance the plasticity of neuronal synapses in the rat hippocampus and reduce hippocampal inflammation.These findings highlight the clinical potential of LIFUS as an effective,noninvasive therapeutic strategy and monitoring tool for chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits.展开更多
Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is emp...Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is employed to develop a model for cognitive bias induced by incomplete information and measurement errors in cognitive radar countermeasures.The payoffs for both parties are calculated using the radar's anti-jamming strategy matrix A and the jammer's jamming strategy matrix B.With perfect Bayesian equilibrium,a dynamic radar countermeasure model is established,and the impact of cognitive bias is analyzed.Drawing inspiration from the cognitive bias analysis method used in stock market trading,a cognitive bias model for cognitive radar countermeasures is introduced,and its correctness is mathematically proved.A gaming scenario involving the AN/SPY-1 radar and a smart jammer is set up to analyze the influence of cognitive bias on game outcomes.Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)has a high risk of progression to Alzheimer’s disease.The disease is often accompanied by sleep disorders,and whether sleep disorders have an effect on brain function in patie...BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)has a high risk of progression to Alzheimer’s disease.The disease is often accompanied by sleep disorders,and whether sleep disorders have an effect on brain function in patients with MCI is unclear.AIM To explore the near-infrared brain function characteristics of MCI with sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 120 patients with MCI(MCI group)and 50 healthy subjects(control group)were selected.All subjects underwent the functional near-infrared spec-troscopy test.Collect baseline data,Mini-Mental State Examination,Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale,fatigue severity scale(FSS)score,sleep parameter,and oxyhemoglobin(Oxy-Hb)concentration and peak time of functional near-infrared spectroscopy test during the task period.The relationship between Oxy-RESULTS Compared with the control group,the FSS score of the MCI group was higher(t=11.310),and the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,sleep efficiency,nocturnal sleep disturbance,and daytime dysfunction were higher(Z=-10.518,-10.368,-9.035,-10.661,-10.088).Subjective sleep quality and total sleep time scores were lower(Z=-11.592,-9.924).The sleep efficiency of the MCI group was lower,and the awakening frequency,rem sleep latency period,total sleep time,and oxygen desaturation index were higher(t=5.969,5.829,2.887,3.003,5.937).The Oxy-Hb concentration at T0,T1,and T2 in the MCI group was lower(t=14.940,11.280,5.721),and the peak time was higher(t=18.800,13.350,9.827).In MCI patients,the concentration of Oxy-Hb during T0 was negatively correlated with the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,total sleep time,and sleep efficiency(r=-0.611,-0.388,-0.563,-0.356).It was positively correlated with sleep efficiency and total sleep time(r=0.754,0.650),and negatively correlated with oxygen desaturation index(r=-0.561)and FSS score(r=-0.526).All comparisons were P<0.05.CONCLUSION Patients with MCI and sleep disorders have lower near-infrared brain function than normal people,which is related to sleep quality.Clinically,a comprehensive assessment of the near-infrared brain function of patients should be carried out to guide targeted treatment and improve curative effect.展开更多
Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregati...Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregation,and alleviates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment,similar to the phase Ⅲ clinical drug resveratrol.In this study,we established a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection of fibrillar amyloid-β to investigate the effect of D30 on fibrillar amyloid-β-induced neuropathology.Our results showed that D30 alleviated fibrillar amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment,promoted fibrillar amyloid-β clearance from the hippocampus and cortex,suppressed oxidative stress,and inhibited activation of microglia and astrocytes.D30 also reversed the fibrillar amyloid-β-induced loss of dendritic spines and synaptic protein expression.Notably,we demonstrated that exogenous fibrillar amyloid-βintroduced by intracerebroventricular injection greatly increased galectin-3 expression levels in the brain,and this increase was blocked by D30.Considering the role of D30 in clearing amyloid-β,inhibiting neuroinflammation,protecting synapses,and improving cognition,this study highlights the potential of galectin-3 as a promising treatment target for patients with Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
