Objectives To assess the feasibility of methods and estimate the potential effect of interrupting sedentary behaviour,with intermittent or continuous physical activity breaks,on cognitive performance in young people w...Objectives To assess the feasibility of methods and estimate the potential effect of interrupting sedentary behaviour,with intermittent or continuous physical activity breaks,on cognitive performance in young people with Cerebral Palsy.Methods A randomised three-arm exposure response cross-over design with process evaluation.Participants were recruited throughout the Thames Valley,UK between 01/11/2018 to 31/03/2020.The three 2 h activity exposure visits included:(i)sitting only(controls),(ii)sitting plus 20 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity burst,or(iii)4×5 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity bursts,during a 2.5 h sedentary session.Measures of feasibility were sought.Cognitive performance outcomes(using the Eriksen Flanker task and Forward and Backward Digit Span)were delivered before and after the 2 h testing period.Results 36 participants were randomised(age 13.2±2.7,Gross-Motor Functional Classification System 1–3).Study retention was 83%across all three interventions and overall missing data for measures was 4%.A small intervention effect was found in reaction time in the 4×5 min physical activity exposure session compared to the sedentary control condition(0.42;95%CI 0.40 to 0.79).There were two research-related minor adverse effects,an allergic reaction to the FreeStyle Libre and feeling faint and vomiting after consumption of glucose solution.Both events were resolved and participants continued with the study.Conclusions The study design and intervention implementing short bursts of physical activity was feasible and indicated a potential effect on reaction time as a measure of cognitive performance in young people with cerebral palsy.展开更多
Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and co...Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.展开更多
Background:Active video games are a new method for increasing physical activity(PA).Fully immersive virtual reality(VR)is a hardware device on which an active video game can run.Active(video games in)VR(AVR),might inc...Background:Active video games are a new method for increasing physical activity(PA).Fully immersive virtual reality(VR)is a hardware device on which an active video game can run.Active(video games in)VR(AVR),might increase immersion,game engagement,and moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),thereby yielding greater exercise-related benefits,e.g.,cognitive performance.Methods:We examined the induction of MVPA via an AVR and a sedentary VR(SVR)as well as the effects of VR play on cognitive performance,which was monitored using 2 different methods.Each of 29 sedentary college students attended three 20-min laboratory sessions(AVR,SVR,or control)in a randomized order;during the control session,they sat quietly doing nothing.A fully immersive headset was used for the 2 video game sessions.We monitored and computed participants’PA using hip-wom accelerometers(wGT3 x-bt;ActiGraph,Pensacola,FL,USA)and a heart rate band(Polar H7;Polar,Kempele,Finland).After each session,the participants completed a mnemonic similarity test(MST)to measure recognition memory.They also filled out a motion sickness questionnaire and an abbreviated game experience questionnaire.Results:The AVR session induced a significantly greater heart rate and more time spent in MVPA than did either of the other 2 sessions regardless of the PA monitoring method.AVR elicited greater game experience questionnaire-assessed sensory and imaginative immersion,challenge,and positive affect than did SVR.The mnemonic similarity test recognition score was marginally higher post-AVR session than it was post-SVR session.Conclusion:AVR elicited MVPA without a significant increase in motion sickness and induced a better game experience and better borderline cognitive performance than did SVR.展开更多
Hyperthermia-induced decline in cognitive performance is a moderate complication that poses challenges to the maintenance of safety. Although the underlying mechanism can be attributed to the disruption of brain netwo...Hyperthermia-induced decline in cognitive performance is a moderate complication that poses challenges to the maintenance of safety. Although the underlying mechanism can be attributed to the disruption of brain networks, the propensity remains unclear. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the extent of the alterations in cognitive performance is governed by the activity of deep brain structures, including monoaminergic neural systems. A decline in cognitive performance during mild hyperthermia and the beneficial effects of neck cooling were demonstrated using the Continuous Performance Test as a battery of cognitive tasks. Aspects of cognitive performance were characterized using the deep-brain activity (DBA) index as a neural activity parameter and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assess the extent of alterations in cognitive performance as an individual measure. It was found that a higher average DBA index during tasks is essential for high cognitive performance in the heat. This beneficial effect of DBA is governed by the upper brainstem. This DBA benefit is more significant for individuals with higher average DBA indices at rest in a normal environment. Individual differences in cognitive performance in the heat are governed by differences in DBA. In addition, the beneficial effect of DBA on cognitive performance in heat only applies under conditions including neck cooling. This limited neck-cooling effect is attributed to anti-homeostatic thermoregulatory responses to cognitive tasks regulated by DBA.展开更多
