In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the functio...In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.展开更多
This research aims to analyse and probabilistically measure the climate-related multi-hazard risks linked to the building energy system,water system,and building envelope of an urban commercial building in Sydney,Aust...This research aims to analyse and probabilistically measure the climate-related multi-hazard risks linked to the building energy system,water system,and building envelope of an urban commercial building in Sydney,Australia.Additionally,it examines how these risks amplify and interact when evaluated collectively.The study employs extreme value analysis to translate the intensity of multiple climate hazards into probabilities of occurrence.A Bayesian Network(BN)is used for probabilistic inference,with building energy modelling and geospatial analysis providing additional data for the BN conceptual model.In terms of impact on building systems of the reference building,cooling demand could increase by 19%,and heating demand by around 3%.The probability of surviving power outages may decrease by up to 10%,and water demand is expected to rise by up to 5%.The risk scores for these systems vary:energy systems face medium to high risk,water systems lean towards high risk due to increased demand and reduced rainwater collection,and the building envelope has a low to medium risk.Adaptation pathways can help mitigate these risks.The“Building Energy Transition”pathway can reduce the energy system’s risk by up to 17%.The“Water Sensitive Urban Design”pathway can lower the water system’s risk by 18%.The“Building Structural Integrity”pathway can decrease the building envelope’s risk by up to 16%.The study highlights the need for improved analytical tools and frameworks,emphasising the importance of expanding BN concepts and cross-validating climate data across climate model ensembles to enhance scientific rigour.展开更多
Against the backdrop of China’s“Dual Carbon”strategy,the rapid transformation of China’s energy structure is driving the need for structural adjustments in its carbon assets.Investigating the volatility spillovers...Against the backdrop of China’s“Dual Carbon”strategy,the rapid transformation of China’s energy structure is driving the need for structural adjustments in its carbon assets.Investigating the volatility spillovers between climate risks and carbon assets is therefore crucial for optimizing asset allocation,enhancing the green financial system,and mitigating cross-market risk contagion.Using a refined time-varying parameter vector autoregression(TVP-VAR)model,we analyze their time-varying spillover effects on high-carbon(WTI crude oil futures)and low-carbon(the NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy Index[CELS])assets.Our results reveal a significant bidirectional spillover relationship between climate risks and carbon assets.Statistically,the climate risks serve as the primary net transmitter of spillovers to both crude oil and the clean energy index.Dynamically,the influence of transition risk on low-carbon assets amplifies markedly during specific episodes,highlighting its acute sensitivity to policy and market signals.A key finding is the considerable hedging capacity of the CELS,which exhibits a 43.6%hedging efficiency against systemic risk in high-carbon assets,an effect that becomes particularly pronounced during periods of intensive policy implementation.This research provides a quantitative basis for investors to design“carbon quota and green bond”portfolios,and for regulators to develop a cross-market early warning mechanism for climate risks.展开更多
Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,c...Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,causes,and impacts on socioeconomic development;and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13.Using meteorological data from 1980 to 2020,we investigate five disaster-causing severe weather events in China and construct a comprehensive index of extreme climate risk(CIECR)at the county,city,province,and national levels.The CIECR can identify high-risk regions and primary severe weather events and provide early warnings.We empirically test the impact of extreme climate risks on agricultural production,industrial structure,and labor employment.The results show high risks in Xinjiang,northern Inner Mongolia,and southern regions,with high temperatures,low temperatures,and high winds as the leading risks.At the national level,the extreme climate risk fluctuates,indicating climate warming.While risks reduce agricultural production and employment,they promote modern agriculture,industrial production,and urbanization.The novelty of the study lies in its development of the county-level CIECR,which can capture heterogeneity characteristics and provide microdata support for urban climate change research and efforts toward SDG 13.This study aids in mitigating climate risks;responding to climate change;and comprehensively analyzing the causes,trends,and impacts of extreme climate risks.展开更多
Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types： the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The ...Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types： the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases with increasing latitude （except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China）. The citrus precipitation risk in the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases with increasing latitude At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of 〉10%, 〉20% and 〉30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing from southeast to northwest.展开更多