This manuscript explores the recent study by Cui et al which assessed the interplay between inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in first-episode schizophrenia patients.The study re...This manuscript explores the recent study by Cui et al which assessed the interplay between inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in first-episode schizophrenia patients.The study revealed that higher levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αcorrelated with reduced BDNF levels and poorer cognitive performance.Schizophrenia is a severe psy-chiatric disorder impacting approximately 1%of the global population,charac-terized by positive symptoms(hallucinations and delusions),negative symptoms(diminished motivation and cognitive impairments)and disorganized thoughts and behaviors.Emerging research highlights the role of BDNF as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting.The findings from Cui et al’s study suggest that targeting neuroinflammation and enhancing BDNF levels may improve cognitive outcomes.Effective treatment approaches involve a com-bination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions tailored to individual patient needs.Hence,monitoring cognitive and neuroinflammatory markers is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.Conse-quently,this manuscript highlights the need for an integrated approach to schizo-phrenia management,considering both clinical symptoms and underlying neuro-biological changes.展开更多
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a crit...The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.展开更多
文摘The concept of the brain cognitive reserve is derived from the well-acknowledged notion that the degree of brain damage does not always match the severity of clinical symptoms and neurological/cognitive outcomes.It has been suggested that the size of the brain(brain reserve) and the extent of neural connections acquired through life(neural reserve) set a threshold beyond which noticeable impairments occur.In contrast,cognitive reserve refers to the brain's ability to adapt and reo rganize stru cturally and functionally to resist damage and maintain function,including neural reserve and brain maintenance,resilience,and compensation(Verkhratsky and Zorec,2024).
基金supported by The Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00244901)(to RB)。
文摘Challenges in the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease:Increased life expectancy due to advancements in medical care has given rise to an aging population,accompanied by a surge in the incidence of incurable neurodegenerative diseases(NDDs).These diseases primarily affect the cognitive and behavioral functions of older adults by impacting brain activity.Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)is a neurodegenerative condition that affects a significant portion of the population.
基金supported by STI 2030-Major Projects,No.2021ZD0201603(to JL)the Joint Foundation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.8091A170201(to JL)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.T2293730(to XC),T2293731(to XC),T2293734(to XC),62471291(to YW),62121003(to XC),61960206012(to XC),62333020(to XC),and 62171434(to XC)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,Nos.2022YFC2402501(to XC),2022YFB3205602(to XC).
文摘Neuromodulation techniques effectively intervene in cognitive function,holding considerable scientific and practical value in fields such as aerospace,medicine,life sciences,and brain research.These techniques utilize electrical stimulation to directly or indirectly target specific brain regions,modulating neural activity and influencing broader brain networks,thereby regulating cognitive function.Regulating cognitive function involves an understanding of aspects such as perception,learning and memory,attention,spatial cognition,and physical function.To enhance the application of cognitive regulation in the general population,this paper reviews recent publications from the Web of Science to assess the advancements and challenges of invasive and non-invasive stimulation methods in modulating cognitive functions.This review covers various neuromodulation techniques for cognitive intervention,including deep brain stimulation,vagus nerve stimulation,and invasive methods using microelectrode arrays.The non-invasive techniques discussed include transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial direct current stimulation,transcranial alternating current stimulation,transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,and time interference stimulation for activating deep targets.Invasive stimulation methods,which are ideal for studying the pathogenesis of neurological diseases,tend to cause greater trauma and have been less researched in the context of cognitive function regulation.Non-invasive methods,particularly newer transcranial stimulation techniques,are gentler and more appropriate for regulating cognitive functions in the general population.These include transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation using acupoints and time interference methods for activating deep targets.This paper also discusses current technical challenges and potential future breakthroughs in neuromodulation technology.It is recommended that neuromodulation techniques be combined with neural detection methods to better assess their effects and improve the accuracy of non-invasive neuromodulation.Additionally,researching closed-loop feedback neuromodulation methods is identified as a promising direction for future development.
基金Supported by Army Logistics Department Health Bureau Project,No.QJGYXYJZX-012.