When sudden disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis culminate in the outage of control systems in nuclear power plants,the operators may be exposed to extremely hot-humid environmental conditions while still facing...When sudden disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis culminate in the outage of control systems in nuclear power plants,the operators may be exposed to extremely hot-humid environmental conditions while still facing demanding cognitive tasks.To investigate how their cognitive performance is related to their heart rate variability(HRV),we exposed nuclear power plant operators to four high temperature and humidity environments and measured their HRV during seven different cognitive tasks for 30 min.Generalized linear mixed-effects models(GLMMs)are used to analyze the relationship between HRV and operators'cognitive performance.Studies have shown that all indicators of HRV have a significant impact on the cognitive ability of operators.In both the low frequency(LF)and high frequency(HF),especially in the very low frequency(VLF)domain,HRV significantly correlates with the operator's cognition.Although the cognitive performance aggravates slightly within 30 min,increasing the humidity under fixed high temperatures does not exhibit an overall effect on cognitive performance.Henceforth,this study provides a guidance for safety limits of the operator's working duration.Moreover,VLF,LF,and HF domains might be potential physiological indicators to monitor the cognitive ability of operators.展开更多
Experimental evidence suggests that high temperatures affect cognitive performance;however,there are limited quantitative models available to evaluate or predict this effect.In previous studies,the authors proposed a ...Experimental evidence suggests that high temperatures affect cognitive performance;however,there are limited quantitative models available to evaluate or predict this effect.In previous studies,the authors proposed a thermal stress comprehensive index(TSCI),which reflects the coupling of physiological and psychological parameters.Based on this,a comprehensive model of thermal stress and cognitive performance(TSCI-CP model)under high-temperature conditions was established,and its rationality for moderate activity intensity tasks was verified.The present study further investigated the applicability of the TSCI-CP model for low activity intensity tasks.By integrating experimental data from a series of climate chamber experiments conducted at five temperatures(26,30,33,37,and 39℃)and two humidity levels(50%and 70%),the relationship between physiological and psychological parameters and the cognitive performance of 104 subjects at a low-activity level(sitting)was analyzed.Subsequently,the TSCI-CP model for low activity intensity tasks was established.The results of the goodness of fit and deviation analysis confirmed the validity of the model.Based on the TSCI-CP model,a new perspective on the relationship between thermal stress and cognitive performance under high-temperature conditions was proposed:the speed of cognitive tests exhibited a U-shaped trend,while the accuracy followed an inverted U-shaped trend.This study offers a theoretical foundation for ensuring the safety and security of low activity workers in high-temperature environments.展开更多
Background:Previous studies have reported associations of specific maternal and paternal lifestyle factors with offspring’s cognitive development during early childhood.This study aimed to investigate the prospective...Background:Previous studies have reported associations of specific maternal and paternal lifestyle factors with offspring’s cognitive development during early childhood.This study aimed to investigate the prospective associations between overall parental lifestyle and offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and young adulthood in China.Methods:We included 2531 adolescents aged 10-15 years at baseline in 2010 from the China Family Panel Studies.A healthy parental lifestyle score(ranged 0-5)was constructed based on the following five modifiable lifestyle factors:Smoking,drinking,exercise,sleep,and diet.Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the association between baseline parental healthy lifestyle scores and offspring’s fluid and crystallized intelligence in subsequent years(2012,2014,2016,and 2018).Results:Offspring in the top tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores performed better in overall fluid intelligence(multivariable-adjusted β=0.53,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.29-0.77)and overall crystallized intelligence(multivariable-adjusted β=0.35,95%CI:0.16-0.54)than those in the bottom tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores.The results were similar after further adjustment for the offspring’s healthy lifestyle scores and persisted across the subgroups of parental socioeconomic status.Additionally,maternal and paternal healthy lifestyle scores were independently associated with better offspring’s cognitive performance,with significant contribution observed for paternal never-smoking,weekly exercise,and diversified diet.When both parents and offspring adhered to a healthier lifestyle,we observed the highest level of the offspring’s overall crystallized intelligence.Conclusions:Our study indicates that parental adherence to a healthier lifestyle is associated with significantly better offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and early adulthood,regardless of socioeconomic status.These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of promoting healthy lifestyles among parents of adolescents.展开更多
