On April 12,a 200-kilogram shipment of fresh coconuts departed from Jakarta,Indonesia,bound for Changle Airport in Fuzhou,southeast China’s Fujian Province.After customs inspection,the coconuts were promptly transpor...On April 12,a 200-kilogram shipment of fresh coconuts departed from Jakarta,Indonesia,bound for Changle Airport in Fuzhou,southeast China’s Fujian Province.After customs inspection,the coconuts were promptly transported to the Yuanhong Investment Zone,the Chinese side of the China-Indonesia“Two Countries,Twin Parks”project.展开更多
A field trial to evaluate the growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa intercropped with coconut was conducted in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria(CRIN)Headquarters,Idi-Ayunre,Ibadan,Oyo State between 2019 and 2022.Ther...A field trial to evaluate the growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa intercropped with coconut was conducted in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria(CRIN)Headquarters,Idi-Ayunre,Ibadan,Oyo State between 2019 and 2022.There were four treatments comprising of cocoa sole,cocoa/plantain,cocoa/coconut and cocoa/coconut/plantain intercrop.The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block(RCB)replicated three times.Result obtained showed that cocoa/plantain was significantly higher(p<0.05)than all other treatments in all parameters considered and closely followed by cocoa/coconut,then cocoa sole with cocoa/plantain/coconut giving the least performance.The same trend was observed in the nutrient uptake.It was also observed in the trial that the two crops:cocoa and coconut did not show any deleterious effect on their growth when intercropped together.This showed that the two crops are compatible when grown on the same piece of land.Therefore,cocoa/coconut intercrop could be recommended to cocoa farmers in south west Nigeria to increase their revenue generation when coconut starts bearing fruit instead of sole planting of cocoa.展开更多
Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigest...Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.展开更多
Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.)is a key tropical economic tree valued for its fruit flavor,particularly 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2AP),a vital aroma metabolite.To enhance high-aromatic coconut breeding efforts,it is essential t...Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.)is a key tropical economic tree valued for its fruit flavor,particularly 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2AP),a vital aroma metabolite.To enhance high-aromatic coconut breeding efforts,it is essential to deeply understand the hereditary factors governing the production of 2AP.In this study,a genome-wide association analysis identifies 32 loci that exhibit significant associations with 2AP content based on single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)variations from 168 aromatic coconut germplasm resources.Transcriptome analysis then pinpoints 22 candidate genes near significant loci involved in 2AP metabolism.Proteins encoded by these genes are involved in amino acid metabolism,glycolysis,and secondary metabolism.Among these,Asparagine synthetase coding gene ASN1,Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase coding gene GSH1,and UbiA prenyltransferase coding gene UBIA are enriched in the linkage region constructed by significant locus Chr04_61490504.In particular,the SNP mutation of CnASN1 leads to amino acid changes in the functional region of the coding protein,potentially resulting in differences in 2AP content among haplotype populations.Identifying variations in related candidate genes,particularly the gene CnASN1,provides molecular markers closely associated with 2AP synthesis for coconut breeding and offers further insights into the metabolic mechanisms of 2AP.展开更多
Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydro...Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydrophilic properties influence the overall performance characteristics.Incorporating virgin coconut oil(VCO)and monoglyceride as hydrophobic components can improve mechanical properties and reduce permeability while increasing the hydrophobicity of the composite.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effect of adding VCO and monoglyceride on EFY starch-nanocrystalline film at 3 and 5 wt%concentrations.Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties,water vapor transmission rate(WVTR),morphology,functional groups,biodegradability,and hydrophobicity.The results showed that the addition of 5 wt%monoglyceride produced optimum outcomes by reducing the WVTR to 3.99 g.m^(−2).h^(−1),increasing the thickness to 0.134 mm and decreasing the solubility to 36.04%.The Universal Testing Machine(UTM)tests showed an elongation of 74.59%,showing excellent elasticity.The Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)test showed the bonds formed with starch granules,leading to a flatter surface.The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)test also showed an increase in the wavelength of the C=O groups and a decrease in the O-H groups.The contact angle test processed using image-J showed high hydrophobicity,consequently reducing the biodegradability of bionanocomposite film by the Aspergillus niger fungal degradation test.In conclusion,this study successfully developed bionanocomposite film with enhanced hydrophobicity,elasticity,and barrier properties,highly suitable for protecting food from humid air.The composite holds great potential for further development as an environmentally friendly packaging solution.展开更多
The researches on coconut germplasm resource of Hainan Province and its importance were reviewed in this study.The classification and characters of coconut germplasm resource in Hainan Province,as well as its developm...The researches on coconut germplasm resource of Hainan Province and its importance were reviewed in this study.The classification and characters of coconut germplasm resource in Hainan Province,as well as its development and utilization of were summarized.In addition,some of the problems in researches on coconut germplasm resource and the potential research directions were discussed.展开更多
