The Tongling ore cluster area experienced intensive compression and associated shearing during the Indosinian-Yanshanian Epoch, which formed a trunk ore-controlling fold and fault system in the caprock. The magmatic i...The Tongling ore cluster area experienced intensive compression and associated shearing during the Indosinian-Yanshanian Epoch, which formed a trunk ore-controlling fold and fault system in the caprock. The magmatic intrusion in the Yanshanian Epoch induced a multi-stage unmixing of poly-phase fluids, resulting in mineralization characterized by multi-layer, wide-range, and multiform styles. The magmatic intrusion in the Tongling area not only supplied the essential ore-forming materials, but also reconstructed the ore-controlling structures according to a trend surface simulation of the following five strata boundaries： Silurian-Devonian, Devonian-Carboniferous, Carboniferous- Permian, Middle Permian-Upper Permian and Permian -Triassic. The result of this simulation shows that there exists a significant difference between the strata in the upper part and those in the lower. The lower trend surfaces are antiform whereas the upper trend surfaces are synform. In addition, superposing of the trend surfaces of adjacent bed boundaries （such as, Silurian-Devonian boundary superposed upon Devonian-Carboniferous boundary） shows that the lower trend surface always pierces the one above. Moreover, the position and orientation of the pierced parts of the different superposed trend surfaces are similar and show E-W-trending zonal distribution in accordance with the distribution of the regional E-W-trending magmatic-metallogenic belt. Based on comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of the strata, structural deformation mechanisms, and field phenomena, it seems that the special characteristics of the stratal trend surface resulted from jacking due to magmatic intrusion into the caprock previously controlled by an E-W-trending basement fault. Therefore, it is deduced that the major ore-controlling structures, which formed during regional horizontal compression, were reconstructed by the vertical jacking function of ore-forming magmas during the Yanshanian Epoch. During the ore-forming process, the local vertical jacking of magmas, coupled with the regional horizontal compression, optimized an extensive environment in the fluid- conduit network and accelerated the unmixing of poly-phase fluids following magmatic emplacement. Jacking also strengthened the vertical and lateral fluid-guiding structures, supplying more suitable physical conditions for multi-layer emplacement and wide-ranging transport of poly-phase fluids.展开更多
In this paper, the tree cluster analysis and ISODATA of fuzzy cluster are made on the basis of the results(Chen et al, 1993) obtained by using the principal component analysis based on the hydroclimatic values over th...In this paper, the tree cluster analysis and ISODATA of fuzzy cluster are made on the basis of the results(Chen et al, 1993) obtained by using the principal component analysis based on the hydroclimatic values over the years of the China seas,where the climatic field may be divided into three climatic zones, 9 hydroclimatic regions and 1 climatic subregion Comparison of the distribution characteristics of hydrologic seasons with those of marine fauna and flora indicates that each climatic region possesses its inherent seasonal characteristics and biota distribution, and corresponds with each other. This fact proves that the division of the above-mentioned 10 climatic regions is reliable.展开更多
In wide area backup protection of electric power systems, the prerequisite of protection device's accurate, fast and reliable performance is its corresponding fault type and fault location can be discriminated qui...In wide area backup protection of electric power systems, the prerequisite of protection device's accurate, fast and reliable performance is its corresponding fault type and fault location can be discriminated quickly and defined exactly. In our study, global information will be introduced into the backup protection system. By analyzing and computing real-time PMU measurements, basing on cluster analysis theory, we are using mainly hierarchical cluster analysis to search after the statistical laws of electrical quantities' marked changes. Then we carry out fast and exact detection of fault components and fault sections, and finally accomplish fault isolation. The facts show that the fault detection of fault component (fault section) can be performed successfully by hierarchical cluster analysis and calculation. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis are accurate and reliable, and the dendrograms of hierarchical cluster analysis are in intuition.展开更多