Background Schizophrenia is characterised by pervasive cognitive deficits that significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life.Pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy in addressing these deficits,h...Background Schizophrenia is characterised by pervasive cognitive deficits that significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life.Pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy in addressing these deficits,highlighting the need for adjunctive interventions like computerised cognitive training(CCT).Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 30-session CCT programme on mental well-being and cognitive performance in individuals with schizophrenia.Additionally,it assessed the usability and acceptability of CCT in this population.Methods A double-blind,randomised clinical trial was conducted with 54 participants assigned to intervention and control groups.Cognitive and mental health outcomes were assessed using validated tools such as the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21,the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.Usability was measured with the System Usability Scale(SUS).Assessments were conducted at baseline,post-intervention and 3 months post-follow-up.Results The CCT intervention significantly improved mental well-being,reduced stress and enhanced working memory(paired associate learning,spatial working memory and spatial span)compared with controls.However,no significant effects were observed for anxiety,depression or executive function.Usability scores were high(SUS=83.51),and compliance rates were strong(92.7%),indicating favourable participant engagement.Conclusion CCT demonstrated potential as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia,with significant improvements in targeted cognitive and mental health domains.The high usability and compliance rates support its feasibility for broader implementation.Further research is needed to optimise protocols and explore long-term benefits.CCT offers a promising approach to addressing mental health and cognitive challenges in schizophrenia,particularly for stress and working memory.Its usability and acceptability suggest it could be seamlessly integrated into clinical practice.展开更多
Background and Objectives:Few studies have investigated the effects of dietary theobromine intake on the cognitive performance of older adults.Therefore,we investigated these effects in older adults in the United Stat...Background and Objectives:Few studies have investigated the effects of dietary theobromine intake on the cognitive performance of older adults.Therefore,we investigated these effects in older adults in the United States.Methods and Study Design:In this cross-sectional study,we used data(2011-2014)from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Intake of theobromine intake was obtained through two 24-h dietary recall interviews and was adjusted by energy.Cognitive performance was assessed using the animal fluency test,Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest(CERAD),and Digit Symbol Substitution Test(DSST).Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were constructed to evaluate the correlation between the dietary intake of theobromine from different sources and the likelihood of low cognitive performance.Results:The fully adjusted model revealed that compared with the lowest quintile,the odds ratios(with 95%confidence intervals)of cognitive performance in the CERAD test were 0.42(0.28-0.64),0.34(0.14-0.83),0.25(0.07-0.87),and 0.35(0.13-0.95)for the highest quintile of total theobromine intake and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream,respectively.Dose-response relationship analysis indicated nonlinear correlations between the likelihood of low cognitive performance and dietary theobromine(total intake and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream).An L-shaped relationship was observed between total theobromine intake and cognitive performance in the CERAD test.Conclusions:The dietary intakes of theobromine(total and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream)may protect older adults,particularly men,against low cognitive performance.展开更多
This study examined whether prolonged residence in the Antarctica had a significant impact on cognitive performance. Participants were members of the 24th and 25th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions. Cogn...This study examined whether prolonged residence in the Antarctica had a significant impact on cognitive performance. Participants were members of the 24th and 25th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions. Cognitive performance was measured with tests designed to evaluate short-term recognition, memory search and spatial cognition, measured four times： January, March, April, and June 2010. Age was controlled as a covariate, and data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. The results revealed that subjects＇ short-term memory and recognition ability remained stable, while 82% of team members exhibited improved scores on a spatial cognitive ability test. These findings have important implications for furthering our understanding of cognitive functioning in extreme environments.展开更多
