To understand influence of litters on the emission/absorption of CO2, N2O and CH4 in broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, fluxes of soil CO2, N2O and CH4 were measured by closed static chamber techniqu...To understand influence of litters on the emission/absorption of CO2, N2O and CH4 in broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, fluxes of soil CO2, N2O and CH4 were measured by closed static chamber technique, from Sept 3, 2002 to Oct 30, 2003 in two types of soil ecosystems, of which one was covered with litters on the surface soil, and the other had no litters. The results showed that litters had significant influences on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes (p<0.05). Their diurnal change patterns of plot with litters and litter-free plot were similar, and they all showed emission/absorption peak at 18:00. The diurnal change fluxes of CO2 and N2O of plot with litters were significantly higher than those of the litter-free plot, while the diurnal flux of CH4 of plot with litters was lower than that of litter-free plot. The fluxes of CO2, N2O, and CH4 showed the similar seasonal patternsfor both plots. The fluxes of CO2, CH4 showed their peak fluxes in June, but the fluxes of N2O showed its peak emissions in August. The annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O of plot with litters were significantly higher than those of the litter-free plot, while the annual flux of CH4 of plot with litters was lower than that of litter-free plot. Keywords Flux - CO2, N2O and CH4 - Seasonal variation - Diurnal variation CLC number S718.5 Document code A Foundation item: The study was supported by innovation research project of Institute of Appiied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCXZD0101-02) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30271068)Bigraphy: XIAO Dong-mei (1979-), female, master of Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016. P. R. China.Responsible editor: Song Funan展开更多
Binary oxide systems（Cu Cr2O4, Cu Co2O4）, deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support（finely dispersed Al2O3）, were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot ...Binary oxide systems（Cu Cr2O4, Cu Co2O4）, deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support（finely dispersed Al2O3）, were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot using internal combustion engine’s gas exhausts（O2, NOx, H2 O, CO2） and O3 as oxidizing agents. It is shown that the second support increases soot capacity of aforementioned filters, and causes dispersion of the particles of spinel phases as active components enhancing thereby catalyst activity and selectivity of soot combustion to CO2. Oxidants used can be arranged with reference to decreasing their activity in a following series： O3 NO2〉 H2 O 〉 NO 〉 O2〉 CO2. Ozone proved to be the most efficient oxidizing agent： the diesel soot combustion by O3 occurs intensively（in the presence of copper chromite based catalyst） even at closing to ambient temperatures.Results obtained give a basis for the conclusion that using a catalytic coating on soot filters in the form of aforementioned binary oxide systems and ozone as the initiator of the oxidation processes is a promising approach in solving the problem of comprehensive purification of automotive exhaust gases at relatively low temperatures, known as the ＂cold start＂ problem.展开更多
Nanostructured mesoporous Ni Co2O4,Co3O4 and Ni O spinel oxides were prepared through the hydroxide coprecipitation method using EG（ethylene glycol） as solvent without any template.The Ni Co2O4 powders were analyzed...Nanostructured mesoporous Ni Co2O4,Co3O4 and Ni O spinel oxides were prepared through the hydroxide coprecipitation method using EG（ethylene glycol） as solvent without any template.The Ni Co2O4 powders were analyzed by TGA,XRD,N2adsorption-desorption,SEM and EDS.And the electrocatalytic properties of Ni Co2O4/Ti,Co3O4/Ti and Ni O/Ti electrodes for oxygen evolution in 0.1 mol/L KOH（p H = 13）were tested by cyclic voltammetry,Tafel curves and electrolysis.The result shows that Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode has higher electrocatalytic activity in oxygen evolution reaction than Co3O4/Ti and NiO/Ti electrodes.Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode prepared at 350°C has the highest apparent current density and the highest true current density.The Tafel slope of Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode prepared at 350°C is 68.49 m V/dec.展开更多
A new Co 2(HPO 4) 2·H 2O has been hydrothermally synthesized firstly. Single crystal X-ray analysis indicates that this compound crystallizes in a hexagonal system, space group P6 5 with a=1.048 31(15) nm, b=1.04...A new Co 2(HPO 4) 2·H 2O has been hydrothermally synthesized firstly. Single crystal X-ray analysis indicates that this compound crystallizes in a hexagonal system, space group P6 5 with a=1.048 31(15) nm, b=1.048 31(15) nm, c=1.496 3(3) nm, α=90°, β=90°, γ=120°, V= 1.424 1(4) nm 3, μ=3.849 mm -1, Z=6, F(000)=960, D c=2.294 g/cm 3, R=0.072 1, wR= 0.212 1, S=1.182, Δρ max=1.671×10 3 e·nm -3 and (Δρ) min=-1.210×10 3 e·nm -3. Co 2(HPO 4) 2·H 2O is characterized by 1D 12-ring helical channels. Tetrahedral primary structure-building units of CoO 4 and PO 4 indicates the title compound has a zeotype framework.展开更多