文摘BACKGROUND Due to the dry and cold climate,the obvious temperature difference between day and night,and the low oxygen content of the air in the plateau area,people are prone to upper respiratory tract diseases,and often the condition is prolonged,and the patients are prone to anxiety and uneasiness,which may be related to the harshness of the plateau environment,somatic discomfort due to the lack of oxygen,anxiety about the disease,and other factors.AIM To investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)on anxiety,sleep disorders,and hypoxia tolerance in patients with high-altitude respiratory diseases.METHODS A total of 2337 patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases treated at our hospital between November 2023 and January 2024 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects’pre-high-altitude residential altitude was approximately 1700 meters.They were divided into two groups.Both groups were given symptomatic treatment,and the control group implemented conventional nursing intervention,while the research group simultaneously conducted CBT intervention;assessed the degree of health knowledge of the two groups,and applied the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of the patients before and after the intervention,respectively.It also observed the length and efficiency of sleep,and detected the level of serum hypoxia inducible factor-1α,erythropoietin(EPO)and clinical intervention before and after intervention.EPO levels,and investigated satisfaction with the clinical intervention.RESULTS The rate of excellent health knowledge in the intervention group was 93.64%,which was higher than that in the control group(74.23%;P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores between the two groups(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in sleep duration and sleep efficiency between the groups before the intervention(P>0.05),and after the intervention,the scores of the study group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum hypoxia inducible factor-1αand EPO between the two groups before intervention(P>0.05),and both research groups were significantly lower than the control group after intervention(P<0.05).According to the questionnaire survey,the intervention satisfaction of the study group was 95.53%,which was higher than that of the control group(80.14%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION The CBT intervention in the treatment of patients with high-altitude-related respiratory diseases helps improve patients'health knowledge,relieve anxiety,improve sleep quality and hypoxia tolerance,and improve nursing satisfaction.
文摘BACKGROUND Approximately 30%of patients with head and neck cancer experience adverse effects caused by anxiety and depression.Considering the high prevalence,implementing customized interventions to ease adverse emotional states is imperative.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT)-based psychological interventions in improving the psychological well-being and quality of life(QoL)of patients with laryngeal carcinoma.METHODS This study enrolled 120 patients admitted from February 2022 to February 2024.The control group,comprising 50 participants,received standard supportive psychological care,while the research group,consisting 70 participants,underwent CBT-based interventions.Several clinical outcomes were systematically assessed that included postoperative recovery metrics(duration of tracheostomy and nasogastric tube dependence and length of hospitalization),psychological status(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale),nutritional markers(serum albumin and hemoglobin levels),sleep quality(Self-Rating Scale of Sleep and Athens Insomnia Scale),and QoL(Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck).RESULTS The results demonstrated that the research group experienced superior outcomes,with significantly reduced durations of tracheostomy and nasogastric tube dependence,as well as shorter hospital stays,compared with the control group.Additionally,the research group exhibited markedly lower post-intervention Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Self-Rating Depression Scale,Self-Rating Scale of Sleep,and Athens Insomnia Scale scores,along with minimal but higher change in serum albumin and hemoglobin levels compared with the control group.All five domains of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck showed notable improvements in the research group,exceeding those observed in the control group.CONCLUSION CBT-based psychological support positively affects the mental well-being and QoL of patients with laryngeal carcinoma,highlighting its potential for broader clinical application.