The agricultural climate risk in the geographical transitional zones is very sensitive to climate change. Based on previous researches, this article established the cotton climate suitability model and the risk index ...The agricultural climate risk in the geographical transitional zones is very sensitive to climate change. Based on previous researches, this article established the cotton climate suitability model and the risk index to analyze the cotton climate risk degree in Henan Province. The result shows that, in the last 40 years, the cotton climate risk degree has a gradual increasing trend in which the precipitation plays a very important role, and the climate suitability and its deviation have different performances in the influence on the risk change in different phases; the increase rate of risk degree has significant regional and transitional characteristics, for example, from the eastern plain to the western mountains, the risk change rate becomes slower and slower, so the contrast between the central-southern Huang-Huai plain and the Funiu mountains is the most remarkable; and in the north-south direction, the contrast between the fast increase belt from the central-southern Huang-Huai plain to the middle Yellow River and the slow increase belt near the Yellow River is particularly remarkable, which is possibly the results of topographic and climatic transitional belt; and the risk change process also has obvious regional difference. For instance, abrupt change is an important characteristic in eastern Henan where this sudden change type has notable latitudinal difference, while in the western mountainous area it is very rare. Although the temperature change over the 40 years is still increasing in this area, the trend has reduced gradually since the end of the 1980s.展开更多
Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and inequality which can subsequently lead to a ...Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and inequality which can subsequently lead to a 12% decline in the Human Development Index(HDI) for subSaharan Africa. Emerging countries such as China have the potential to support Africa to achieve the SDGs by pioneering Southe South Climate Finance(SSCF) modalities. In order to increase knowledge on climate informed development and the role of China in global climate governance, the paper examined various research articles, case studies, policy briefs and project reports. Sino-African aid, investments and trade were noted as essential in mitigating Africa's climate change vulnerabilities which induce poverty traps and inequality. Some African countries were noted to have a comparative advantage in environmental standards over China but lacked the initiative to use this comparative advantage to enhance the Forum on Chinae Africa Cooperation(FOCAC) and assist China to have a sustainable growth trajectory. The paper concludes that SSCF modalities can enhance climate risk management in Africa if they focus on improving financial inclusion and improving climate finance flows towards climate change adaptation activities in Africa. Additionally, to increase the effectiveness and impact of Chinese climate finance support to Africa, African policymakers should not allow political and market forces to decide how climate related support from China should be allocated as decisions based on political and market forces could potentially promote an inequitable distribution of funds and ignore the most vulnerable countries and regions.展开更多
The article discusses whether and to what extent an Arctic dimension in Chinese climate policy exists, and whether there are signs of potential linkages between China＇s engagement in the Arctic and its domestic clima...The article discusses whether and to what extent an Arctic dimension in Chinese climate policy exists, and whether there are signs of potential linkages between China＇s engagement in the Arctic and its domestic climate policies. Although the Arctic is not directly addressed in domestic climate policy, the article concludes that an Arctic dimension exists, in the following areas： the growing awareness in China of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, climate risk, resilience and vulnerability, which has contributed to increased attention to climatic change in the Arctic and its impact on China; polar scientific research, which is largely climate related, plays a significant role in determining China＇s Arctic climate agenda; China＇s climate policymaking and domestic institutional set-up is a contributing factor to climate engagement in the Arctic; China＇s status as an observer nation in the Arctic Council might potentially raise the profile of domestic climate policies and lead to the addition of an Arctic pillar to national climate change strategies.展开更多