探究氮(N)、硫(S)输入对枯落物温室气体产生速率的影响,对进一步认识河口湿地生物地球化学循环过程和维护区域生态安全具有重要的理论与实践意义。选取闽江河口湿地典型土著植物短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis Lam. submonophyllus (Vahl...探究氮(N)、硫(S)输入对枯落物温室气体产生速率的影响,对进一步认识河口湿地生物地球化学循环过程和维护区域生态安全具有重要的理论与实践意义。选取闽江河口湿地典型土著植物短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis Lam. submonophyllus (Vahl) T. Koyama)作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨不同浓度的N与S输入中N (MN,18. 2 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1))、高N(HN,27. 3 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中S (MS,15. 8 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))、高S (HS,23. 7 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中N+S (MNS,18. 2 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1),15. 8 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高N+S (HNS,27. 3 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1),23. 7 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))对短叶茳芏枯落物温室气体排放的短期影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,单一N、S和N+S复合输入均对闽江河口短叶茳芏枯落物CO2产生有显著促进作用,分别增加了36. 5%、43. 5%和65. 5%(P <0. 05)。(2)与对照组相比,单一N、S输入对CH4产生无显著影响(P> 0. 05);单一N输入和N+S复合输入下的CH4产生速率均呈"V"型变化趋势:前4 d产生速率下降,后3 d产生速率上升。(3)与对照相比,单一N、S输入及NS复合输入均显著促进N2O排放,分别增加了189. 5%、493. 5%和814%(P <0. 05),N2O产生速率在各处理下均呈"倒V型"变化趋势:前2 d产生速率上升,后5 d产生速率下降。(4)短期内,N、S以及N+S复合输入对短叶茳芏枯落物的全球增温潜势有促进作用。展开更多
Using stat ic chamber technique, fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, d eterminations of mean fluxes showed that CO 2 and N 2 O were gene rally releas...Using stat ic chamber technique, fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, d eterminations of mean fluxes showed that CO 2 and N 2 O were gene rally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH 4 sink. Fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O ranged widely. The highest CO 2 emission occurred in August, whereas a lmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experim ent. During a daily variation, the maximum CO 2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emi ssion in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO 2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R 2 =0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R 2 =0.86), whereas daily variations in CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic va riables. CO 2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas .展开更多
Clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of coal with CH4, CO2, and H2 O molecules is the basis for an in-depth understanding of the states of fluid in coal and fluid-induced coal swelling/c...Clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of coal with CH4, CO2, and H2 O molecules is the basis for an in-depth understanding of the states of fluid in coal and fluid-induced coal swelling/contraction. In terms of instrumental analysis, molecular simulation technology based on molecular mechanics/dynamics and quantum chemistry is a powerful tool for revealing the relationship between the structure and properties of a substance and understanding the interaction mechanisms of physical-chemical systems. In this study, the giant canonical ensemble Monte Carlo（GCMC） and molecular dynamics（MD） methods were applied to investigate the adsorption behavior of a Yanzhou coal model（C222H185N3O17S5）. We explored the adsorption amounts of CH4, CO2, and H2 O onto Yanzhou coal, the adsorption conformation, and the impact of oxygen-containing functional groups. Furthermore, we revealed the different adsorption mechanisms of the three substances using isosteric heat of adsorption and energy change data.（1） The adsorption isotherms of the mono-component CH4, CO2, and H2 O were consistent with the Langmuir model, and their adsorption amounts showed an order of CH4CO2〉CH4. In addition, at higher temperatures, the isosteric heat of adsorption decreased; pressure had no significant effect on the heat of adsorption.（3） CH4 molecules displayed an aggregated distribution in the pores, whereas CO2 molecules were cross arranged in pairs. Regarding H2 O molecules, under the influence of hydrogen bonds, the O atom pointed to surrounding H2 O molecules or the H atoms of coal molecules in a regular pattern. The intermolecular distances of the three substances were 0.421, 0.553, and 0.290 nm, respectively. The radial distribution function（RDF） analysis showed that H2 O molecules were arranged in the most compact fashion, forming a tight molecular layer.（4） H2 O molecules showed a significantly stratified distribution around oxygen-containing functional groups on the coal surface, and the bonding strength showed a descending order of hydroxyl〉 carboxyl〉carbonyl. In contrast, CO2 and CH4 showed only slightly stratified distributions.