Choosing site area, cultural layer thickness, significant relics and significant re- mains as the variables, we applied cluster analysis to the ancient settlements of four cultural periods, respectively, which were Pe...Choosing site area, cultural layer thickness, significant relics and significant re- mains as the variables, we applied cluster analysis to the ancient settlements of four cultural periods, respectively, which were Peiligang, Yangshao, Longshan and Xiashang, in 9000-3000 a BP, around Songshan Mountain. Through application of the SOFM （self-organizing feature map） networks, every type of ancient settlements was classified into different size-grades. By this means, the Peiligang settlements were divided into two grades, Yangshao and Longshan settlements were divided into three grades, respectively, and Xi- ashang settlements were divided into four grades. The results suggested that the size-grade diversity of ancient settlements was not significant during the Peiligang period in this area. Around the middle-late Yangshao period （5000 a BP）, the size-grade diversity of ancient settlements began to appear, a process that continued during the Longshan period and finally matured in the Xiashang period. Moreover, the results reflected the regional differences in cultural characteristics in a particular period, which were mainly represented in that there were three Peitigang cultural systems distributed in different areas. Such differences also existed in the spatial distributive characteristics between the Xia and Shang cultures. Based on the size-grade study of ancient settlements in the Circum-Songshan area, it was found that the SOFM networks method was very suitable for size-grade classification of ancient settle- ments, since, using this method, adjacent cells would compete and learn from each other, a benefit that reduced the effect on classification by the inaccuracy of site acreages.展开更多
The division of arid areas is important in water and land resources management, planning and for a long-term agricultural, economic and social planning. Northwest China （NW） dominates the main arid areas in China. T...The division of arid areas is important in water and land resources management, planning and for a long-term agricultural, economic and social planning. Northwest China （NW） dominates the main arid areas in China. There is thus a need to adopt adequate concepts relative to the scope of arid areas of NW China and identify its climate types and characteristics. In this study, we analyzed climatic data over the last 30 years （1981-2010） from 191 stations in three provinces and three autonomous regions of NW China. The factor-cluster analysis technique （FC）, an objective and automated method was employed to classify the dry/wet climate zones. The traditional methods with predefined thresholds were adopted for providing a comparison with FC. The results showed that the wet/dry climate zones by FC were mainly distributed along mountains, rivers and desert borders. Climate-division boundaries relied heavily on the major terrain features surrounding the grouped stations. It also showed that the climate was dry in the plain sandy areas but relatively wet in the high mountain areas. FC method can reflect the climate characteristics more fully in NW China with varied and complicated topography, and outperform the tradi- tional climate classifications. Arid areas of NW China were defined as four climate types, including five resultant classes in FC classifications. The Qinling and Da Hinggan Mountains were two important boundaries, besides main administrative boundaries. The results also indicated that there are some differences between two traditional clas- sifications. The precipitation moved and fluctuated to an extent, which confirmed that climate change played an important role in the dry/wet climate zoning, and the boundaries of dry/wet climate zones might change and migrate with time. This paper is expected to provide a more in-depth understanding on the climate characteristics in arid areas of NW China, and then contribute to formulate reasonable water and land management planning and agri- cultural production programs.展开更多
In the wake of global water scarcity, forecasting of water quantity and quality, regionalization of river basins has attracted serious attention of the hydrology researchers. It has become an important area of researc...In the wake of global water scarcity, forecasting of water quantity and quality, regionalization of river basins has attracted serious attention of the hydrology researchers. It has become an important area of research to enhance the quality of prediction of yield in river basins. In this paper, we analyzed the data of Godavari basin, and regionalize it using a cluster ensemble method. Cluster Ensemble methods are commonly used to enhance the quality of clustering by combining multiple clustering schemes to produce a more robust scheme delivering similar homogeneous basins. The goal is to identify, analyse and describe hydrologically similar catchments using cluster analysis. Clustering has been done using RCDA cluster ensemble algorithm, which is based on discriminant analysis. The algorithm takes H base clustering schemes each with K clusters, obtained by any clustering method, as input and constructs discriminant function for each one of them. Subsequently, all the data tuples are predicted using H discriminant functions for cluster membership. Tuples with consistent predictions are assigned to the clusters, while tuples with inconsistent predictions are analyzed further and either assigned to clusters or declared as noise. Clustering results of RCDA algorithm have been compared with Best of k-means and Clue cluster ensemble of R software using traditional clustering quality measures. Further, domain knowledge based comparison has also been performed. All the results are encouraging and indicate better regionalization of the Godavari basin data.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to study clustering of the six climatic factors in Yunnan tobacco planting zone. [Method] 6 meteorological elements in 89 tobacco-growing counties and 12 sub-prefectures were conducted c...