Zazen is one of several meditation technics that pretends to reach calmness,reducing interference,and controlling awareness practiced by many people in the world.Zazen practitioners claim that a natural sense of wellb...Zazen is one of several meditation technics that pretends to reach calmness,reducing interference,and controlling awareness practiced by many people in the world.Zazen practitioners claim that a natural sense of wellbeing,spontaneous joy and self-fulfilling is achieved with its practice.Neuroscientific evidence shows that important modifications in the neuronal electric activity with compromise of several brain structures has been observed,especially those that are involved in modulation of attention.Our laboratory was interested to study the possible behavioural effects of a short time zazen practice to a group of secondary students of public or private high schools,with no previous training in any meditation technics.Two groups,15–17 years old coursing the 4th or 5th year of their secondary study,one receiving zazen training(n=31),and the other one recreation activities(n=45)were selected.All subjects were tested with the Tower of London,Tower of Hanoi,Wisconsin Card Sorting and Stroop test to evaluate the cognitive abilities,at the beginning of the experiment(t0)and at the end of the experiment(t1,about 3 months later).Results showed that in the Tower of London and Tower of Hanoi,zazen group displayed significant less movements to solve the task,compared to Control.No differences were found between both groups in solving the Wisconsin Card Sorting test,but in the Stroop test zazen group was superior to Control in making significant less mistakes during solving the task.Results are compatible with a positive effect of zazen training in behavioural abilities of attention and planning strategies in secondary students.展开更多
Egg rejection is the most effective and widespread defense used by host species to counteract the extreme fitness costs frequently imposed by obligate avian brood parasites.Yet,the proximate mechanisms underlying betw...Egg rejection is the most effective and widespread defense used by host species to counteract the extreme fitness costs frequently imposed by obligate avian brood parasites.Yet,the proximate mechanisms underlying between-and within-individual variation in host responses remain poorly explored.Emerging evidence suggests that egg rejection is dependent on individual physiological states,and draws attention to the role of hormones as mediators of flexible antiparasitic responses.In this perspective article,I outline recent advances in our understanding of the proximate factors that mediate egg rejection.I also point out some areas where knowledge remains still lacking,especially those related to the development and maintenance of effective cognitive functions,the potential role of oxidative stress,immunological state,and developmental stressors.I propose new hypotheses that stimulate future research on behavioral host responses toward brood parasitism.展开更多
Introduction: Sleep is critical to human physiological function, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation. Healthcare personnel, especially physicians, are chronically exposed to long working hours, which are o...Introduction: Sleep is critical to human physiological function, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation. Healthcare personnel, especially physicians, are chronically exposed to long working hours, which are often accompanied by decreased sleep time. Clinical evidence indicates that these conditions affect their cognitive function and professional practice, but researchers in the field have not sufficiently explored the possible effects of reductions in sleep time on social cognition. Objective: The aim of this is to further explore the effects of sleep restriction among medical residents, the specific impairments in social cognition that it produces, and the effects of a sleep hygiene orientation on those impairments. Method: There were 124 medical residents (50 males, 74 females) who completed a daily sleep/work log, a battery of sleep tests/questionnaires, and neuropsychological evaluations. The participants then received a short course (8 hours) on basic concepts of sleep hygiene and sleep psychoeducation. Once the course was completed, participants filled out the questionnaires again. Results: The results indicate that sleep disturbances in medical residents were associated with severe neurocognitive and social cognition impairments. After the sleep hygiene intervention, neuropsychological function and sleep parameters improved, awareness increased, and social cognition performance significantly improved. Conclusion: Using sleep psychoeducation and sleep hygiene intervention in medical residents is a simple strategy to mitigate the effects of sleep restriction.展开更多
This paper examines the influence of the thermal and lighting performance in classrooms on the cognitive productivity of students attending public schools in the principal three cities of Colombia:Bogota,Medellin and ...This paper examines the influence of the thermal and lighting performance in classrooms on the cognitive productivity of students attending public schools in the principal three cities of Colombia:Bogota,Medellin and Cali.The methodology used involves the application of cognitive performance tests and thermal and visual perception surveys,along with measurements of climatic parameters in 34 classrooms of 14 schools in 2017 and 2018.The results were analyzed using transversal correlational regressions.Among the conclusions,this study found that the operative temperature turned out to be the most conclusive variable explaining cognitive performance relationships.展开更多
Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effect of a beginner martial art class and aerobic exercise on executive function(EF)in college-aged young adults.There is overwhelming evidence that demon...Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effect of a beginner martial art class and aerobic exercise on executive function(EF)in college-aged young adults.There is overwhelming evidence that demonstrates acute as well as long-term aerobic exercise improves EF.Nevertheless,there is limited research comparing externally paced exercise(EPE)to self-paced exercise(SPE)such as walking on improving EF.EPE requires greater cortical demand than SPE to execute a motor plan.Methods Eight men and eight women,aged 24.2±2.8 years,participated in a Repeated Measures Crossover Design.Pre-and post-testing of EF with the Stroop and Tower of London(ToL)and stress level were measured after each of the two 1-h conditions:the SPE consisted of a walk(aerobic exercise)and the EPE was a beginner martial art class.Results There were significant main effects for the martial art class for the Stroop’s mean reaction time for congruent trials(P=0.01)with a large-effect size.The mean reaction time for incongruent trials was significant(P=0.05)with a medium-effect size.The ToL’s mean solution time(P=0.003)and mean execution time(P=0.002)were also significant with large-effect sizes.Stress levels were not significantly improved following either condition.Conclusion The martial art class significantly improved all the major domains of EF,while aerobic exercise of a similar intensity did not demonstrate any measured significant changes.The physiological benefits of physical exercise are well documented;however,the cognitive enhancing capability of EPE should also be appreciated given the results of this study.展开更多
基金supported by the NIHR Exeter Health Biomedical Research Centre.The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS,the NIHR or the Department of Health.Johnny Collett is supported NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical research centre。
文摘Objectives To assess the feasibility of methods and estimate the potential effect of interrupting sedentary behaviour,with intermittent or continuous physical activity breaks,on cognitive performance in young people with Cerebral Palsy.Methods A randomised three-arm exposure response cross-over design with process evaluation.Participants were recruited throughout the Thames Valley,UK between 01/11/2018 to 31/03/2020.The three 2 h activity exposure visits included:(i)sitting only(controls),(ii)sitting plus 20 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity burst,or(iii)4×5 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity bursts,during a 2.5 h sedentary session.Measures of feasibility were sought.Cognitive performance outcomes(using the Eriksen Flanker task and Forward and Backward Digit Span)were delivered before and after the 2 h testing period.Results 36 participants were randomised(age 13.2±2.7,Gross-Motor Functional Classification System 1–3).Study retention was 83%across all three interventions and overall missing data for measures was 4%.A small intervention effect was found in reaction time in the 4×5 min physical activity exposure session compared to the sedentary control condition(0.42;95%CI 0.40 to 0.79).There were two research-related minor adverse effects,an allergic reaction to the FreeStyle Libre and feeling faint and vomiting after consumption of glucose solution.Both events were resolved and participants continued with the study.Conclusions The study design and intervention implementing short bursts of physical activity was feasible and indicated a potential effect on reaction time as a measure of cognitive performance in young people with cerebral palsy.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71071032,71271053)
文摘Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.
基金supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(R01DK109316,principle investigator:ASL)by the College of Arts,Media,and Design,Bouve College of Health Sciences at Northeastern University,Boston,MA,USA。
文摘Background:Active video games are a new method for increasing physical activity(PA).Fully immersive virtual reality(VR)is a hardware device on which an active video game can run.Active(video games in)VR(AVR),might increase immersion,game engagement,and moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),thereby yielding greater exercise-related benefits,e.g.,cognitive performance.Methods:We examined the induction of MVPA via an AVR and a sedentary VR(SVR)as well as the effects of VR play on cognitive performance,which was monitored using 2 different methods.Each of 29 sedentary college students attended three 20-min laboratory sessions(AVR,SVR,or control)in a randomized order;during the control session,they sat quietly doing nothing.A fully immersive headset was used for the 2 video game sessions.We monitored and computed participants’PA using hip-wom accelerometers(wGT3 x-bt;ActiGraph,Pensacola,FL,USA)and a heart rate band(Polar H7;Polar,Kempele,Finland).After each session,the participants completed a mnemonic similarity test(MST)to measure recognition memory.They also filled out a motion sickness questionnaire and an abbreviated game experience questionnaire.Results:The AVR session induced a significantly greater heart rate and more time spent in MVPA than did either of the other 2 sessions regardless of the PA monitoring method.AVR elicited greater game experience questionnaire-assessed sensory and imaginative immersion,challenge,and positive affect than did SVR.The mnemonic similarity test recognition score was marginally higher post-AVR session than it was post-SVR session.Conclusion:AVR elicited MVPA without a significant increase in motion sickness and induced a better game experience and better borderline cognitive performance than did SVR.