The regulation of climate change risk is an important measure for China to achieve the goal of"carbon neutrality and carbon peak".Although China has built a legal regulation system for environmental risk at ...The regulation of climate change risk is an important measure for China to achieve the goal of"carbon neutrality and carbon peak".Although China has built a legal regulation system for environmental risk at the macro level,and normative and functionalism have constructed different paths for regulating climate change risk,it is necessary to analysis the two paths at the micro level,in order to examine its adaptability to climate change risk.The normative mode of climate change risk regulation emphasizes the clarity of the legal regulation system,controls the regulatory subject formally,and pays attention to the role of judicial review;The functionalist mode of climate change risk regulation emphasizes the authorization of regulatory subjects,and identifies and manages climate change risks in the way of administrative self-control.In order to regulate climate change risk,in addition to the traditional way of solving the problem of"normalization"and"functionalism",there is also a third regulatory mode,that is,to overcome the inherent shortcomings and defects of both functionalism and normalization,and to integrate the two necessary:not only pay attention to the legal normative requirements of the normative mode,but also mobilize the initiative of administrative regulation under functionalism,and strengthen the judicial prevention function,and then improve the effe ctiveness of China’s participation in global climate change governance.展开更多
This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverag...This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverage, stock and bond valuation, cost of capital, and managerial behavior. We also discuss how the effect of climate risk on real estate markets depends on individuals’ beliefs about climate change. Furthermore, we summarize papers on climate risk activism and how firms can employ financial devices and technology to mitigate their climate risk. Finally, we make some recommendations for further research areas.展开更多
Throughout the world, climate change is threatening the human population. In West Africa, smallholder farmers in indigenous agricultural societies typically hold considerable knowledge. Therefore, this study was condu...Throughout the world, climate change is threatening the human population. In West Africa, smallholder farmers in indigenous agricultural societies typically hold considerable knowledge. Therefore, this study was conducted in West Atacora of Benin Republic to assess the drivers of farmers’ perceptions of climate change risk. We used a random sampling technique to select 360 households’ heads who were interviewed regarding different climate change risks perception. Binomial logistic regression was used to assess the drivers of farmers’ perceptions of climate change risks. The results showed that the farmers in drier areas had a higher perception of the global risk of climate change than those in humid areas. The same trend was observed for the seven different individual’s climate change risk investigated. The study identified also membership of farm organizations as main sociodemographic characteristic that explains farmers’ perception of climate change risk perception. These findings are helpful tools to sensitize the local people on climate change risk and cope with the risk in agricultural lands.展开更多
In order to track the global warming issues in India, “Satellite Remote Sensing” can be used effectively and the main reason for choosing this is that it gives climate associated variables with a massive regional co...In order to track the global warming issues in India, “Satellite Remote Sensing” can be used effectively and the main reason for choosing this is that it gives climate associated variables with a massive regional coverage and global coverage. The survey has been effectively conducted through Ipsos and through this survey it can be stated that the global warming issue of India is increasing day by day. In addition, effective materials and methods have been highlighted and four models in this material part have been shown in a succinct manner. Uncertainty, poverty and the weak role of the local government are the major factors and these factors are increasing the climate risk issue.展开更多
The digital economy and the low-carbon economy are crucial catalysts of global economic change and sustainable development.This research focuses on China and thoroughly examines the coupling and coordination mechanism...The digital economy and the low-carbon economy are crucial catalysts of global economic change and sustainable development.This research focuses on China and thoroughly examines the coupling and coordination mechanisms between the digital and low-carbon economies.This study employs the coupling coordination degree model to assess the development level of the coupling and coordination between the two economies.It also investigates the influence of climate-related physical threats on their coupled and coordinated development and presents the following findings.First,the integration and synchronized advancement of China's digital and low-carbon economies exhibit a general upward trend,though the average development level remains relatively low,characterized by considerable regional variations.Moreover,the dynamic distribution of coupling and coordination development levels among locations reveals notable disparities.Second,the coupling coordination degree between China's digital and low-carbon economies exhibits distinct spatial correlation,following a“high-high,lowlow”distribution pattern,with transfer channels exhibiting spatial dependence.Third,Tobit model analysis reveals that climate-related physical dangers substantially impede the integration and synchronized advancement of digital and low-carbon economies.The underlying mechanism is the inhibition of green low-carbon technological innovation,with extremely low temperatures exerting the most significant suppressive influence.This suppression varies based on geographic location,data development,and resource endowment.展开更多