[Objective] The research aimed to study clustering of the six climatic factors in Yunnan tobacco planting zone. [Method] 6 meteorological elements in 89 tobacco-growing counties and 12 sub-prefectures were conducted clustering analysis. According to indicator and climate characteristics of the each type, climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province was divided. [Result] Climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province could be divided into eight types: Jiangchuan (24 counties, belonged to northern and central subtropical climate belts), Songming (27 counties, belonged to northern subtropical and central, south, north temperate climate belts), Tengchong (3 counties, belonged to northern subtropical climate belt), Mile (12 counties, belonged to central and southern subtropical climate belts), Qiubei (11 counties, belonged to southern subtropical climate belt), Yanjin (4 counties, belonged to central subtropical humid climate belt), Yuanjiang (4 counties, belonged to southern subtropical and northern tropical climate belts), Zhenxiong (3 counties, belonged to warm temperate and northern subtropical climate belts) were eight representatives. Among 1-8 eco-zones, domestic and foreign cities where climate reached level-one similarity were respectively 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 and 1, up to level-two similarity, respectively 12, 15, 3, 13, 13, 1, 5 and 3. Among 8 major ecological zones, similar distance of the city reaching level-one similarity was in the range of 0.28 to 0.45, and similar degree was the highest. Variety introduction among these places would be successful. Similar distance of the city reaching level-two similarity was between 0.51 and 1.00, and similar degree was higher. Mutual variety introduction had high successful rate in these places. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for selecting new suitable tobacco variety and optimizing tobacco variety layout in different zones.展开更多
Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood...Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood level within the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were collected on all inspections of tobacco retail stores from 2007 to 2011 in the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were split into season 1 (September-February) and season 2 (March-August) to assess a possible seasonal effect. Relative risks were calculated for each dissemination area (DA) by modeling the risks in a hierarchical Bayesian fashion, incorporating appropriate random effects terms for both spatially correlated and uncorrelated random errors with adjustments for neighborhood income. The association between violation rate and proximity to a school was assessed through a buffer analysis. Elliptical analysis detected a significant cluster of high risk DAs in season 1 in Windsor (p-value = 0.022) but no significant cluster in season 2. Some DAs exhibited higher relative risks of tobacco sales to minors, however after adjusting the model for neighborhood income no excess risk was observed. The results of the buffer analysis showed that in season 1 there was a significantly higher probability (p-value = 0.045) of tobacco vendors located closer to schools to sell tobacco to minors. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a systematic approach to identifying neighborhoods with higher risks of tobacco sales to minors. The insights provided by this exploratory, ecologic study are valuable for program planning and directing tobacco enforcement efforts to high risk areas.展开更多
With the rapid development of WLAN( Wireless Local Area Network) technology,an important target of indoor positioning systems is to improve the positioning accuracy while reducing the online computation.In this paper,...With the rapid development of WLAN( Wireless Local Area Network) technology,an important target of indoor positioning systems is to improve the positioning accuracy while reducing the online computation.In this paper,it proposes a novel fingerprint positioning algorithm known as semi-supervised affinity propagation clustering based on distance function constraints. We show that by employing affinity propagation techniques,it is able to use a fractional labeled data to adjust similarity matrix of signal space to cluster reference points with high accuracy. The semi-supervised APC uses a combination of machine learning,clustering analysis and fingerprinting algorithm. By collecting data and testing our algorithm in a realistic indoor WLAN environment,the experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can improve positioning accuracy while reduce the online localization computation,as compared with the widely used K nearest neighbor and maximum likelihood estimation algorithms.展开更多
基金the Fostering Plan Fund for Beyond-Century Excellent Talent of the Ministry of Education the Science and Technology Key Item of the Ministry of Education （No. 03178）+4 种基金 the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 40234051） the 0pen Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources （GPMR0528） the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （2005038361） the Special Plans of Science and Technology of the Land Resources Department （No. 20010103） the 111 Project （No. B07011）.