基金supported by Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province,Nos.202301AS070045,202101AY070001-115(to XY and BL)National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81960242(to XY)。
文摘Cognitive impairment is a particularly severe non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease that significantly diminishes the quality of life of affected individuals.Identifying reliable biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease is essential for early diagnosis,prognostic assessments,and the development of targeted therapies.This review aims to summarize recent advancements in biofluid biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease,focusing on the detection of specific proteins,metabolites,and other biomarkers in blood,cerebrospinal fluid,and saliva.These biomarkers can shed light on the multifaceted etiology of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease,which includes protein misfolding,neurodegeneration,inflammation,and oxidative stress.The integration of biofluid biomarkers with neuroimaging and clinical data can facilitate the development of predictive models to enhance early diagnosis and monitor the progression of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease.This comprehensive approach can improve the existing understanding of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline and support the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the course of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.Despite the promise of these biomarkers in characterizing the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease,further research is necessary to validate their clinical utility and establish a standardized framework for early detection and monitoring of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
文摘The increasing global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment(MCI)necessitates a paradigm shift in early detection strategies.Conventional neuropsychological assessment methods,predominantly paper-and-pencil tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,exhibit inherent limitations with respect to accessibility,administration burden,and sensitivity to subtle cognitive decline,particularly among diverse populations.This commentary critically examines a recent study that champions a novel approach:The integration of gait and handwriting kinematic parameters analyzed via machine learning for MCI screening.The present study positions itself within the broader landscape of MCI detection,with a view to comparing its advantages against established neuropsychological batteries,advanced neuroimaging(e.g.,positron emission tomography,magnetic resonance imaging),and emerging fluid biomarkers(e.g.,cerebrospinal fluid,blood-based assays).While the study demonstrates promising accuracy(74.44%area under the curve 0.74 with gait and graphic handwriting)and addresses key unmet needs in accessibility and objectivity,we highlight its cross-sectional nature,limited sample diversity,and lack of dual-task assessment as areas for future refinement.This commentary posits that kinematic biomarkers offer a distinctive,scalable,and ecologically valid approach to widespread MCI screening,thereby complementing existing methods by providing real-world functional insights.Future research should prioritize longitudinal validation,expansion to diverse cohorts,integration with multimodal data including dual-tasking,and the development of highly portable,artificial intelligence-driven solutions to achieve the democratization of early MCI detection and enable timely interventions.
基金supported by Technological Innovation 2030-Major Projects of“Brain Science and Brain-like Research,”No.2022ZD0206200(to XG)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371245(to SJ),82102246(to XD),81701092(to XG)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2020MH129(to SJ)Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty,No.shslczdzk03601Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation,No.20DZ2254200。
文摘Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is linked to memory formation in the adult brain,with new neurons in the hippocampus exhibiting greater plasticity during their immature stages compared to mature neurons.Abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis is closely associated with cognitive impairment in central nervous system diseases.Targeting and regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been shown to improve cognitive deficits.This review aims to expand the current understanding and prospects of targeting neurogenesis in the treatment of cognitive impairment.Recent research indicates the presence of abnormalities in AHN in several diseases associated with cognitive impairment,including cerebrovascular diseases,Alzheimer's disease,aging-related conditions,and issues related to anesthesia and surgery.The role of these abnormalities in the cognitive deficits caused by these diseases has been widely recognized,and targeting AHN is considered a promising approach for treating cognitive impairment.However,the underlying mechanisms of this role are not yet fully understood,and the effectiveness of targeting abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis for treatment remains limited,with a need for further development of treatment methods and detection techniques.By reviewing recent studies,we classify the potential mechanisms of adult hippocampal neurogenesis abnormalities into four categories:immunity,energy metabolism,aging,and pathological states.In immunity-related mechanisms,abnormalities in meningeal,brain,and peripheral immunity can disrupt normal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function disorders are significant energy metabolism factors that lead to abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.During aging,the inflammatory state of the neurogenic niche and the expression of aging-related microRNAs contribute to reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in older adult patients.Pathological states of the body and emotional disorders may also result in abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Among the current strategies used to enhance this form of neurogenesis,physical therapies such as exercise,transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,and enriched environments have proven effective.Dietary interventions,including energy intake restriction and nutrient optimization,have shown efficacy in both basic research and clinical trials.However,drug treatments,such as antidepressants and stem cell therapy,are primarily reported in basic research,with limited clinical application.The relationship between abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment has garnered widespread attention,and targeting the former may be an important strategy for treating the latter.However,the mechanisms underlying abnormal adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain unclear,and treatments are lacking.This highlights the need for greater focus on translating research findings into clinical practice.