Background: The synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract is a common drink in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It is assumed to have various health benefits. Howe...Background: The synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract is a common drink in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It is assumed to have various health benefits. However, the synergistic mixture of the content has not been studied scientifically, hence the need to evaluate its effect on the liver and kidney being part of the body’s metabolic organs. Aim: This study evaluated the synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract in male albino rats. Methods: Acute toxicity LD<sub>50</sub> of STCD was carried out, afterwards, fifteen male albino rats were grouped into three groups with 5 rats in each group;Control, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg STCD. The rats were administered STCD orally 24 hourly, for 21 days, with feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of the liver and kidney biomarkers, while the liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological examination using standard laboratory methods. Descriptive statistics were computed and expressed as Mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA and Turkeys test was performed. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Acute toxicity LD50 of STCD was observed to be ≥2404.2 mg/kg body weight. An increase in the percentage body weight difference of 8.39% and 2.86% was observed for 200 and 400 mg/kg STCD groups. Also, the liver weight was observed to increase in 400 mg/kg (3.92 ± 1.42) in comparison to the control group (3.48 ± 1.61), a decrease in the kidney weight was observed in all groups administered STCD in comparison to the control group. Administration of STCD at both 200 and 400 mg/kg revealed a decrease in the concentration of the hepatic biomarkers AST, ALT, ALP, TP, Albumin, Total and conjugated bilirubin. The kidney biomarker Urea was observed to decrease in concentration for 200 mg/kg STCD (4.60 ± 1.83) and 400 mg/kg STCD (4.76 ± 0.74) when compared to the control group (6.32 ± 2.74). A decrease in Creatinine was observed in 200 mg/kg (91.80 ± 34.69) and 400 mg/kg (98.60 ± 15.53) in comparison to the control group (117.60 ± 42.88). The histological examination of the liver of rats administered STCD revealed structural normal central vein, hepatocytes and portal tract. The kidney examination revealed normal glomeruli and normal tubule. Conclusion: The findings of this study opine that STCD improved the health of both the liver and kidney as evidenced via the biomarkers and histological examinations of the liver and kidney. This study therefore recommends the intake of STCD at moderate doses for improved liver and kidney function due to its bioactive compounds and nutritional content.展开更多
Activated carbon （AC） derived from waste coconut buttons （CB） was investigated as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb（II）, Hg（II） and Cu（II） from industrial effluents through ...Activated carbon （AC） derived from waste coconut buttons （CB） was investigated as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb（II）, Hg（II） and Cu（II） from industrial effluents through batch adsorption process. The AC was characterized by elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diflraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric and diflerential thermal analysis, surface area analyzer and potentiometric titrations. The eflects of initial metal concentration, contact time, pH and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of metal ions were studied. The adsorbent revealed a good adsorption potential for Pb（II） and Cu（II） at pH 6.0 and for Hg（II） at pH 7.0. The experimental kinetic data were a better fit with pseudo second-order equation rather than pseudo first-order equation. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be more suitable to represent the experimental equilibrium isotherm results for the three metals than the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacities of the AC decreased in the order： Pb（II） Hg（II） Cu（II）.展开更多
Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kern...Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kernel,coconut cake,coconut toddy,coconut shell and wood based products,coconut leaves,coir pith etc.Its all parts are used in someway or another in the daily life of the people in the traditional coconut growing areas.It is the unique source of various natural products for the development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender coconut water have numerous medicinal properties such as antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral, antiparasitic,antidermatophytic,antioxidant,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective,immunostimulant. Coconut water and coconut kernel contain microminerals and nutrients,which are essential to human health,and hence coconut is used as food by the peoples in the globe,mainly in the tropical countries.The coconut palm is,therefore,eulogised as ’Kalpavriksha’(the all giving tree) in Indian classics,and thus the current review describes the facts and phenomena related to its use in health and disease prevention.展开更多
Permeation of Cu（Ⅱ） from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane （SLM） containing di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid （D2EHPA） carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of C...Permeation of Cu（Ⅱ） from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane （SLM） containing di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid （D2EHPA） carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu（Ⅱ）, pH （in feed）, H2SO4 （stripping） and D2EHPA （in membrane） concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconut oil has also been evaluated. High Cu（Ⅱ） concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10^-9 to 8.9 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s） within the Cu（Ⅱ） concentration range 7.8×10^-4-78.6×10^-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s）. The optimum conditions for Cu（Ⅱ） transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA （membrane） in 0.5 μm pore size polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） membrane. It has been observed that Cu（Ⅱ） flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu（Ⅱ）.展开更多