文摘The Tongling ore cluster area experienced intensive compression and associated shearing during the Indosinian-Yanshanian Epoch, which formed a trunk ore-controlling fold and fault system in the caprock. The magmatic intrusion in the Yanshanian Epoch induced a multi-stage unmixing of poly-phase fluids, resulting in mineralization characterized by multi-layer, wide-range, and multiform styles. The magmatic intrusion in the Tongling area not only supplied the essential ore-forming materials, but also reconstructed the ore-controlling structures according to a trend surface simulation of the following five strata boundaries： Silurian-Devonian, Devonian-Carboniferous, Carboniferous- Permian, Middle Permian-Upper Permian and Permian -Triassic. The result of this simulation shows that there exists a significant difference between the strata in the upper part and those in the lower. The lower trend surfaces are antiform whereas the upper trend surfaces are synform. In addition, superposing of the trend surfaces of adjacent bed boundaries （such as, Silurian-Devonian boundary superposed upon Devonian-Carboniferous boundary） shows that the lower trend surface always pierces the one above. Moreover, the position and orientation of the pierced parts of the different superposed trend surfaces are similar and show E-W-trending zonal distribution in accordance with the distribution of the regional E-W-trending magmatic-metallogenic belt. Based on comprehensive analysis of the mechanical properties of the strata, structural deformation mechanisms, and field phenomena, it seems that the special characteristics of the stratal trend surface resulted from jacking due to magmatic intrusion into the caprock previously controlled by an E-W-trending basement fault. Therefore, it is deduced that the major ore-controlling structures, which formed during regional horizontal compression, were reconstructed by the vertical jacking function of ore-forming magmas during the Yanshanian Epoch. During the ore-forming process, the local vertical jacking of magmas, coupled with the regional horizontal compression, optimized an extensive environment in the fluid- conduit network and accelerated the unmixing of poly-phase fluids following magmatic emplacement. Jacking also strengthened the vertical and lateral fluid-guiding structures, supplying more suitable physical conditions for multi-layer emplacement and wide-ranging transport of poly-phase fluids.
文摘In this paper, the tree cluster analysis and ISODATA of fuzzy cluster are made on the basis of the results(Chen et al, 1993) obtained by using the principal component analysis based on the hydroclimatic values over the years of the China seas,where the climatic field may be divided into three climatic zones, 9 hydroclimatic regions and 1 climatic subregion Comparison of the distribution characteristics of hydrologic seasons with those of marine fauna and flora indicates that each climatic region possesses its inherent seasonal characteristics and biota distribution, and corresponds with each other. This fact proves that the division of the above-mentioned 10 climatic regions is reliable.