文摘Complex genetic relationships between neurodegenerative disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms have been shown, suggesting shared pathogenic mechanisms and emphasizing the potential for developing common therapeutic targets. Apolipoprotein E(APOE) genotypes and their corresponding protein(Apo E) isoforms may influence the biophysical properties of the cell membrane lipid bilayer. However, the role of APOE in central nervous system pathophysiology extended beyond its lipid transport function. In the present review article, we analyzed the links existing between APOE genotypes and the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. APOE genotypes(APOE ε2, APOE ε3, and APOE ε4) were implicated in common mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, including sporadic Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. These shared pathways often involved neuroinflammation, abnormal protein accumulation, or responses to acute detrimental events. Across these conditions, APOE variants are believed to contribute to the modulation of inflammatory responses, the regulation of amyloid and tau pathology, as well as the clearance of proteins such as α-synuclein. The bidirectional interactions among Apo E, amyloid and mitochondrial metabolism, immunomodulatory effects, neuronal repair, and remodeling underscored the complexity of Apo E's role in neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with these conditions since from early phases of cognitive impairment such as mild cognitive impairment and mild behavioral impairment. Besides Apo E-specific isoforms' link to increased neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease(depression, psychosis, aberrant motor behaviors, and anxiety, not apathy), the APOE ε4 genotype was also considered a significant genetic risk factor for Lewy body disease and its worse cognitive outcomes. Conversely, the APOE ε2 variant has been observed not to exert a protective effect equally in all neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, in Lewy body disease, this variant may delay disease onset, paralleling its protective role in Alzheimer's disease, although its role in frontotemporal dementia is uncertain. The APOE ε4 genotype has been associated with adverse cognitive outcomes across other various neurodegenerative conditions. In Parkinson's disease, the APOE ε4 allele significantly impacted cognitive performance, increasing the risk of developing dementia, even in cases of pure synucleinopathies with minimal co-pathology from Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, in traumatic brain injury, recovery rates varied, with APOE ε4 carriers demonstrating a greater risk of poor long-term cognitive outcomes and elevated levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Furthermore, APOE ε4 influenced the age of onset and severity of stroke, as well as the likelihood of developing stroke-associated dementia, potentially due to its role in compromising endothelial integrity and promoting blood–brain barrier dysfunction.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project of China Rehabilitation Research Center,No.2021zx-23the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.32100925the Beijing Nova Program,No.Z211100002121038。
文摘Poststro ke cognitive impairment is a major secondary effect of ischemic stroke in many patients;however,few options are available for the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition.The aims of this study were to(1)determine the specific relationship between hypoxic andα-synuclein during the occur of poststroke cognitive impairment and(2)assess whether the serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein level can be used as a biomarker for poststro ke cognitive impairment.We found that the phosphorylatedα-synuclein level was significantly increased and showed pathological aggregation around the cerebral infa rct area in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.In addition,neuronalα-synuclein phosphorylation and aggregation were observed in the brain tissue of mice subjected to chronic hypoxia,suggesting that hypoxia is the underlying cause ofα-synuclein-mediated pathology in the brains of mice with ischemic stroke.Serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels in patients with ischemic stroke were significantly lower than those in healt hy subjects,and were positively correlated with cognition levels in patients with ischemic stroke.Furthermore,a decrease in serum high-density lipoprotein levels in stroke patie nts was significantly correlated with a decrease in phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels.Although ischemic stroke mice did not show significant cognitive impairment or disrupted lipid metabolism 14 days after injury,some of them exhibited decreased cognitive function and reduced phosphorylatedα-synuclein levels.Taken together,our results suggest that serum phosphorylatedα-synuclein is a potential biomarker for poststroke cognitive impairment.
基金supported by the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Foundation,No.22HHXBSS00047(to PL)Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project of Tianjin,No.2022BKY173(to LZ)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Foundation,No.20201194(to PL).
文摘With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.