In this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera) interplanted with pineapple (Ananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass prod...In this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera) interplanted with pineapple (Ananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass productivity of this ecosystem was 47 460 kg...hm2...a?1, which was 4.3 times as much as that of pure coconut plantation. In the biological cycling of N, P. K elements, the total annual retention was 559.470 kg...hm?2, the annual return was 410.745 kg...hm?2, the annual uptake was 970.475 kg...hm?2, respectively. The average circulation rate in three nutrient elements (N, P, K) was 42.32%, which was 27.53% more than that in pure coconut stands. Coconut interplanted with pineapple was proved to be one of optimum cultural patterns, which had the higher biomass productivity, and better usage efficiency of environment resources in tropical areas.展开更多
The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions conta...The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing coconut oil was investigated. Coconut oil nanoemulsions containing varied amounts of surfactants including polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether(PGO), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate(POS), polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil(PHC), sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and poloxamer 407(PLX) were formulated and comparatively evaluated for their physical properties. The results showed that the coconut oil nanoemulsions using PGO, POS and PHC as surfactants exhibited low percent creaming index indicating excellent stability, while those containing SLS and PLX demonstrated the higher percent creaming index suggesting lesser physical stability. The droplet sizes of nanoemulsions consisting of 5%(w/w) PGO, POS and PHC were 22.843, 4.458 and 0.162 μm, respectively. Thus, coconut oil nanoemulsions with the smallest size could be obtained when PHC was applied. Furthermore, the droplet size of nanoemulsions decreased from 33 μm to less than 200 nm with an increase in the amount of PHC from 1% to 10%(w/w). Additionally, the properties of coconut oil based nanoemulsions containing PHC were not changed through temperature cycling test. From these results, it was suggested that the fabrication of stable coconut oil nanoemulsions with small particle size could be easily achieved by using 5%(w/w) PHC as a surfactant. The knowledge gained from the study might provide the basic guideline for the fabrication of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the future.展开更多
Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g...Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g of body weight) for 3 subsequent weeks.Systolic blootl pressure was measured every three days using the indirect tail cuff method.At the end of the experimental period,plasma glucose and insulin,serum triglycerides and free fatly acids, lipid peroxidation markers(MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in all the groups.Results:Treatment with TCW significandy lowered the systolic blood pressure and reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids.Plasma glucose and insulin levels and lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were significantly reduced in fructose fed rats treated with TCW.Activities of antioxidant enzymes are up regulated significantly in TCW treated rats.Hislopathological analysis of liver showed that TCW treatment reduced the lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration without any significant hepatocellular damage.Conclusions:The overall results suggest that, TCW treatment could prevent and reverse high blood pressure induced by high fructose diet probably by inhibition of lipid peroxidation,upregulation of antioxidant status and improved insulin sensitivity.展开更多
In present study,we report the preparation of coconut shell activated carbon as adsorbent and its appli-cation for Bi(Ⅲ) removal from aqueous solutions.The developed adsorbent was characterized with scanning elec-tro...In present study,we report the preparation of coconut shell activated carbon as adsorbent and its appli-cation for Bi(Ⅲ) removal from aqueous solutions.The developed adsorbent was characterized with scanning elec-tron microscope(SEM),Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR),C,H,N,S analyzer,and BET surface area analyzer.The parameters examined include agitation time,initial concentration of Bi(Ⅲ),adsorbent dose and temperature.The maximum adsorption of Bi(Ⅲ)(98.72%) was observed at 250 mg·L-1 of Bi(Ⅲ) and adsorbent dose of 0.7 g when agitation was at 160 r·min-1 for 240 min at(299±2) K.The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb's free energy(△Gθ),enthalpy(△Hθ) and entropy(△Sθ) were evaluated.For the isotherm models applied to adsorption study,the Langmuir isotherm model fits better than the Freundlich isotherm.The maximum adsorption capacity from the Langmuir isotherm was 54.35 mg?g?1 of Bi(Ⅲ).The kinetic study of the adsorption shows that the pseudo second order model is more appropriate than the pseudo first order model.The result shows that,coconut shell ac-tivated carbon is an effective adsorbent to remove Bi(Ⅲ) from aqueous solutions with good adsorption capacity.展开更多
The feasibility of durian tree sawdust (DTS), coconut coir (CC) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as low-cost biosorbents for the removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. T...The feasibility of durian tree sawdust (DTS), coconut coir (CC) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as low-cost biosorbents for the removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The effects of solution pH and initial metal concentration on adsorption capacity were examined in batch experiments. The affinity and the adsorption capacity of DTS, CC and EFB were evaluated. The adsorption behaviour of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions onto DTS, CC and EFB was described using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The separation factor (RL) analysis suggests that the removal of metal ions onto three agricultural wastes studied was favourable. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q) estimated from the Langmuir isotherm model for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) were 18.42, 20.37 and 22.78 mg/g for DTS, 18.38, 37.04 and 24.39 mg/g for CC, and 26.95, 37.59 and 21.19 mg/g for EFB, respectively. The characterisation studies were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The surface morphology of the biosorbents changed significantly following interaction with metal ions. The primary adsorption mechanism was complexation between metal ions and binding sites of biosorbents. Both hydroxyl and amine groups are the main binding sites in DTS, CC and EFB.展开更多