This paper examines the impact of climate transition risks on innovation participation of micro and small enterprises(SMEs)in China and explores whether digital finance can mitigate these impacts.Using firm-level data...This paper examines the impact of climate transition risks on innovation participation of micro and small enterprises(SMEs)in China and explores whether digital finance can mitigate these impacts.Using firm-level data from the 2014 China SME Survey,combined with provincial digital finance inclusion index data,the study employs a Probit model to analyze firm innovation participation and uses an OLS framework to examine the impact of financing constraints.To capture the heterogeneity of transition pressures,the study categorizes firms based on the transition pressures of their respective industries.The results show that digital finance significantly increases the likelihood of SMEs participating in innovation and alleviates their financing constraints.While climate transition risks themselves do not have a significant direct impact on innovation participation,the interaction between digital finance and high transition risk is positive and statistically significant,indicating that digital finance has a stronger innovation-promoting effect on firms in high-risk industries.Mechanism analysis shows that digital finance primarily supports innovation by alleviating overall financing frictions faced by SMEs.These findings highlight the complementary role of digital finance in supporting firms’innovation in response to climate transition pressures and provide policy implications for promoting financial inclusion and facilitating a smooth low-carbon transition in emerging economies.展开更多
This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess ...This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess awareness level of farmers regarding crop insurance, factors affecting the awareness level among farmers and the perception of farmers about crop insurance. Based on exploratory research work upon the responses of farmers, the average and standard deviation were calculated. Probit model was applied to explore the factors affecting the awareness level of farmers. SPSS was used for the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that out of 300 farmers, 184 farmers were aware with crop insurance and rests of the 116 farmers were not aware. Banks and E-media were found to be the two most important sources of the awareness for the respondent farmers. In the study area, the climatic risks were reported as the most severe risks faced by the farmers. The results also revealed the existence of negative perceptions of the farmers about crop insurance i.e. farmers perceived crop insurance as a kind of tax and they believed premium was so high that it was out of range of poor farmers and only large scale farmers could afford it. Results obtained by applying Probit model revealed that ＂education＂ and ＂previously availed agricultural credit＂ were the two most important factors which affected the awareness of the farmers regarding crop insurance.展开更多
Climate change will bring huge risks to human society and the economy.Regional climate change risk assessment is an important basic analysis for addressing climate change,which can be expressed as a regional system of...Climate change will bring huge risks to human society and the economy.Regional climate change risk assessment is an important basic analysis for addressing climate change,which can be expressed as a regional system of comprehensive climate change risk.This study establishes regional systems of climate change risks under the proposed global warming targets.Results of this work are spatial patterns of climate change risks in China,indicated by the degree of climate change and the status of the risk receptors.Therefore,the risks show significant spatial differences.The high-risk regions are mainly distributed in East,South,and central China,while the medium-high risk regions are found in North and southwestern China.Under the 2℃warming target,more than 1/4 of China’s area would be at high and medium-high risk,which is more severe than under the 1.5℃warming target,and would extend to the western and northern regions.This work provides regional risk characteristics of climate change under different global warming targets as a foundation for dealing with climate change.展开更多
The interactions on rainfed soybean yield among planting date, maturity, and year-to-yearclimate change were studied using CROPGRO-soybean model. Simulations were based on 19 plantingdates, maturity groupsⅢ, ⅣandⅤ,...The interactions on rainfed soybean yield among planting date, maturity, and year-to-yearclimate change were studied using CROPGRO-soybean model. Simulations were based on 19 plantingdates, maturity groupsⅢ, ⅣandⅤ, 30 years recorded weather data from Corbin, Suffolk,West Point in Virginia, USA. Yield was similar on early plantings and went down with lateplantings. Both grand and year-to-year variation of soybean yield declined linearly withplanting date. Year-to-year climate variation was dominant yield variation source inrainfed soybean production. Interaction occurred between planting date and maturity.Optimal planting dates for different sites lied within 130th-170th day of a year.Irrigation is recommended for profitable crops, especially in Corbin and West Point.展开更多