文摘BACKGROUND Cognitive frailty and depression are prevalent among the elderly,significantly impairing physical and cognitive functions,psychological well-being,and quality of life.Effective interventions are essential to mitigate these adverse effects and enhance overall health outcomes in this population.AIM To evaluate the effects of exercise-cognitive dual-task training on frailty,cognitive function,psychological status,and quality of life in elderly patients with cognitive frailty and depression.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 130 patients with cognitive frailty and depression admitted between December 2021 and December 2023.Patients were divided into a control group receiving routine intervention and an observation group undergoing exercise-cognitive dual-task training in addition to routine care.Frailty,cognitive function,balance and gait,psychological status,and quality of life were assessed before and after the intervention.RESULTS After the intervention,the frailty score of the observation group was(5.32±0.69),lower than that of the control group(5.71±0.55).The Montreal cognitive assessment basic scale score in the observation group was(24.06±0.99),higher than the control group(23.43±1.40).The performance oriented mobility assessment score in the observation group was(21.81±1.24),higher than the control group(21.15±1.26).The self-efficacy in the observation group was(28.27±2.66),higher than the control group(30.05±2.66).The anxiety score in the hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADS)for the observation group was(5.86±0.68),lower than the control group(6.21±0.64).The depression score in the HADS for the observation group was(5.67±0.75),lower than the control group(6.27±0.92).Additionally,the scores for each dimension of the 36-item short form survey in the observation group were higher than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Exercise-cognitive dual-task training is beneficial for improving frailty,enhancing cognitive function,and improving psychological status and quality of life in elderly patients with cognitive frailty and depression.
文摘According to the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labour,and Welfare,14.2%of people were aged>75 years in Japan in 2018,and this number continues to rise.With population aging,the incidence of congestive heart failure(CHF)is also increasing.[1–3]Reports have shown that the presence of cognitive impairment(CI)in patients with CHF is associated with poor prognosis,[4–6]and the degree of CI is related to CHF severity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82001155(to LL)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,No.LY23H090004(to LL)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,No.2023J068(to LL)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang Province,No.SJLY2023008(to LL)the College Students'Scientific and Technological Innovation Project(Xin Miao Talent Plan)of Zhejiang Province,No.2022R405A045(to CC)the Student ResearchInnovation Program(SRIP)of Ningbo University,Nos.20235RIP1919(to CZ),2023SRIP1938(to YZ)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University。
文摘A reduction in adult neurogenesis is associated with behavioral abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Consequently,enhancing adult neurogenesis represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating disease symptoms and progression.Nonetheless,nonpharmacological interventions aimed at inducing adult neurogenesis are currently limited.Although individual non-pharmacological interventions,such as aerobic exercise,acousto-optic stimulation,and olfactory stimulation,have shown limited capacity to improve neurogenesis and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease,the therapeutic effect of a strategy that combines these interventions has not been fully explored.In this study,we observed an age-dependent decrease in adult neurogenesis and a concurrent increase in amyloid-beta accumulation in the hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice aged 2-8 months.Amyloid deposition became evident at 4 months,while neurogenesis declined by 6 months,further deteriorating as the disease progressed.However,following a 4-week multifactor stimulation protocol,which encompassed treadmill running(46 min/d,10 m/min,6 days per week),40 Hz acousto-optic stimulation(1 hour/day,6 days/week),and olfactory stimulation(1 hour/day,6 days/week),we found a significant increase in the number of newborn cells(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells),immature neurons(doublecortin-positive cells),newborn immature neurons(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive/doublecortin-positive cells),and newborn astrocytes(5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive/glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells).Additionally,the amyloid-beta load in the hippocampus decreased.These findings suggest that multifactor stimulation can enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis and mitigate amyloid-beta neuropathology in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.Furthermore,cognitive abilities were improved,and depressive symptoms were alleviated in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice following multifactor stimulation,as evidenced by Morris water maze,novel object recognition,forced swimming test,and tail suspension test results.Notably,the efficacy of multifactor stimulation in consolidating immature neurons persisted for at least 2weeks after treatment cessation.At the molecular level,multifactor stimulation upregulated the expression of neuron-related proteins(NeuN,doublecortin,postsynaptic density protein-95,and synaptophysin),anti-apoptosis-related proteins(Bcl-2 and PARP),and an autophagyassociated protein(LC3B),while decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins(BAX and caspase-9),in the hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice.These observations might be attributable to both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway and antioxidant pathways.Furthermore,serum metabolomics analysis indicated that multifactor stimulation regulated differentially expressed metabolites associated with cell apoptosis,oxidative damage,and cognition.Collectively,these findings suggest that multifactor stimulation is a novel non-invasive approach for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82171908 and 82102015)the General Project of the Nanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Program(YKK21075)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515140030).