A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, an...A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The SO_2 adsorption capacities and rates were evaluated by adsorption tests performed in a fixed bed reactor with a simulated flue gas, and the adsorption isotherm models were validated against the experimental results. The findings revealed that the SO_2 adsorption capacity decreased in the following order: MW-K_2Cr_2O_7-CAC > MWKMnO_4-CAC > MW-H_2O_2-CAC > MW-CAC. The SO_2 adsorption capacities and adsorption rates of the samples increased with an increasing oxidizability of the oxidants owing to the increment of mean pore size and oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, a high initial SO_2 concentration and a low bed temperature could positively affect the SO2 adsorption. Finally, the Langmuir model validated that SO_2 was mainly adsorbed through chemical adsorption on the sample surfaces.展开更多
Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been fo...Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been found to have antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities (2)According to the antimicrobial activity, the glyceride composition of MCO was determined.展开更多
Data centers are recognized as one of the most important aspects of the fourth industrial revolution since conventional data centers are inefficient and have dependency on high energy consumption,in which the cooling ...Data centers are recognized as one of the most important aspects of the fourth industrial revolution since conventional data centers are inefficient and have dependency on high energy consumption,in which the cooling is responsible for 40%of the usage.Therefore,this research proposes the immersion cooling method to solving the high energy consumption of data centers by cooling its component using two types of dielectric fluids.Four stages of experimentalmethods are used,such as fluid types,cooling effectiveness,optimization,and durability.Furthermore,benchmark software is used to measure the CPU maximum work with the temperature data performed for 24 h.The results of this study show that the immersion cooling reduces 13℃ lower temperature than the conventional cooling method which means it saves more energy consumption in the data center.The most optimum variable used to decrease the temperature is 1.5 lpm of flow rate and 800 rpm of fan rotation.Furthermore,the cooling performance of the dielectric fluids shows that the mineral oil(MO)is better than the virgin coconut oil(VCO).In durability experiment,there are no components damage after five months immersed in the fluid.展开更多
The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective o...The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective of this study was to examine the adsorption efficiency of phosphoric activated coconut coir activated carbon for lead (II) removal from an aqueous solution. Synthesized activated carbon was characterized before and after the adsorption of Pb(II) by powder X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) of synthesized activated carbon was tested with different concentrations of Pb(II) solutions, pH levels, adsorbent dosages, and contact time. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the Pb(II) concentrations in water samples. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage of 100% was obtained with 50 mL of 5 mg/L Pd(II) ion solution and 0.20 g of the synthesized activated carbon. Adsorption data were well fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics were fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.99. These results conclude that the synthesized activated carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for the removal of lead from wastewaters.展开更多
To study the mechanism by which activated carbon is modified by HNO3 and Mn(NO3)2,the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of carbon materials in coconut husk activated carbon(AC)were examined via scannin...To study the mechanism by which activated carbon is modified by HNO3 and Mn(NO3)2,the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of carbon materials in coconut husk activated carbon(AC)were examined via scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).After being modified by HNO3,the millipore character of AC became deformed,and the character of the adjacent pores remained consolidated.The surface manganites of Mn/AC-1 presented as block and reticular fiber structures,Mn/AC-2's surface manganites presented as petty mammock crystals,and Mn/AC-3's surface manganites were observed as gauze nanosheets that interlace to fill in the pore canal.Nitric acid modification was shown to enlarge surface pores but decrease the specific surface area of AC.Mn loading can be used to construct a new pore structure that,in turn,increased the total specific surface area as well as the specific surface area and the volume of the millipores.Mn/AC-2's pore structure was optimized at a calcination temperature of 500℃and a loading quantity of 5%.The ash content of AC was considerably reduced after modified by HNO3.The active materials for Mn/AC-1 mainly consisted of Mn3O4,with a few Mn2O3 crystals,whereas Mn/AC-2's materials were mainly Mn3O4 and some MnO crystals.Mn/AC-3 was exclusively composed of Mn3O4.HNO3 activation and Mn loading modification did not considerably affect the functional group species present on the catalyst.Modification conditions using the same loading quantities and higher calcination temperatures decreased the number of O—H and N—H bonds while conversely increasing the number of CC and C—O bonds.On the contrary,the use of a higher loading quantity while maintaining the same calcination temperature increased the number of O—H and N—H bonds.A higher loading quantity is beneficial for increasing Mn^4+species.A higher calcination temperature is beneficial for increasing Mn^3+species.The results can optimize the conditions under which Mn/AC catalyst modification occurs,thus improving the physical and chemical properties of carbon-based sorbents.展开更多
文摘On April 12,a 200-kilogram shipment of fresh coconuts departed from Jakarta,Indonesia,bound for Changle Airport in Fuzhou,southeast China’s Fujian Province.After customs inspection,the coconuts were promptly transported to the Yuanhong Investment Zone,the Chinese side of the China-Indonesia“Two Countries,Twin Parks”project.