文摘Hyperthermia-induced decline in cognitive performance is a moderate complication that poses challenges to the maintenance of safety. Although the underlying mechanism can be attributed to the disruption of brain networks, the propensity remains unclear. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the extent of the alterations in cognitive performance is governed by the activity of deep brain structures, including monoaminergic neural systems. A decline in cognitive performance during mild hyperthermia and the beneficial effects of neck cooling were demonstrated using the Continuous Performance Test as a battery of cognitive tasks. Aspects of cognitive performance were characterized using the deep-brain activity (DBA) index as a neural activity parameter and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to assess the extent of alterations in cognitive performance as an individual measure. It was found that a higher average DBA index during tasks is essential for high cognitive performance in the heat. This beneficial effect of DBA is governed by the upper brainstem. This DBA benefit is more significant for individuals with higher average DBA indices at rest in a normal environment. Individual differences in cognitive performance in the heat are governed by differences in DBA. In addition, the beneficial effect of DBA on cognitive performance in heat only applies under conditions including neck cooling. This limited neck-cooling effect is attributed to anti-homeostatic thermoregulatory responses to cognitive tasks regulated by DBA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72374118,72304165,72204136)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.L243005)the assistance provided by the State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Technology and Equipment,China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd.(No.K-A2021.402).
文摘When sudden disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis culminate in the outage of control systems in nuclear power plants,the operators may be exposed to extremely hot-humid environmental conditions while still facing demanding cognitive tasks.To investigate how their cognitive performance is related to their heart rate variability(HRV),we exposed nuclear power plant operators to four high temperature and humidity environments and measured their HRV during seven different cognitive tasks for 30 min.Generalized linear mixed-effects models(GLMMs)are used to analyze the relationship between HRV and operators'cognitive performance.Studies have shown that all indicators of HRV have a significant impact on the cognitive ability of operators.In both the low frequency(LF)and high frequency(HF),especially in the very low frequency(VLF)domain,HRV significantly correlates with the operator's cognition.Although the cognitive performance aggravates slightly within 30 min,increasing the humidity under fixed high temperatures does not exhibit an overall effect on cognitive performance.Henceforth,this study provides a guidance for safety limits of the operator's working duration.Moreover,VLF,LF,and HF domains might be potential physiological indicators to monitor the cognitive ability of operators.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52278132 and 51978661).
文摘Experimental evidence suggests that high temperatures affect cognitive performance;however,there are limited quantitative models available to evaluate or predict this effect.In previous studies,the authors proposed a thermal stress comprehensive index(TSCI),which reflects the coupling of physiological and psychological parameters.Based on this,a comprehensive model of thermal stress and cognitive performance(TSCI-CP model)under high-temperature conditions was established,and its rationality for moderate activity intensity tasks was verified.The present study further investigated the applicability of the TSCI-CP model for low activity intensity tasks.By integrating experimental data from a series of climate chamber experiments conducted at five temperatures(26,30,33,37,and 39℃)and two humidity levels(50%and 70%),the relationship between physiological and psychological parameters and the cognitive performance of 104 subjects at a low-activity level(sitting)was analyzed.Subsequently,the TSCI-CP model for low activity intensity tasks was established.The results of the goodness of fit and deviation analysis confirmed the validity of the model.Based on the TSCI-CP model,a new perspective on the relationship between thermal stress and cognitive performance under high-temperature conditions was proposed:the speed of cognitive tests exhibited a U-shaped trend,while the accuracy followed an inverted U-shaped trend.This study offers a theoretical foundation for ensuring the safety and security of low activity workers in high-temperature environments.
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang University Education Foundation Global Partnership Fund(to CZY)the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province(No.2020E10004).
文摘Background:Previous studies have reported associations of specific maternal and paternal lifestyle factors with offspring’s cognitive development during early childhood.This study aimed to investigate the prospective associations between overall parental lifestyle and offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and young adulthood in China.Methods:We included 2531 adolescents aged 10-15 years at baseline in 2010 from the China Family Panel Studies.A healthy parental lifestyle score(ranged 0-5)was constructed based on the following five modifiable lifestyle factors:Smoking,drinking,exercise,sleep,and diet.Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the association between baseline parental healthy lifestyle scores and offspring’s fluid and crystallized intelligence in subsequent years(2012,2014,2016,and 2018).Results:Offspring in the top tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores performed better in overall fluid intelligence(multivariable-adjusted β=0.53,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.29-0.77)and overall crystallized intelligence(multivariable-adjusted β=0.35,95%CI:0.16-0.54)than those in the bottom tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores.The results were similar after further adjustment for the offspring’s healthy lifestyle scores and persisted across the subgroups of parental socioeconomic status.Additionally,maternal and paternal healthy lifestyle scores were independently associated with better offspring’s cognitive performance,with significant contribution observed for paternal never-smoking,weekly exercise,and diversified diet.When both parents and offspring adhered to a healthier lifestyle,we observed the highest level of the offspring’s overall crystallized intelligence.Conclusions:Our study indicates that parental adherence to a healthier lifestyle is associated with significantly better offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and early adulthood,regardless of socioeconomic status.These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of promoting healthy lifestyles among parents of adolescents.