文摘Background:Platinum can cause chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.Low-intensity focused ultrasound(LIFUS)is a promising noninvasive physical stimulation method with a unique advantage in neurological rehabilitation.We aimed to investigate whether LIFUS can alleviate cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment in rats and explore the related neuropatho-logical mechanisms.Methods:After confirming the target position for LIFUS treatment in 18 rats,64 rats were randomly divided into four groups:control,model,sham,and LIFUS groups.Before and after LIFUS treatment,detailed biological behavioral assessments and magnetic resonance imaging were performed.Finally,the rats were euthanized,and relevant histopathological and molecular biological experiments were conducted and analyzed.Results:In the Morris water maze,the model group showed fewer platform crossings(1.250.93 vs.5.691.58),a longer escape latency(41.6536.55 s vs.6.382.11 s),and a lower novel object recognition index(29.7711.83 vs.83.695.67)than the control group.LIFUS treatment improved these metrics,with more platform crossings(3.130.34),a higher recognition index(65.588.71),and a shorter escape latency(6.452.27 s).Longitudinal analysis of the LIFUS group further confirmed these improvements.Neuroimaging revealed significant differences in diffusion tensor imaging metrics of specific brain regions pre-and post-LIFUS.Moreover,neuropathology showed higher dendritic spine density,less myelin loss,fewer apoptotic cells,more synapses,and less mitochondrial autophagy after LIFUS treatment.The neuroimaging indicators were correlated with behavioral improvements,highlighting the potential of LIFUS for alleviating cognitive impairment(as demonstrated through imaging and analysis).Our investigation of the molecular biological mechanisms revealed distinct protein expression patterns in the hippocampus and its subregions.In the model group,glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1(IBA1)expression levels were elevated across the hippocampus,whereas neuronal nuclei(NeuN)expression was reduced.Subregional analysis revealed higher GFAP and IBA1 and lower NeuN,especially in the dentate gyrus subregion.Moreover,positive cell areas were larger in the cornu ammonis(CA)1,CA2,CA3,and dentate gyrus regions.In the CA2 and CA3,significant differences among the groups were observed in GFAP-positive cell counts and areas,and there were variations in NeuN expression.Conclusions:Our results suggest that LIFUS can reverse cisplatin-induced cognitive impairments.The neuroimaging findings were consistent with the behavioral and histological results and suggest a neuropathological basis that supports further research into the clinical applications of LIFUS.Furthermore,LIFUS appeared to enhance the plasticity of neuronal synapses in the rat hippocampus and reduce hippocampal inflammation.These findings highlight the clinical potential of LIFUS as an effective,noninvasive therapeutic strategy and monitoring tool for chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits.