This study investigates the potential influences of anthropogenic forcings and natural variability on the risk of summer extreme temperatures over China. We use three multi-thousand-member ensemble simulations with di...This study investigates the potential influences of anthropogenic forcings and natural variability on the risk of summer extreme temperatures over China. We use three multi-thousand-member ensemble simulations with different forcings （with or without anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions） to evaluate the human impact, and with sea surface temperature patterns from three different years around the E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） 2015/16 event （years 2014, 2015 and 2016） to evaluate the impact of natural variability. A generalized extreme value （GEV） distribution is used to fit the ensemble results. Based on these model results, we find that, during the peak of ENSO （2015）, daytime extreme tem- peratures axe smaller over the central China region compared to a normal year （2014）. During 2016, the risk of nighttime extreme temperatures is largely increased over the eastern coastal region. Both anomalies are of the same magnitude as the anthropogenic influence. Thus, ENSO can amplify or counterbalance （at a regional and annual scale） anthropogenic effects on extreme summer temperatures over China. Changes are mainly due to changes in the GEV location parameter. Thus, anomalies are due to a shift in the distributions and not to a change in temperature variability.展开更多
This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk wer...This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.展开更多
Sowing time of wheat in south eastern Australia varies from autumn to early winter, depending on the seasonal ＇break＇. Wheat yields are often reduced by frost damage at flowering time and by heat-and/or water-stress...Sowing time of wheat in south eastern Australia varies from autumn to early winter, depending on the seasonal ＇break＇. Wheat yields are often reduced by frost damage at flowering time and by heat-and/or water-stress during grain filling. Selecting suitable varieties for specific sowing times is a complex decision farmers make because these varietal phenology and climate risks have to be assessed together. In order to help farmers make decisions, they need tools that simulate and analyse agronomically-suitable sowing dates （ASSD） for a given variety of wheat. The hypothesis underlining this study is the integration of a wheat phenology model with historical climate data is an effective approach to modelling the ASSD of current varieties used in the wheat growing areas of Southern NSW. The parameters of the wheat phenology model were based on data from five years of field experimentation across 15 sites. Data from four sites were used to examine varietal suitability in relation to sowing time and its associated risks of frost and heat damage. The optimum ASSD for any variety at 72 locations across Southern NSW was investigated. The results showed that there were substantial spatial variations in the ASSD across the target region. ASSD for a late maturing wheat genotype （EGA Gregory） can range from early March to late April, while the earliest acceptable sowing date for an early maturing spring wheat genotype （H46） can range from early to late May. The wide range of spatial variation in the earliest and latest sowing dates, as well as the varied length of sowing opportunities, highlighted the importance of being able to apply a modelling approach which can integrate information on crop phenology with climate risk for a given location. This approach would allow better decision-making on suitable varieties and sowing dates in order to minimise the risk of frost and heat damage affecting crop yield.展开更多
文摘In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.
文摘This research aims to analyse and probabilistically measure the climate-related multi-hazard risks linked to the building energy system,water system,and building envelope of an urban commercial building in Sydney,Australia.Additionally,it examines how these risks amplify and interact when evaluated collectively.The study employs extreme value analysis to translate the intensity of multiple climate hazards into probabilities of occurrence.A Bayesian Network(BN)is used for probabilistic inference,with building energy modelling and geospatial analysis providing additional data for the BN conceptual model.In terms of impact on building systems of the reference building,cooling demand could increase by 19%,and heating demand by around 3%.The probability of surviving power outages may decrease by up to 10%,and water demand is expected to rise by up to 5%.The risk scores for these systems vary:energy systems face medium to high risk,water systems lean towards high risk due to increased demand and reduced rainwater collection,and the building envelope has a low to medium risk.Adaptation pathways can help mitigate these risks.The“Building Energy Transition”pathway can reduce the energy system’s risk by up to 17%.The“Water Sensitive Urban Design”pathway can lower the water system’s risk by 18%.The“Building Structural Integrity”pathway can decrease the building envelope’s risk by up to 16%.The study highlights the need for improved analytical tools and frameworks,emphasising the importance of expanding BN concepts and cross-validating climate data across climate model ensembles to enhance scientific rigour.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12501656)the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.22FGLB075).