（5） After the adsorption of CH4, CO2, and H2 O, the total energy, the energy of valence electrons, and the non-bonding interaction of the system in the Yanzhou coal model all decreased. The results regarding the decrease in the total energy of the system indicated an order of H2O〉CO2〉CH4 in terms of the adsorption priority of the Yanzhou coal model. The results regarding the decrease in the energy of valence electrons showed that under certain geological conditions, a pressure-induced “coal strain” could lead to a structural rearrangement during the interaction of coal with fluid to form a more stable conformation, which might be the molecular mechanism of coal swelling resulting from the interaction between fluid and coal. An analysis of the contribution of Van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds to the decrease in non-bonding interactions revealed the mechanism underlying the interactions between coal molecules and the three substances. The interaction between coal molecules and CH4 consisted of typical physical adsorption, whereas that between coal molecules and CO2 consisted mainly of physical adsorption combined with weak chemical adsorption. The interaction between coal molecules and H2 O is physical and chemical.展开更多
Manure management strategies should reflect current animal feeding practices and encourage recycling of organic waste to help protect our environment. This research investigated greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions during...Manure management strategies should reflect current animal feeding practices and encourage recycling of organic waste to help protect our environment. This research investigated greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions during cattle manure stockpiling or composting with and without construction and demolition （C＆D） waste. Manure was collected from cattle fed a typical finishing diet （CK manure） and from cattle on diets which included 30% dried distillers grains with solubles （DG manure）. The CK and DG manures were co-composted with （4：1） C＆D waste （treatments： CK CD, DG CD）, composted alone （treatments： CK and DG） in 13 m3 bins or stockpiled without C＆D ~vaste （treatments： CK ST and DGST） for 99 days. Manure type （CK vs. DG manure） had no effect on GHG emissions-over the 99 day manure composting or stockpiling. Composting with C＆D waste 2 produced similar CO2 emissions, about double that from manure stockpthng （7.9 kgC.m^-2）. In contrast, CH4 emissions were reduced by the inclusion of C＆D waste （64 gC.m^-1 with C＆D vs. 244 gC.m 2 without C＆D） while the manure stockpile emitted the greatest amount of CH4 （464 gC. m 2）. Additionally, only 0.48% of C was emitted in CH4 form with C＆D waste, compared to 1.68% when composting without C＆D waste and 7.00% when cattle manure was stockpiled. The N2O emissions （12.4 to 18.0 gN.m ） were similar across all treatments. The lower CH4 emissions with C＆D waste are beneficial in reducing overall GHG emissions from manure composting, while reducing the amount of material entering landfills.展开更多
基金The study was supported by innovation research project of Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCXZD0101-02) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (302
文摘To understand influence of litters on the emission/absorption of CO2, N2O and CH4 in broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain, fluxes of soil CO2, N2O and CH4 were measured by closed static chamber technique, from Sept 3, 2002 to Oct 30, 2003 in two types of soil ecosystems, of which one was covered with litters on the surface soil, and the other had no litters. The results showed that litters had significant influences on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes (p<0.05). Their diurnal change patterns of plot with litters and litter-free plot were similar, and they all showed emission/absorption peak at 18:00. The diurnal change fluxes of CO2 and N2O of plot with litters were significantly higher than those of the litter-free plot, while the diurnal flux of CH4 of plot with litters was lower than that of litter-free plot. The fluxes of CO2, N2O, and CH4 showed the similar seasonal patternsfor both plots. The fluxes of CO2, CH4 showed their peak fluxes in June, but the fluxes of N2O showed its peak emissions in August. The annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O of plot with litters were significantly higher than those of the litter-free plot, while the annual flux of CH4 of plot with litters was lower than that of litter-free plot. Keywords Flux - CO2, N2O and CH4 - Seasonal variation - Diurnal variation CLC number S718.5 Document code A Foundation item: The study was supported by innovation research project of Institute of Appiied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCXZD0101-02) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30271068)Bigraphy: XIAO Dong-mei (1979-), female, master of Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016. P. R. China.Responsible editor: Song Funan