文摘Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is employed to develop a model for cognitive bias induced by incomplete information and measurement errors in cognitive radar countermeasures.The payoffs for both parties are calculated using the radar's anti-jamming strategy matrix A and the jammer's jamming strategy matrix B.With perfect Bayesian equilibrium,a dynamic radar countermeasure model is established,and the impact of cognitive bias is analyzed.Drawing inspiration from the cognitive bias analysis method used in stock market trading,a cognitive bias model for cognitive radar countermeasures is introduced,and its correctness is mathematically proved.A gaming scenario involving the AN/SPY-1 radar and a smart jammer is set up to analyze the influence of cognitive bias on game outcomes.Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment(MCI)has a high risk of progression to Alzheimer’s disease.The disease is often accompanied by sleep disorders,and whether sleep disorders have an effect on brain function in patients with MCI is unclear.AIM To explore the near-infrared brain function characteristics of MCI with sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 120 patients with MCI(MCI group)and 50 healthy subjects(control group)were selected.All subjects underwent the functional near-infrared spec-troscopy test.Collect baseline data,Mini-Mental State Examination,Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale,fatigue severity scale(FSS)score,sleep parameter,and oxyhemoglobin(Oxy-Hb)concentration and peak time of functional near-infrared spectroscopy test during the task period.The relationship between Oxy-RESULTS Compared with the control group,the FSS score of the MCI group was higher(t=11.310),and the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,sleep efficiency,nocturnal sleep disturbance,and daytime dysfunction were higher(Z=-10.518,-10.368,-9.035,-10.661,-10.088).Subjective sleep quality and total sleep time scores were lower(Z=-11.592,-9.924).The sleep efficiency of the MCI group was lower,and the awakening frequency,rem sleep latency period,total sleep time,and oxygen desaturation index were higher(t=5.969,5.829,2.887,3.003,5.937).The Oxy-Hb concentration at T0,T1,and T2 in the MCI group was lower(t=14.940,11.280,5.721),and the peak time was higher(t=18.800,13.350,9.827).In MCI patients,the concentration of Oxy-Hb during T0 was negatively correlated with the scores of Pittsburgh sleep quality index,sleep time,total sleep time,and sleep efficiency(r=-0.611,-0.388,-0.563,-0.356).It was positively correlated with sleep efficiency and total sleep time(r=0.754,0.650),and negatively correlated with oxygen desaturation index(r=-0.561)and FSS score(r=-0.526).All comparisons were P<0.05.CONCLUSION Patients with MCI and sleep disorders have lower near-infrared brain function than normal people,which is related to sleep quality.Clinically,a comprehensive assessment of the near-infrared brain function of patients should be carried out to guide targeted treatment and improve curative effect.
基金supported by the Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Fujian Medical University,No.XRCZX2018014(to DZ)Startup Fund for Scientific Research,Fujian Medical University,No.2019QH1017(to CW)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China,Nos.2021J01693(to DZ),2021J02032(to ZCY)。
文摘Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregation,and alleviates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment,similar to the phase Ⅲ clinical drug resveratrol.In this study,we established a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection of fibrillar amyloid-β to investigate the effect of D30 on fibrillar amyloid-β-induced neuropathology.Our results showed that D30 alleviated fibrillar amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment,promoted fibrillar amyloid-β clearance from the hippocampus and cortex,suppressed oxidative stress,and inhibited activation of microglia and astrocytes.D30 also reversed the fibrillar amyloid-β-induced loss of dendritic spines and synaptic protein expression.Notably,we demonstrated that exogenous fibrillar amyloid-βintroduced by intracerebroventricular injection greatly increased galectin-3 expression levels in the brain,and this increase was blocked by D30.Considering the role of D30 in clearing amyloid-β,inhibiting neuroinflammation,protecting synapses,and improving cognition,this study highlights the potential of galectin-3 as a promising treatment target for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
基金Supported by Basic Science Research Program Through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Funded By the Ministry of Education,No.NRF-RS-2023-00237287.
文摘This manuscript explores the recent study by Cui et al which assessed the interplay between inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in first-episode schizophrenia patients.The study revealed that higher levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αcorrelated with reduced BDNF levels and poorer cognitive performance.Schizophrenia is a severe psy-chiatric disorder impacting approximately 1%of the global population,charac-terized by positive symptoms(hallucinations and delusions),negative symptoms(diminished motivation and cognitive impairments)and disorganized thoughts and behaviors.Emerging research highlights the role of BDNF as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting.The findings from Cui et al’s study suggest that targeting neuroinflammation and enhancing BDNF levels may improve cognitive outcomes.Effective treatment approaches involve a com-bination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions tailored to individual patient needs.Hence,monitoring cognitive and neuroinflammatory markers is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.Conse-quently,this manuscript highlights the need for an integrated approach to schizo-phrenia management,considering both clinical symptoms and underlying neuro-biological changes.
文摘The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.