文摘Against the backdrop of China’s“Dual Carbon”strategy,the rapid transformation of China’s energy structure is driving the need for structural adjustments in its carbon assets.Investigating the volatility spillovers between climate risks and carbon assets is therefore crucial for optimizing asset allocation,enhancing the green financial system,and mitigating cross-market risk contagion.Using a refined time-varying parameter vector autoregression(TVP-VAR)model,we analyze their time-varying spillover effects on high-carbon(WTI crude oil futures)and low-carbon(the NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy Index[CELS])assets.Our results reveal a significant bidirectional spillover relationship between climate risks and carbon assets.Statistically,the climate risks serve as the primary net transmitter of spillovers to both crude oil and the clean energy index.Dynamically,the influence of transition risk on low-carbon assets amplifies markedly during specific episodes,highlighting its acute sensitivity to policy and market signals.A key finding is the considerable hedging capacity of the CELS,which exhibits a 43.6%hedging efficiency against systemic risk in high-carbon assets,an effect that becomes particularly pronounced during periods of intensive policy implementation.This research provides a quantitative basis for investors to design“carbon quota and green bond”portfolios,and for regulators to develop a cross-market early warning mechanism for climate risks.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under the theme“Construction of a data representation framework for sustainable development indicators”[Grant No.2022YFC3802903-01]the National Natural Science Foundation of China“An economic theory based on the new production function in carbon neutrality”[Grant No.72250064]the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Macroeconomics”[Grant No.72122011].
文摘Climate change severely challenges our ecosystem and society,affecting urban residents’socioeconomic activities.Thus,assessing severe weather risk is crucial for evaluating urban sustainability;understanding trends,causes,and impacts on socioeconomic development;and supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13.Using meteorological data from 1980 to 2020,we investigate five disaster-causing severe weather events in China and construct a comprehensive index of extreme climate risk(CIECR)at the county,city,province,and national levels.The CIECR can identify high-risk regions and primary severe weather events and provide early warnings.We empirically test the impact of extreme climate risks on agricultural production,industrial structure,and labor employment.The results show high risks in Xinjiang,northern Inner Mongolia,and southern regions,with high temperatures,low temperatures,and high winds as the leading risks.At the national level,the extreme climate risk fluctuates,indicating climate warming.While risks reduce agricultural production and employment,they promote modern agriculture,industrial production,and urbanization.The novelty of the study lies in its development of the county-level CIECR,which can capture heterogeneity characteristics and provide microdata support for urban climate change research and efforts toward SDG 13.This study aids in mitigating climate risks;responding to climate change;and comprehensively analyzing the causes,trends,and impacts of extreme climate risks.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of China,No.40771033Special Item Funds of Climate Change Supported by China Meteorological Administration,No.CCSF-09-11
文摘Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China into three types： the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases with increasing latitude （except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China）. The citrus precipitation risk in the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases with increasing latitude At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of 〉10%, 〉20% and 〉30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing from southeast to northwest.