文摘A field trial to evaluate the growth and nutrient uptake of cocoa intercropped with coconut was conducted in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria(CRIN)Headquarters,Idi-Ayunre,Ibadan,Oyo State between 2019 and 2022.There were four treatments comprising of cocoa sole,cocoa/plantain,cocoa/coconut and cocoa/coconut/plantain intercrop.The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block(RCB)replicated three times.Result obtained showed that cocoa/plantain was significantly higher(p<0.05)than all other treatments in all parameters considered and closely followed by cocoa/coconut,then cocoa sole with cocoa/plantain/coconut giving the least performance.The same trend was observed in the nutrient uptake.It was also observed in the trial that the two crops:cocoa and coconut did not show any deleterious effect on their growth when intercropped together.This showed that the two crops are compatible when grown on the same piece of land.Therefore,cocoa/coconut intercrop could be recommended to cocoa farmers in south west Nigeria to increase their revenue generation when coconut starts bearing fruit instead of sole planting of cocoa.
基金Universiti Putra Malaysia Inisiatif Putra Siswazah Grant,with a reference to UPM.RMC.800-2/1/2022/GPIPS/9740400Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia(01-01-20-2323FR,with reference code:FRGS/1/2020/STG01/UPM/02/2)for the financial support。
文摘Plant-based milks are on the rise due to an increased awareness of their sustainability and health benefits.Currently,dairy milk is the most nutritionally complete beverage,but it suffers from the presence of indigestible lactose and allergenic proteins.Coconut milk has been around for a long time,but its application is limited due to a perceived lack of specific nutrients,high saturated fat levels,and low acceptability.Recent evidence indicates,however,that the saturated fat and other plant-based components found in coconut milk are good for metabolic outcomes and brain health.The conversion of coconut milk to yoghurt will further improve its functionality by boosting its existing nutritional qualities.In this article,the nutritional value of coconut milk,as well as its potential downsides,its application as yoghurt,and suggestions for enhancing its nutritional functionality will be examined.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province(ZDKJ2021012)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071805)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2200700)。
文摘Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.)is a key tropical economic tree valued for its fruit flavor,particularly 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2AP),a vital aroma metabolite.To enhance high-aromatic coconut breeding efforts,it is essential to deeply understand the hereditary factors governing the production of 2AP.In this study,a genome-wide association analysis identifies 32 loci that exhibit significant associations with 2AP content based on single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)variations from 168 aromatic coconut germplasm resources.Transcriptome analysis then pinpoints 22 candidate genes near significant loci involved in 2AP metabolism.Proteins encoded by these genes are involved in amino acid metabolism,glycolysis,and secondary metabolism.Among these,Asparagine synthetase coding gene ASN1,Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase coding gene GSH1,and UbiA prenyltransferase coding gene UBIA are enriched in the linkage region constructed by significant locus Chr04_61490504.In particular,the SNP mutation of CnASN1 leads to amino acid changes in the functional region of the coding protein,potentially resulting in differences in 2AP content among haplotype populations.Identifying variations in related candidate genes,particularly the gene CnASN1,provides molecular markers closely associated with 2AP synthesis for coconut breeding and offers further insights into the metabolic mechanisms of 2AP.
基金funded by an Internal Research Grant of Universitas Padjadjaran,Bandung,Indonesia.
文摘Bionanocomposite film is produced from renewable and biodegradable natural resources.Although elephant foot yam(EFY)starch(Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)is a promising polymer for bionanocomposite film,the native hydrophilic properties influence the overall performance characteristics.Incorporating virgin coconut oil(VCO)and monoglyceride as hydrophobic components can improve mechanical properties and reduce permeability while increasing the hydrophobicity of the composite.Therefore,this study aimed to determine the effect of adding VCO and monoglyceride on EFY starch-nanocrystalline film at 3 and 5 wt%concentrations.Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties,water vapor transmission rate(WVTR),morphology,functional groups,biodegradability,and hydrophobicity.The results showed that the addition of 5 wt%monoglyceride produced optimum outcomes by reducing the WVTR to 3.99 g.m^(−2).h^(−1),increasing the thickness to 0.134 mm and decreasing the solubility to 36.04%.The Universal Testing Machine(UTM)tests showed an elongation of 74.59%,showing excellent elasticity.The Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)test showed the bonds formed with starch granules,leading to a flatter surface.The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)test also showed an increase in the wavelength of the C=O groups and a decrease in the O-H groups.The contact angle test processed using image-J showed high hydrophobicity,consequently reducing the biodegradability of bionanocomposite film by the Aspergillus niger fungal degradation test.In conclusion,this study successfully developed bionanocomposite film with enhanced hydrophobicity,elasticity,and barrier properties,highly suitable for protecting food from humid air.The composite holds great potential for further development as an environmentally friendly packaging solution.
