Objective To study the characteristics of the airway microbiome co-occurrence network in patients with type 2 and non-type 2 asthma.Methods In a prospective study based on a cohort of asthma patients,respiratory induc...Objective To study the characteristics of the airway microbiome co-occurrence network in patients with type 2 and non-type 2 asthma.Methods In a prospective study based on a cohort of asthma patients,respiratory induced sputum samples were collected from 55 asthma patients[25 males and 30 females,with a median age of 47.7 years(age range 34.3-63.0 years)]admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care,Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University and 12 healthy controls from the Physical Examination Centre of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University,from May 2021 to May 2022.According to the level of exhaled breath nitric oxide(FeNO),the asthma patients were divided into 22 cases in the high FeNO group(FeNO≥40 ppb,i.e.,type 2asthma group)and 33 cases in the low FeNO group(FeNO<40 ppb,i.e.,non-type 2 asthma group).All induced sputum samples weresubjected1 tosecond-generation macrogenomic sequencingg and bioinformatic analysessof microbial community diversity,composition1alcharacteristics,symbiotic network characteristics and metabolic function prediction.The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used forbetween-group comparisonsa,nd the linear discriminant analysis(LEfSe)methodwas used to compare the differences in flora composition between groups.The R language was used for microbial network analysis.In addition,PICRUSt was used to predict the metabolic-functional characteristics ofthemicrobial communities.Results The microbial communities in the healthy control group had a lower proportion of p_Firmicutes and p_Proteobacteria than asthma patients,29%and 21%,respectively;37%and 33%in the low FeNO group and 42%and 26%in the high FeNO group.The microbial network in the low FeNO group had 64 pairs of edges forming 16 communities,and about 75%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0 and 0.05,and 25%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0.10 and 0.45.There were four layers of k-nucleosynthesis,and about 42%of the vertices were in the centre of the two layers.The microbial network of the high-FeNO group had 80 pairs of edges forming 18 clusters,and 81%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0 and 0.05,and 19%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0.10 and 0.35.The k-nucleus decomposition had eight layers,and 21%of the vertices were located in the centre's two layers.The main functional differences between the low and high FeNO groups were shown in metabolic pathways(including sugar,lipid,amino acid,and energy metabolism),drug resistance,biofilm transport,signalling,intercellular communication,and cellular repair.Conclusion Compared with non-type 2 asthmatics,type 2 asthmatics have a higher alpha diversity of respiratory microbiota,lower levels of microorganisms in the P_Proteobacteria,and a more aggregated microbial network.There is a significant difference in the predicted metabolic function of the two endotypes of asthmatics.展开更多
Translation lexicons are fundamental to natural language processing tasks like machine translation and cross language information retrieval. This paper presents a lexicon builder that can auto extract (or assist lexic...Translation lexicons are fundamental to natural language processing tasks like machine translation and cross language information retrieval. This paper presents a lexicon builder that can auto extract (or assist lexicographer in compiling) the word translations from Chinese English parallel corpus. Key mechanisms in this builder system are further described, including co occurrence measure, indirection association resolution and multi word unit translation. Experiment results indicate the effectiveness of the authors’ method and the potentiality of the lexicon builder system.展开更多
Freshwaters provide essential ecosystem services(ESS)to humanity.However,most studies on freshwater ESS focus on a few services and ignore temporal changes in driver–ESS relationships.Using graph-based visualization,...Freshwaters provide essential ecosystem services(ESS)to humanity.However,most studies on freshwater ESS focus on a few services and ignore temporal changes in driver–ESS relationships.Using graph-based visualization,we examine co-occurrence patterns among drivers and among ESS across characteristic sociopolitical eras in the history of the largest shallow lake in Central and Eastern Europe(Lake Balaton,Hungary).We also evaluate driver–ESS relationships to characterize whether there are distinct clusters in these relationships,which can help to better understand how the different types of drivers influence provisioning,regulating,and cultural ESS and basic ecological functions of the lake.The analyses revealed that Lake Balaton suffers from several alteration effects,which are frequently cited as top threatening drivers in the decline of the ecological integrity and ESS of lake ecosystems.Of these,eutrophication,the spread of invasive species,fishery,urbanization processes,and,recently,the effects of climate change were the most important.Despite these threats,the lake still maintains diverse ESS,which are in complex relationship with each other and their drivers.We highlight that major past environmental changes substantially influence present and forecasted future patterns of driver–ESS relationships.Based on these results,we discuss the possibilities of management to ensure the sustainability of ESS Lake Balaton provides to society.Overall,this study underscores the complex influence of various drivers on freshwater ESS and emphasizes the importance of understanding temporal changes in human-modified lakes,considering societal,ecological,and economic factors comprehensively.展开更多