基金The Key Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province, No.0324100014
文摘The agricultural climate risk in the geographical transitional zones is very sensitive to climate change. Based on previous researches, this article established the cotton climate suitability model and the risk index to analyze the cotton climate risk degree in Henan Province. The result shows that, in the last 40 years, the cotton climate risk degree has a gradual increasing trend in which the precipitation plays a very important role, and the climate suitability and its deviation have different performances in the influence on the risk change in different phases; the increase rate of risk degree has significant regional and transitional characteristics, for example, from the eastern plain to the western mountains, the risk change rate becomes slower and slower, so the contrast between the central-southern Huang-Huai plain and the Funiu mountains is the most remarkable; and in the north-south direction, the contrast between the fast increase belt from the central-southern Huang-Huai plain to the middle Yellow River and the slow increase belt near the Yellow River is particularly remarkable, which is possibly the results of topographic and climatic transitional belt; and the risk change process also has obvious regional difference. For instance, abrupt change is an important characteristic in eastern Henan where this sudden change type has notable latitudinal difference, while in the western mountainous area it is very rare. Although the temperature change over the 40 years is still increasing in this area, the trend has reduced gradually since the end of the 1980s.
文摘Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and inequality which can subsequently lead to a 12% decline in the Human Development Index(HDI) for subSaharan Africa. Emerging countries such as China have the potential to support Africa to achieve the SDGs by pioneering Southe South Climate Finance(SSCF) modalities. In order to increase knowledge on climate informed development and the role of China in global climate governance, the paper examined various research articles, case studies, policy briefs and project reports. Sino-African aid, investments and trade were noted as essential in mitigating Africa's climate change vulnerabilities which induce poverty traps and inequality. Some African countries were noted to have a comparative advantage in environmental standards over China but lacked the initiative to use this comparative advantage to enhance the Forum on Chinae Africa Cooperation(FOCAC) and assist China to have a sustainable growth trajectory. The paper concludes that SSCF modalities can enhance climate risk management in Africa if they focus on improving financial inclusion and improving climate finance flows towards climate change adaptation activities in Africa. Additionally, to increase the effectiveness and impact of Chinese climate finance support to Africa, African policymakers should not allow political and market forces to decide how climate related support from China should be allocated as decisions based on political and market forces could potentially promote an inequitable distribution of funds and ignore the most vulnerable countries and regions.
基金the research project Asi Arctic,funded by the Norruss programme of the Research Council of Norway
文摘The article discusses whether and to what extent an Arctic dimension in Chinese climate policy exists, and whether there are signs of potential linkages between China＇s engagement in the Arctic and its domestic climate policies. Although the Arctic is not directly addressed in domestic climate policy, the article concludes that an Arctic dimension exists, in the following areas： the growing awareness in China of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, climate risk, resilience and vulnerability, which has contributed to increased attention to climatic change in the Arctic and its impact on China; polar scientific research, which is largely climate related, plays a significant role in determining China＇s Arctic climate agenda; China＇s climate policymaking and domestic institutional set-up is a contributing factor to climate engagement in the Arctic; China＇s status as an observer nation in the Arctic Council might potentially raise the profile of domestic climate policies and lead to the addition of an Arctic pillar to national climate change strategies.
基金supported by The Special Research Fund for Academic Postgraduates of The School of Law of Beijing Normal University(Grant Nos.2023LAW002,2023LAW015)Beijing Normal University Interdisciplinary Fund Project(Grant Nos.BNUXKJC2208,BNUXKJC2211)。
文摘The regulation of climate change risk is an important measure for China to achieve the goal of"carbon neutrality and carbon peak".Although China has built a legal regulation system for environmental risk at the macro level,and normative and functionalism have constructed different paths for regulating climate change risk,it is necessary to analysis the two paths at the micro level,in order to examine its adaptability to climate change risk.The normative mode of climate change risk regulation emphasizes the clarity of the legal regulation system,controls the regulatory subject formally,and pays attention to the role of judicial review;The functionalist mode of climate change risk regulation emphasizes the authorization of regulatory subjects,and identifies and manages climate change risks in the way of administrative self-control.In order to regulate climate change risk,in addition to the traditional way of solving the problem of"normalization"and"functionalism",there is also a third regulatory mode,that is,to overcome the inherent shortcomings and defects of both functionalism and normalization,and to integrate the two necessary:not only pay attention to the legal normative requirements of the normative mode,but also mobilize the initiative of administrative regulation under functionalism,and strengthen the judicial prevention function,and then improve the effe ctiveness of China’s participation in global climate change governance.