基金Supported by the Sub-project of 211 Construction Project of Hainan University(HNDX21103)~~
文摘The researches on coconut germplasm resource of Hainan Province and its importance were reviewed in this study.The classification and characters of coconut germplasm resource in Hainan Province,as well as its development and utilization of were summarized.In addition,some of the problems in researches on coconut germplasm resource and the potential research directions were discussed.
文摘Background: The synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract is a common drink in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. It is assumed to have various health benefits. However, the synergistic mixture of the content has not been studied scientifically, hence the need to evaluate its effect on the liver and kidney being part of the body’s metabolic organs. Aim: This study evaluated the synergistic mixture of Cyperus esculentus, Phoenix dactylifera and Cocos nucifera (STCD) aqueous extract in male albino rats. Methods: Acute toxicity LD<sub>50</sub> of STCD was carried out, afterwards, fifteen male albino rats were grouped into three groups with 5 rats in each group;Control, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg STCD. The rats were administered STCD orally 24 hourly, for 21 days, with feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of the liver and kidney biomarkers, while the liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological examination using standard laboratory methods. Descriptive statistics were computed and expressed as Mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA and Turkeys test was performed. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Acute toxicity LD50 of STCD was observed to be ≥2404.2 mg/kg body weight. An increase in the percentage body weight difference of 8.39% and 2.86% was observed for 200 and 400 mg/kg STCD groups. Also, the liver weight was observed to increase in 400 mg/kg (3.92 ± 1.42) in comparison to the control group (3.48 ± 1.61), a decrease in the kidney weight was observed in all groups administered STCD in comparison to the control group. Administration of STCD at both 200 and 400 mg/kg revealed a decrease in the concentration of the hepatic biomarkers AST, ALT, ALP, TP, Albumin, Total and conjugated bilirubin. The kidney biomarker Urea was observed to decrease in concentration for 200 mg/kg STCD (4.60 ± 1.83) and 400 mg/kg STCD (4.76 ± 0.74) when compared to the control group (6.32 ± 2.74). A decrease in Creatinine was observed in 200 mg/kg (91.80 ± 34.69) and 400 mg/kg (98.60 ± 15.53) in comparison to the control group (117.60 ± 42.88). The histological examination of the liver of rats administered STCD revealed structural normal central vein, hepatocytes and portal tract. The kidney examination revealed normal glomeruli and normal tubule. Conclusion: The findings of this study opine that STCD improved the health of both the liver and kidney as evidenced via the biomarkers and histological examinations of the liver and kidney. This study therefore recommends the intake of STCD at moderate doses for improved liver and kidney function due to its bioactive compounds and nutritional content.
文摘Activated carbon （AC） derived from waste coconut buttons （CB） was investigated as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb（II）, Hg（II） and Cu（II） from industrial effluents through batch adsorption process. The AC was characterized by elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diflraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric and diflerential thermal analysis, surface area analyzer and potentiometric titrations. The eflects of initial metal concentration, contact time, pH and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of metal ions were studied. The adsorbent revealed a good adsorption potential for Pb（II） and Cu（II） at pH 6.0 and for Hg（II） at pH 7.0. The experimental kinetic data were a better fit with pseudo second-order equation rather than pseudo first-order equation. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be more suitable to represent the experimental equilibrium isotherm results for the three metals than the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacities of the AC decreased in the order： Pb（II） Hg（II） Cu（II）.
文摘Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kernel,coconut cake,coconut toddy,coconut shell and wood based products,coconut leaves,coir pith etc.Its all parts are used in someway or another in the daily life of the people in the traditional coconut growing areas.It is the unique source of various natural products for the development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender coconut water have numerous medicinal properties such as antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral, antiparasitic,antidermatophytic,antioxidant,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective,immunostimulant. Coconut water and coconut kernel contain microminerals and nutrients,which are essential to human health,and hence coconut is used as food by the peoples in the globe,mainly in the tropical countries.The coconut palm is,therefore,eulogised as ’Kalpavriksha’(the all giving tree) in Indian classics,and thus the current review describes the facts and phenomena related to its use in health and disease prevention.
文摘Permeation of Cu（Ⅱ） from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane （SLM） containing di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid （D2EHPA） carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu（Ⅱ）, pH （in feed）, H2SO4 （stripping） and D2EHPA （in membrane） concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconut oil has also been evaluated. High Cu（Ⅱ） concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10^-9 to 8.9 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s） within the Cu（Ⅱ） concentration range 7.8×10^-4-78.6×10^-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s）. The optimum conditions for Cu（Ⅱ） transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA （membrane） in 0.5 μm pore size polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） membrane. It has been observed that Cu（Ⅱ） flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu（Ⅱ）.