文摘Objective To study the characteristics of the airway microbiome co-occurrence network in patients with type 2 and non-type 2 asthma.Methods In a prospective study based on a cohort of asthma patients,respiratory induced sputum samples were collected from 55 asthma patients[25 males and 30 females,with a median age of 47.7 years(age range 34.3-63.0 years)]admitted to the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care,Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University and 12 healthy controls from the Physical Examination Centre of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University,from May 2021 to May 2022.According to the level of exhaled breath nitric oxide(FeNO),the asthma patients were divided into 22 cases in the high FeNO group(FeNO≥40 ppb,i.e.,type 2asthma group)and 33 cases in the low FeNO group(FeNO<40 ppb,i.e.,non-type 2 asthma group).All induced sputum samples weresubjected1 tosecond-generation macrogenomic sequencingg and bioinformatic analysessof microbial community diversity,composition1alcharacteristics,symbiotic network characteristics and metabolic function prediction.The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used forbetween-group comparisonsa,nd the linear discriminant analysis(LEfSe)methodwas used to compare the differences in flora composition between groups.The R language was used for microbial network analysis.In addition,PICRUSt was used to predict the metabolic-functional characteristics ofthemicrobial communities.Results The microbial communities in the healthy control group had a lower proportion of p_Firmicutes and p_Proteobacteria than asthma patients,29%and 21%,respectively;37%and 33%in the low FeNO group and 42%and 26%in the high FeNO group.The microbial network in the low FeNO group had 64 pairs of edges forming 16 communities,and about 75%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0 and 0.05,and 25%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0.10 and 0.45.There were four layers of k-nucleosynthesis,and about 42%of the vertices were in the centre of the two layers.The microbial network of the high-FeNO group had 80 pairs of edges forming 18 clusters,and 81%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0 and 0.05,and 19%of the nodes had eigenvector centrality values between 0.10 and 0.35.The k-nucleus decomposition had eight layers,and 21%of the vertices were located in the centre's two layers.The main functional differences between the low and high FeNO groups were shown in metabolic pathways(including sugar,lipid,amino acid,and energy metabolism),drug resistance,biofilm transport,signalling,intercellular communication,and cellular repair.Conclusion Compared with non-type 2 asthmatics,type 2 asthmatics have a higher alpha diversity of respiratory microbiota,lower levels of microorganisms in the P_Proteobacteria,and a more aggregated microbial network.There is a significant difference in the predicted metabolic function of the two endotypes of asthmatics.
文摘Translation lexicons are fundamental to natural language processing tasks like machine translation and cross language information retrieval. This paper presents a lexicon builder that can auto extract (or assist lexicographer in compiling) the word translations from Chinese English parallel corpus. Key mechanisms in this builder system are further described, including co occurrence measure, indirection association resolution and multi word unit translation. Experiment results indicate the effectiveness of the authors’ method and the potentiality of the lexicon builder system.
基金supported by the Széchenyi Plan Plus Program(RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00014)the Sustainable Development and Technologies National Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences(NP2022-Ⅱ-3/2022)
文摘Freshwaters provide essential ecosystem services(ESS)to humanity.However,most studies on freshwater ESS focus on a few services and ignore temporal changes in driver–ESS relationships.Using graph-based visualization,we examine co-occurrence patterns among drivers and among ESS across characteristic sociopolitical eras in the history of the largest shallow lake in Central and Eastern Europe(Lake Balaton,Hungary).We also evaluate driver–ESS relationships to characterize whether there are distinct clusters in these relationships,which can help to better understand how the different types of drivers influence provisioning,regulating,and cultural ESS and basic ecological functions of the lake.The analyses revealed that Lake Balaton suffers from several alteration effects,which are frequently cited as top threatening drivers in the decline of the ecological integrity and ESS of lake ecosystems.Of these,eutrophication,the spread of invasive species,fishery,urbanization processes,and,recently,the effects of climate change were the most important.Despite these threats,the lake still maintains diverse ESS,which are in complex relationship with each other and their drivers.We highlight that major past environmental changes substantially influence present and forecasted future patterns of driver–ESS relationships.Based on these results,we discuss the possibilities of management to ensure the sustainability of ESS Lake Balaton provides to society.Overall,this study underscores the complex influence of various drivers on freshwater ESS and emphasizes the importance of understanding temporal changes in human-modified lakes,considering societal,ecological,and economic factors comprehensively.