文摘In wide area backup protection of electric power systems, the prerequisite of protection device's accurate, fast and reliable performance is its corresponding fault type and fault location can be discriminated quickly and defined exactly. In our study, global information will be introduced into the backup protection system. By analyzing and computing real-time PMU measurements, basing on cluster analysis theory, we are using mainly hierarchical cluster analysis to search after the statistical laws of electrical quantities' marked changes. Then we carry out fast and exact detection of fault components and fault sections, and finally accomplish fault isolation. The facts show that the fault detection of fault component (fault section) can be performed successfully by hierarchical cluster analysis and calculation. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis are accurate and reliable, and the dendrograms of hierarchical cluster analysis are in intuition.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41001124 National Key Technology R＆D Program, No.2010BAK67B02 The Major Plan of National Social Science Foundation of China, No. 11 ＆ZD 183
文摘Choosing site area, cultural layer thickness, significant relics and significant re- mains as the variables, we applied cluster analysis to the ancient settlements of four cultural periods, respectively, which were Peiligang, Yangshao, Longshan and Xiashang, in 9000-3000 a BP, around Songshan Mountain. Through application of the SOFM （self-organizing feature map） networks, every type of ancient settlements was classified into different size-grades. By this means, the Peiligang settlements were divided into two grades, Yangshao and Longshan settlements were divided into three grades, respectively, and Xi- ashang settlements were divided into four grades. The results suggested that the size-grade diversity of ancient settlements was not significant during the Peiligang period in this area. Around the middle-late Yangshao period （5000 a BP）, the size-grade diversity of ancient settlements began to appear, a process that continued during the Longshan period and finally matured in the Xiashang period. Moreover, the results reflected the regional differences in cultural characteristics in a particular period, which were mainly represented in that there were three Peitigang cultural systems distributed in different areas. Such differences also existed in the spatial distributive characteristics between the Xia and Shang cultures. Based on the size-grade study of ancient settlements in the Circum-Songshan area, it was found that the SOFM networks method was very suitable for size-grade classification of ancient settle- ments, since, using this method, adjacent cells would compete and learn from each other, a benefit that reduced the effect on classification by the inaccuracy of site acreages.
基金supported by the Special Foundation of National Science & Technology Supporting Plan (2011BAD29B09)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31172039)+2 种基金the ‘111’ Project from the Ministry of Edu- cation and the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (B12007)the Supporting Project of Young Technology Nova of Shaanxi Province (2010KJXX-04)the Supporting Plan of Young Elites and basic operational cost of research from Northwest A&F University
文摘The division of arid areas is important in water and land resources management, planning and for a long-term agricultural, economic and social planning. Northwest China （NW） dominates the main arid areas in China. There is thus a need to adopt adequate concepts relative to the scope of arid areas of NW China and identify its climate types and characteristics. In this study, we analyzed climatic data over the last 30 years （1981-2010） from 191 stations in three provinces and three autonomous regions of NW China. The factor-cluster analysis technique （FC）, an objective and automated method was employed to classify the dry/wet climate zones. The traditional methods with predefined thresholds were adopted for providing a comparison with FC. The results showed that the wet/dry climate zones by FC were mainly distributed along mountains, rivers and desert borders. Climate-division boundaries relied heavily on the major terrain features surrounding the grouped stations. It also showed that the climate was dry in the plain sandy areas but relatively wet in the high mountain areas. FC method can reflect the climate characteristics more fully in NW China with varied and complicated topography, and outperform the tradi- tional climate classifications. Arid areas of NW China were defined as four climate types, including five resultant classes in FC classifications. The Qinling and Da Hinggan Mountains were two important boundaries, besides main administrative boundaries. The results also indicated that there are some differences between two traditional clas- sifications. The precipitation moved and fluctuated to an extent, which confirmed that climate change played an important role in the dry/wet climate zoning, and the boundaries of dry/wet climate zones might change and migrate with time. This paper is expected to provide a more in-depth understanding on the climate characteristics in arid areas of NW China, and then contribute to formulate reasonable water and land management planning and agri- cultural production programs.
文摘In the wake of global water scarcity, forecasting of water quantity and quality, regionalization of river basins has attracted serious attention of the hydrology researchers. It has become an important area of research to enhance the quality of prediction of yield in river basins. In this paper, we analyzed the data of Godavari basin, and regionalize it using a cluster ensemble method. Cluster Ensemble methods are commonly used to enhance the quality of clustering by combining multiple clustering schemes to produce a more robust scheme delivering similar homogeneous basins. The goal is to identify, analyse and describe hydrologically similar catchments using cluster analysis. Clustering has been done using RCDA cluster ensemble algorithm, which is based on discriminant analysis. The algorithm takes H base clustering schemes each with K clusters, obtained by any clustering method, as input and constructs discriminant function for each one of them. Subsequently, all the data tuples are predicted using H discriminant functions for cluster membership. Tuples with consistent predictions are assigned to the clusters, while tuples with inconsistent predictions are analyzed further and either assigned to clusters or declared as noise. Clustering results of RCDA algorithm have been compared with Best of k-means and Clue cluster ensemble of R software using traditional clustering quality measures. Further, domain knowledge based comparison has also been performed. All the results are encouraging and indicate better regionalization of the Godavari basin data.