文摘In this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera) interplanted with pineapple (Ananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass productivity of this ecosystem was 47 460 kg...hm2...a?1, which was 4.3 times as much as that of pure coconut plantation. In the biological cycling of N, P. K elements, the total annual retention was 559.470 kg...hm?2, the annual return was 410.745 kg...hm?2, the annual uptake was 970.475 kg...hm?2, respectively. The average circulation rate in three nutrient elements (N, P, K) was 42.32%, which was 27.53% more than that in pure coconut stands. Coconut interplanted with pineapple was proved to be one of optimum cultural patterns, which had the higher biomass productivity, and better usage efficiency of environment resources in tropical areas.
基金the Thailand Research Fund,Com-mission on Higher Education(Thailand)Silpakorn University Research and Development Institute+1 种基金Faculty of Pharmacy,Sil-pakorn UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy,Siam University-for research funding
文摘The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing coconut oil was investigated. Coconut oil nanoemulsions containing varied amounts of surfactants including polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether(PGO), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate(POS), polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil(PHC), sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and poloxamer 407(PLX) were formulated and comparatively evaluated for their physical properties. The results showed that the coconut oil nanoemulsions using PGO, POS and PHC as surfactants exhibited low percent creaming index indicating excellent stability, while those containing SLS and PLX demonstrated the higher percent creaming index suggesting lesser physical stability. The droplet sizes of nanoemulsions consisting of 5%(w/w) PGO, POS and PHC were 22.843, 4.458 and 0.162 μm, respectively. Thus, coconut oil nanoemulsions with the smallest size could be obtained when PHC was applied. Furthermore, the droplet size of nanoemulsions decreased from 33 μm to less than 200 nm with an increase in the amount of PHC from 1% to 10%(w/w). Additionally, the properties of coconut oil based nanoemulsions containing PHC were not changed through temperature cycling test. From these results, it was suggested that the fabrication of stable coconut oil nanoemulsions with small particle size could be easily achieved by using 5%(w/w) PHC as a surfactant. The knowledge gained from the study might provide the basic guideline for the fabrication of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the future.
基金University of Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram,India for financial Support
文摘Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g of body weight) for 3 subsequent weeks.Systolic blootl pressure was measured every three days using the indirect tail cuff method.At the end of the experimental period,plasma glucose and insulin,serum triglycerides and free fatly acids, lipid peroxidation markers(MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in all the groups.Results:Treatment with TCW significandy lowered the systolic blood pressure and reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids.Plasma glucose and insulin levels and lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were significantly reduced in fructose fed rats treated with TCW.Activities of antioxidant enzymes are up regulated significantly in TCW treated rats.Hislopathological analysis of liver showed that TCW treatment reduced the lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration without any significant hepatocellular damage.Conclusions:The overall results suggest that, TCW treatment could prevent and reverse high blood pressure induced by high fructose diet probably by inhibition of lipid peroxidation,upregulation of antioxidant status and improved insulin sensitivity.
文摘In present study,we report the preparation of coconut shell activated carbon as adsorbent and its appli-cation for Bi(Ⅲ) removal from aqueous solutions.The developed adsorbent was characterized with scanning elec-tron microscope(SEM),Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR),C,H,N,S analyzer,and BET surface area analyzer.The parameters examined include agitation time,initial concentration of Bi(Ⅲ),adsorbent dose and temperature.The maximum adsorption of Bi(Ⅲ)(98.72%) was observed at 250 mg·L-1 of Bi(Ⅲ) and adsorbent dose of 0.7 g when agitation was at 160 r·min-1 for 240 min at(299±2) K.The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb's free energy(△Gθ),enthalpy(△Hθ) and entropy(△Sθ) were evaluated.For the isotherm models applied to adsorption study,the Langmuir isotherm model fits better than the Freundlich isotherm.The maximum adsorption capacity from the Langmuir isotherm was 54.35 mg?g?1 of Bi(Ⅲ).The kinetic study of the adsorption shows that the pseudo second order model is more appropriate than the pseudo first order model.The result shows that,coconut shell ac-tivated carbon is an effective adsorbent to remove Bi(Ⅲ) from aqueous solutions with good adsorption capacity.
文摘The feasibility of durian tree sawdust (DTS), coconut coir (CC) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as low-cost biosorbents for the removal of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The effects of solution pH and initial metal concentration on adsorption capacity were examined in batch experiments. The affinity and the adsorption capacity of DTS, CC and EFB were evaluated. The adsorption behaviour of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions onto DTS, CC and EFB was described using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The separation factor (RL) analysis suggests that the removal of metal ions onto three agricultural wastes studied was favourable. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q) estimated from the Langmuir isotherm model for Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) were 18.42, 20.37 and 22.78 mg/g for DTS, 18.38, 37.04 and 24.39 mg/g for CC, and 26.95, 37.59 and 21.19 mg/g for EFB, respectively. The characterisation studies were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The surface morphology of the biosorbents changed significantly following interaction with metal ions. The primary adsorption mechanism was complexation between metal ions and binding sites of biosorbents. Both hydroxyl and amine groups are the main binding sites in DTS, CC and EFB.