基金supported by a grant from University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences for the research expenses.
文摘Background Schizophrenia is characterised by pervasive cognitive deficits that significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life.Pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy in addressing these deficits,highlighting the need for adjunctive interventions like computerised cognitive training(CCT).Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 30-session CCT programme on mental well-being and cognitive performance in individuals with schizophrenia.Additionally,it assessed the usability and acceptability of CCT in this population.Methods A double-blind,randomised clinical trial was conducted with 54 participants assigned to intervention and control groups.Cognitive and mental health outcomes were assessed using validated tools such as the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21,the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.Usability was measured with the System Usability Scale(SUS).Assessments were conducted at baseline,post-intervention and 3 months post-follow-up.Results The CCT intervention significantly improved mental well-being,reduced stress and enhanced working memory(paired associate learning,spatial working memory and spatial span)compared with controls.However,no significant effects were observed for anxiety,depression or executive function.Usability scores were high(SUS=83.51),and compliance rates were strong(92.7%),indicating favourable participant engagement.Conclusion CCT demonstrated potential as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia,with significant improvements in targeted cognitive and mental health domains.The high usability and compliance rates support its feasibility for broader implementation.Further research is needed to optimise protocols and explore long-term benefits.CCT offers a promising approach to addressing mental health and cognitive challenges in schizophrenia,particularly for stress and working memory.Its usability and acceptability suggest it could be seamlessly integrated into clinical practice.
基金supported partly by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China(82171570).
文摘Background and Objectives:Few studies have investigated the effects of dietary theobromine intake on the cognitive performance of older adults.Therefore,we investigated these effects in older adults in the United States.Methods and Study Design:In this cross-sectional study,we used data(2011-2014)from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Intake of theobromine intake was obtained through two 24-h dietary recall interviews and was adjusted by energy.Cognitive performance was assessed using the animal fluency test,Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word Learning subtest(CERAD),and Digit Symbol Substitution Test(DSST).Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were constructed to evaluate the correlation between the dietary intake of theobromine from different sources and the likelihood of low cognitive performance.Results:The fully adjusted model revealed that compared with the lowest quintile,the odds ratios(with 95%confidence intervals)of cognitive performance in the CERAD test were 0.42(0.28-0.64),0.34(0.14-0.83),0.25(0.07-0.87),and 0.35(0.13-0.95)for the highest quintile of total theobromine intake and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream,respectively.Dose-response relationship analysis indicated nonlinear correlations between the likelihood of low cognitive performance and dietary theobromine(total intake and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream).An L-shaped relationship was observed between total theobromine intake and cognitive performance in the CERAD test.Conclusions:The dietary intakes of theobromine(total and that from chocolate,coffee,and cream)may protect older adults,particularly men,against low cognitive performance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities by Ministry of Educationthe Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration,SOA
文摘This study examined whether prolonged residence in the Antarctica had a significant impact on cognitive performance. Participants were members of the 24th and 25th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions. Cognitive performance was measured with tests designed to evaluate short-term recognition, memory search and spatial cognition, measured four times： January, March, April, and June 2010. Age was controlled as a covariate, and data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. The results revealed that subjects＇ short-term memory and recognition ability remained stable, while 82% of team members exhibited improved scores on a spatial cognitive ability test. These findings have important implications for furthering our understanding of cognitive functioning in extreme environments.
文摘Zazen is one of several meditation technics that pretends to reach calmness,reducing interference,and controlling awareness practiced by many people in the world.Zazen practitioners claim that a natural sense of wellbeing,spontaneous joy and self-fulfilling is achieved with its practice.Neuroscientific evidence shows that important modifications in the neuronal electric activity with compromise of several brain structures has been observed,especially those that are involved in modulation of attention.Our laboratory was interested to study the possible behavioural effects of a short time zazen practice to a group of secondary students of public or private high schools,with no previous training in any meditation technics.Two groups,15–17 years old coursing the 4th or 5th year of their secondary study,one receiving zazen training(n=31),and the other one recreation activities(n=45)were selected.All subjects were tested with the Tower of London,Tower of Hanoi,Wisconsin Card Sorting and Stroop test to evaluate the cognitive abilities,at the beginning of the experiment(t0)and at the end of the experiment(t1,about 3 months later).Results showed that in the Tower of London and Tower of Hanoi,zazen group displayed significant less movements to solve the task,compared to Control.No differences were found between both groups in solving the Wisconsin Card Sorting test,but in the Stroop test zazen group was superior to Control in making significant less mistakes during solving the task.Results are compatible with a positive effect of zazen training in behavioural abilities of attention and planning strategies in secondary students.