基金Supported by Department of Science and Education,State Bureau,China(04A26)
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to study clustering of the six climatic factors in Yunnan tobacco planting zone. [Method] 6 meteorological elements in 89 tobacco-growing counties and 12 sub-prefectures were conducted clustering analysis. According to indicator and climate characteristics of the each type, climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province was divided. [Result] Climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province could be divided into eight types: Jiangchuan (24 counties, belonged to northern and central subtropical climate belts), Songming (27 counties, belonged to northern subtropical and central, south, north temperate climate belts), Tengchong (3 counties, belonged to northern subtropical climate belt), Mile (12 counties, belonged to central and southern subtropical climate belts), Qiubei (11 counties, belonged to southern subtropical climate belt), Yanjin (4 counties, belonged to central subtropical humid climate belt), Yuanjiang (4 counties, belonged to southern subtropical and northern tropical climate belts), Zhenxiong (3 counties, belonged to warm temperate and northern subtropical climate belts) were eight representatives. Among 1-8 eco-zones, domestic and foreign cities where climate reached level-one similarity were respectively 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 and 1, up to level-two similarity, respectively 12, 15, 3, 13, 13, 1, 5 and 3. Among 8 major ecological zones, similar distance of the city reaching level-one similarity was in the range of 0.28 to 0.45, and similar degree was the highest. Variety introduction among these places would be successful. Similar distance of the city reaching level-two similarity was between 0.51 and 1.00, and similar degree was higher. Mutual variety introduction had high successful rate in these places. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for selecting new suitable tobacco variety and optimizing tobacco variety layout in different zones.
文摘Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood level within the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were collected on all inspections of tobacco retail stores from 2007 to 2011 in the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were split into season 1 (September-February) and season 2 (March-August) to assess a possible seasonal effect. Relative risks were calculated for each dissemination area (DA) by modeling the risks in a hierarchical Bayesian fashion, incorporating appropriate random effects terms for both spatially correlated and uncorrelated random errors with adjustments for neighborhood income. The association between violation rate and proximity to a school was assessed through a buffer analysis. Elliptical analysis detected a significant cluster of high risk DAs in season 1 in Windsor (p-value = 0.022) but no significant cluster in season 2. Some DAs exhibited higher relative risks of tobacco sales to minors, however after adjusting the model for neighborhood income no excess risk was observed. The results of the buffer analysis showed that in season 1 there was a significantly higher probability (p-value = 0.045) of tobacco vendors located closer to schools to sell tobacco to minors. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a systematic approach to identifying neighborhoods with higher risks of tobacco sales to minors. The insights provided by this exploratory, ecologic study are valuable for program planning and directing tobacco enforcement efforts to high risk areas.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61101122 and 61071105)
文摘With the rapid development of WLAN( Wireless Local Area Network) technology,an important target of indoor positioning systems is to improve the positioning accuracy while reducing the online computation.In this paper,it proposes a novel fingerprint positioning algorithm known as semi-supervised affinity propagation clustering based on distance function constraints. We show that by employing affinity propagation techniques,it is able to use a fractional labeled data to adjust similarity matrix of signal space to cluster reference points with high accuracy. The semi-supervised APC uses a combination of machine learning,clustering analysis and fingerprinting algorithm. By collecting data and testing our algorithm in a realistic indoor WLAN environment,the experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can improve positioning accuracy while reduce the online localization computation,as compared with the widely used K nearest neighbor and maximum likelihood estimation algorithms.