文摘A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The SO_2 adsorption capacities and rates were evaluated by adsorption tests performed in a fixed bed reactor with a simulated flue gas, and the adsorption isotherm models were validated against the experimental results. The findings revealed that the SO_2 adsorption capacity decreased in the following order: MW-K_2Cr_2O_7-CAC > MWKMnO_4-CAC > MW-H_2O_2-CAC > MW-CAC. The SO_2 adsorption capacities and adsorption rates of the samples increased with an increasing oxidizability of the oxidants owing to the increment of mean pore size and oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, a high initial SO_2 concentration and a low bed temperature could positively affect the SO2 adsorption. Finally, the Langmuir model validated that SO_2 was mainly adsorbed through chemical adsorption on the sample surfaces.
文摘Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been found to have antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities (2)According to the antimicrobial activity, the glyceride composition of MCO was determined.
基金This work is financially supported by the Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia(BRIN)in the project called“Penggunaan Immersion Cooling untukMeningkatkan Efisiensi Energi Data Center”.
文摘Data centers are recognized as one of the most important aspects of the fourth industrial revolution since conventional data centers are inefficient and have dependency on high energy consumption,in which the cooling is responsible for 40%of the usage.Therefore,this research proposes the immersion cooling method to solving the high energy consumption of data centers by cooling its component using two types of dielectric fluids.Four stages of experimentalmethods are used,such as fluid types,cooling effectiveness,optimization,and durability.Furthermore,benchmark software is used to measure the CPU maximum work with the temperature data performed for 24 h.The results of this study show that the immersion cooling reduces 13℃ lower temperature than the conventional cooling method which means it saves more energy consumption in the data center.The most optimum variable used to decrease the temperature is 1.5 lpm of flow rate and 800 rpm of fan rotation.Furthermore,the cooling performance of the dielectric fluids shows that the mineral oil(MO)is better than the virgin coconut oil(VCO).In durability experiment,there are no components damage after five months immersed in the fluid.
文摘The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective of this study was to examine the adsorption efficiency of phosphoric activated coconut coir activated carbon for lead (II) removal from an aqueous solution. Synthesized activated carbon was characterized before and after the adsorption of Pb(II) by powder X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) of synthesized activated carbon was tested with different concentrations of Pb(II) solutions, pH levels, adsorbent dosages, and contact time. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the Pb(II) concentrations in water samples. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage of 100% was obtained with 50 mL of 5 mg/L Pd(II) ion solution and 0.20 g of the synthesized activated carbon. Adsorption data were well fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics were fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.99. These results conclude that the synthesized activated carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for the removal of lead from wastewaters.
基金The Science and Technology Plan of Yunnan Science and Technology Department(No.2019FB077,202001AT070029)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Metallurgical Emission Reduction and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources(No.JKF19-08)the Industrialization Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(No.2016CYH07).
文摘To study the mechanism by which activated carbon is modified by HNO3 and Mn(NO3)2,the pore texture and surface chemical characteristics of carbon materials in coconut husk activated carbon(AC)were examined via scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).After being modified by HNO3,the millipore character of AC became deformed,and the character of the adjacent pores remained consolidated.The surface manganites of Mn/AC-1 presented as block and reticular fiber structures,Mn/AC-2's surface manganites presented as petty mammock crystals,and Mn/AC-3's surface manganites were observed as gauze nanosheets that interlace to fill in the pore canal.Nitric acid modification was shown to enlarge surface pores but decrease the specific surface area of AC.Mn loading can be used to construct a new pore structure that,in turn,increased the total specific surface area as well as the specific surface area and the volume of the millipores.Mn/AC-2's pore structure was optimized at a calcination temperature of 500℃and a loading quantity of 5%.The ash content of AC was considerably reduced after modified by HNO3.The active materials for Mn/AC-1 mainly consisted of Mn3O4,with a few Mn2O3 crystals,whereas Mn/AC-2's materials were mainly Mn3O4 and some MnO crystals.Mn/AC-3 was exclusively composed of Mn3O4.HNO3 activation and Mn loading modification did not considerably affect the functional group species present on the catalyst.Modification conditions using the same loading quantities and higher calcination temperatures decreased the number of O—H and N—H bonds while conversely increasing the number of CC and C—O bonds.On the contrary,the use of a higher loading quantity while maintaining the same calcination temperature increased the number of O—H and N—H bonds.A higher loading quantity is beneficial for increasing Mn^4+species.A higher calcination temperature is beneficial for increasing Mn^3+species.The results can optimize the conditions under which Mn/AC catalyst modification occurs,thus improving the physical and chemical properties of carbon-based sorbents.