文摘Binary oxide systems（Cu Cr2O4, Cu Co2O4）, deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support（finely dispersed Al2O3）, were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot using internal combustion engine’s gas exhausts（O2, NOx, H2 O, CO2） and O3 as oxidizing agents. It is shown that the second support increases soot capacity of aforementioned filters, and causes dispersion of the particles of spinel phases as active components enhancing thereby catalyst activity and selectivity of soot combustion to CO2. Oxidants used can be arranged with reference to decreasing their activity in a following series： O3 NO2〉 H2 O 〉 NO 〉 O2〉 CO2. Ozone proved to be the most efficient oxidizing agent： the diesel soot combustion by O3 occurs intensively（in the presence of copper chromite based catalyst） even at closing to ambient temperatures.Results obtained give a basis for the conclusion that using a catalytic coating on soot filters in the form of aforementioned binary oxide systems and ozone as the initiator of the oxidation processes is a promising approach in solving the problem of comprehensive purification of automotive exhaust gases at relatively low temperatures, known as the ＂cold start＂ problem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21476153,21136007)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2014011017-1)the Program for the Outstanding Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi
文摘Nanostructured mesoporous Ni Co2O4,Co3O4 and Ni O spinel oxides were prepared through the hydroxide coprecipitation method using EG（ethylene glycol） as solvent without any template.The Ni Co2O4 powders were analyzed by TGA,XRD,N2adsorption-desorption,SEM and EDS.And the electrocatalytic properties of Ni Co2O4/Ti,Co3O4/Ti and Ni O/Ti electrodes for oxygen evolution in 0.1 mol/L KOH（p H = 13）were tested by cyclic voltammetry,Tafel curves and electrolysis.The result shows that Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode has higher electrocatalytic activity in oxygen evolution reaction than Co3O4/Ti and NiO/Ti electrodes.Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode prepared at 350°C has the highest apparent current density and the highest true current density.The Tafel slope of Ni Co2O4/Ti electrode prepared at 350°C is 68.49 m V/dec.
文摘A new Co 2(HPO 4) 2·H 2O has been hydrothermally synthesized firstly. Single crystal X-ray analysis indicates that this compound crystallizes in a hexagonal system, space group P6 5 with a=1.048 31(15) nm, b=1.048 31(15) nm, c=1.496 3(3) nm, α=90°, β=90°, γ=120°, V= 1.424 1(4) nm 3, μ=3.849 mm -1, Z=6, F(000)=960, D c=2.294 g/cm 3, R=0.072 1, wR= 0.212 1, S=1.182, Δρ max=1.671×10 3 e·nm -3 and (Δρ) min=-1.210×10 3 e·nm -3. Co 2(HPO 4) 2·H 2O is characterized by 1D 12-ring helical channels. Tetrahedral primary structure-building units of CoO 4 and PO 4 indicates the title compound has a zeotype framework.
文摘探究氮(N)、硫(S)输入对枯落物温室气体产生速率的影响,对进一步认识河口湿地生物地球化学循环过程和维护区域生态安全具有重要的理论与实践意义。选取闽江河口湿地典型土著植物短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis Lam. submonophyllus (Vahl) T. Koyama)作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨不同浓度的N与S输入中N (MN,18. 2 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1))、高N(HN,27. 3 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中S (MS,15. 8 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))、高S (HS,23. 7 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中N+S (MNS,18. 2 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1),15. 8 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))和高N+S (HNS,27. 3 g N m^(-2)·a^(-1),23. 7 g S m^(-2)·a^(-1))对短叶茳芏枯落物温室气体排放的短期影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,单一N、S和N+S复合输入均对闽江河口短叶茳芏枯落物CO2产生有显著促进作用,分别增加了36. 5%、43. 5%和65. 5%(P <0. 05)。(2)与对照组相比,单一N、S输入对CH4产生无显著影响(P> 0. 05);单一N输入和N+S复合输入下的CH4产生速率均呈"V"型变化趋势:前4 d产生速率下降,后3 d产生速率上升。(3)与对照相比,单一N、S输入及NS复合输入均显著促进N2O排放,分别增加了189. 5%、493. 5%和814%(P <0. 05),N2O产生速率在各处理下均呈"倒V型"变化趋势:前2 d产生速率上升,后5 d产生速率下降。(4)短期内,N、S以及N+S复合输入对短叶茳芏枯落物的全球增温潜势有促进作用。
基金National Key Project for Basic Research,No.G1998040800
文摘Using stat ic chamber technique, fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, d eterminations of mean fluxes showed that CO 2 and N 2 O were gene rally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH 4 sink. Fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O ranged widely. The highest CO 2 emission occurred in August, whereas a lmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experim ent. During a daily variation, the maximum CO 2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emi ssion in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO 2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R 2 =0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R 2 =0.86), whereas daily variations in CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic va riables. CO 2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas .
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41072116,41102092,41302127,41372165)Special Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20091402110002)+1 种基金Science Project of Taiyuan city(Grant No.120247-27)outstanding funding innovative projects for the graduate students by Shanxi Province in 2010
文摘Clarification of the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of coal with CH4, CO2, and H2 O molecules is the basis for an in-depth understanding of the states of fluid in coal and fluid-induced coal swelling/contraction. In terms of instrumental analysis, molecular simulation technology based on molecular mechanics/dynamics and quantum chemistry is a powerful tool for revealing the relationship between the structure and properties of a substance and understanding the interaction mechanisms of physical-chemical systems. In this study, the giant canonical ensemble Monte Carlo（GCMC） and molecular dynamics（MD） methods were applied to investigate the adsorption behavior of a Yanzhou coal model（C222H185N3O17S5）. We explored the adsorption amounts of CH4, CO2, and H2 O onto Yanzhou coal, the adsorption conformation, and the impact of oxygen-containing functional groups. Furthermore, we revealed the different adsorption mechanisms of the three substances using isosteric heat of adsorption and energy change data.（1） The adsorption isotherms of the mono-component CH4, CO2, and H2 O were consistent with the Langmuir model, and their adsorption amounts showed an order of CH4CO2〉CH4. In addition, at higher temperatures, the isosteric heat of adsorption decreased; pressure had no significant effect on the heat of adsorption.（3） CH4 molecules displayed an aggregated distribution in the pores, whereas CO2 molecules were cross arranged in pairs. Regarding H2 O molecules, under the influence of hydrogen bonds, the O atom pointed to surrounding H2 O molecules or the H atoms of coal molecules in a regular pattern. The intermolecular distances of the three substances were 0.421, 0.553, and 0.290 nm, respectively. The radial distribution function（RDF） analysis showed that H2 O molecules were arranged in the most compact fashion, forming a tight molecular layer.（4） H2 O molecules showed a significantly stratified distribution around oxygen-containing functional groups on the coal surface, and the bonding strength showed a descending order of hydroxyl〉 carboxyl〉carbonyl. In contrast, CO2 and CH4 showed only slightly stratified distributions.（5） After the adsorption of CH4, CO2, and H2 O, the total energy, the energy of valence electrons, and the non-bonding interaction of the system in the Yanzhou coal model all decreased. The results regarding the decrease in the total energy of the system indicated an order of H2O〉CO2〉CH4 in terms of the adsorption priority of the Yanzhou coal model. The results regarding the decrease in the energy of valence electrons showed that under certain geological conditions, a pressure-induced “coal strain” could lead to a structural rearrangement during the interaction of coal with fluid to form a more stable conformation, which might be the molecular mechanism of coal swelling resulting from the interaction between fluid and coal. An analysis of the contribution of Van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds to the decrease in non-bonding interactions revealed the mechanism underlying the interactions between coal molecules and the three substances. The interaction between coal molecules and CH4 consisted of typical physical adsorption, whereas that between coal molecules and CO2 consisted mainly of physical adsorption combined with weak chemical adsorption. The interaction between coal molecules and H2 O is physical and chemical.
文摘Manure management strategies should reflect current animal feeding practices and encourage recycling of organic waste to help protect our environment. This research investigated greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions during cattle manure stockpiling or composting with and without construction and demolition （C＆D） waste. Manure was collected from cattle fed a typical finishing diet （CK manure） and from cattle on diets which included 30% dried distillers grains with solubles （DG manure）. The CK and DG manures were co-composted with （4：1） C＆D waste （treatments： CK CD, DG CD）, composted alone （treatments： CK and DG） in 13 m3 bins or stockpiled without C＆D ~vaste （treatments： CK ST and DGST） for 99 days. Manure type （CK vs. DG manure） had no effect on GHG emissions-over the 99 day manure composting or stockpiling. Composting with C＆D waste 2 produced similar CO2 emissions, about double that from manure stockpthng （7.9 kgC.m^-2）. In contrast, CH4 emissions were reduced by the inclusion of C＆D waste （64 gC.m^-1 with C＆D vs. 244 gC.m 2 without C＆D） while the manure stockpile emitted the greatest amount of CH4 （464 gC. m 2）. Additionally, only 0.48% of C was emitted in CH4 form with C＆D waste, compared to 1.68% when composting without C＆D waste and 7.00% when cattle manure was stockpiled. The N2O emissions （12.4 to 18.0 gN.m ） were similar across all treatments. The lower CH4 emissions with C＆D waste are beneficial in reducing overall GHG emissions from manure composting, while reducing the amount of material entering landfills.