基金supported by the Spanish MINECO’s Juan de la Cierva-Formaci/En programme(grant FJC2018-037157-I).
文摘Egg rejection is the most effective and widespread defense used by host species to counteract the extreme fitness costs frequently imposed by obligate avian brood parasites.Yet,the proximate mechanisms underlying between-and within-individual variation in host responses remain poorly explored.Emerging evidence suggests that egg rejection is dependent on individual physiological states,and draws attention to the role of hormones as mediators of flexible antiparasitic responses.In this perspective article,I outline recent advances in our understanding of the proximate factors that mediate egg rejection.I also point out some areas where knowledge remains still lacking,especially those related to the development and maintenance of effective cognitive functions,the potential role of oxidative stress,immunological state,and developmental stressors.I propose new hypotheses that stimulate future research on behavioral host responses toward brood parasitism.
文摘Introduction: Sleep is critical to human physiological function, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation. Healthcare personnel, especially physicians, are chronically exposed to long working hours, which are often accompanied by decreased sleep time. Clinical evidence indicates that these conditions affect their cognitive function and professional practice, but researchers in the field have not sufficiently explored the possible effects of reductions in sleep time on social cognition. Objective: The aim of this is to further explore the effects of sleep restriction among medical residents, the specific impairments in social cognition that it produces, and the effects of a sleep hygiene orientation on those impairments. Method: There were 124 medical residents (50 males, 74 females) who completed a daily sleep/work log, a battery of sleep tests/questionnaires, and neuropsychological evaluations. The participants then received a short course (8 hours) on basic concepts of sleep hygiene and sleep psychoeducation. Once the course was completed, participants filled out the questionnaires again. Results: The results indicate that sleep disturbances in medical residents were associated with severe neurocognitive and social cognition impairments. After the sleep hygiene intervention, neuropsychological function and sleep parameters improved, awareness increased, and social cognition performance significantly improved. Conclusion: Using sleep psychoeducation and sleep hygiene intervention in medical residents is a simple strategy to mitigate the effects of sleep restriction.
文摘This paper examines the influence of the thermal and lighting performance in classrooms on the cognitive productivity of students attending public schools in the principal three cities of Colombia:Bogota,Medellin and Cali.The methodology used involves the application of cognitive performance tests and thermal and visual perception surveys,along with measurements of climatic parameters in 34 classrooms of 14 schools in 2017 and 2018.The results were analyzed using transversal correlational regressions.Among the conclusions,this study found that the operative temperature turned out to be the most conclusive variable explaining cognitive performance relationships.
文摘Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effect of a beginner martial art class and aerobic exercise on executive function(EF)in college-aged young adults.There is overwhelming evidence that demonstrates acute as well as long-term aerobic exercise improves EF.Nevertheless,there is limited research comparing externally paced exercise(EPE)to self-paced exercise(SPE)such as walking on improving EF.EPE requires greater cortical demand than SPE to execute a motor plan.Methods Eight men and eight women,aged 24.2±2.8 years,participated in a Repeated Measures Crossover Design.Pre-and post-testing of EF with the Stroop and Tower of London(ToL)and stress level were measured after each of the two 1-h conditions:the SPE consisted of a walk(aerobic exercise)and the EPE was a beginner martial art class.Results There were significant main effects for the martial art class for the Stroop’s mean reaction time for congruent trials(P=0.01)with a large-effect size.The mean reaction time for incongruent trials was significant(P=0.05)with a medium-effect size.The ToL’s mean solution time(P=0.003)and mean execution time(P=0.002)were also significant with large-effect sizes.Stress levels were not significantly improved following either condition.Conclusion The martial art class significantly improved all the major domains of EF,while aerobic exercise of a similar intensity did not demonstrate any measured significant changes.The physiological benefits of physical exercise are well documented;however,the cognitive enhancing capability of EPE should also be appreciated given the results of this study.