文摘This review focuses on major contemporary empirical studies that examine both the physical and regulatory sides of climate risk. These studies explore how climate risk affects firms’ operating performance and leverage, stock and bond valuation, cost of capital, and managerial behavior. We also discuss how the effect of climate risk on real estate markets depends on individuals’ beliefs about climate change. Furthermore, we summarize papers on climate risk activism and how firms can employ financial devices and technology to mitigate their climate risk. Finally, we make some recommendations for further research areas.
文摘Throughout the world, climate change is threatening the human population. In West Africa, smallholder farmers in indigenous agricultural societies typically hold considerable knowledge. Therefore, this study was conducted in West Atacora of Benin Republic to assess the drivers of farmers’ perceptions of climate change risk. We used a random sampling technique to select 360 households’ heads who were interviewed regarding different climate change risks perception. Binomial logistic regression was used to assess the drivers of farmers’ perceptions of climate change risks. The results showed that the farmers in drier areas had a higher perception of the global risk of climate change than those in humid areas. The same trend was observed for the seven different individual’s climate change risk investigated. The study identified also membership of farm organizations as main sociodemographic characteristic that explains farmers’ perception of climate change risk perception. These findings are helpful tools to sensitize the local people on climate change risk and cope with the risk in agricultural lands.
文摘In order to track the global warming issues in India, “Satellite Remote Sensing” can be used effectively and the main reason for choosing this is that it gives climate associated variables with a massive regional coverage and global coverage. The survey has been effectively conducted through Ipsos and through this survey it can be stated that the global warming issue of India is increasing day by day. In addition, effective materials and methods have been highlighted and four models in this material part have been shown in a succinct manner. Uncertainty, poverty and the weak role of the local government are the major factors and these factors are increasing the climate risk issue.
文摘The digital economy and the low-carbon economy are crucial catalysts of global economic change and sustainable development.This research focuses on China and thoroughly examines the coupling and coordination mechanisms between the digital and low-carbon economies.This study employs the coupling coordination degree model to assess the development level of the coupling and coordination between the two economies.It also investigates the influence of climate-related physical threats on their coupled and coordinated development and presents the following findings.First,the integration and synchronized advancement of China's digital and low-carbon economies exhibit a general upward trend,though the average development level remains relatively low,characterized by considerable regional variations.Moreover,the dynamic distribution of coupling and coordination development levels among locations reveals notable disparities.Second,the coupling coordination degree between China's digital and low-carbon economies exhibits distinct spatial correlation,following a“high-high,lowlow”distribution pattern,with transfer channels exhibiting spatial dependence.Third,Tobit model analysis reveals that climate-related physical dangers substantially impede the integration and synchronized advancement of digital and low-carbon economies.The underlying mechanism is the inhibition of green low-carbon technological innovation,with extremely low temperatures exerting the most significant suppressive influence.This suppression varies based on geographic location,data development,and resource endowment.
文摘This paper examines the impact of climate transition risks on innovation participation of micro and small enterprises(SMEs)in China and explores whether digital finance can mitigate these impacts.Using firm-level data from the 2014 China SME Survey,combined with provincial digital finance inclusion index data,the study employs a Probit model to analyze firm innovation participation and uses an OLS framework to examine the impact of financing constraints.To capture the heterogeneity of transition pressures,the study categorizes firms based on the transition pressures of their respective industries.The results show that digital finance significantly increases the likelihood of SMEs participating in innovation and alleviates their financing constraints.While climate transition risks themselves do not have a significant direct impact on innovation participation,the interaction between digital finance and high transition risk is positive and statistically significant,indicating that digital finance has a stronger innovation-promoting effect on firms in high-risk industries.Mechanism analysis shows that digital finance primarily supports innovation by alleviating overall financing frictions faced by SMEs.These findings highlight the complementary role of digital finance in supporting firms’innovation in response to climate transition pressures and provide policy implications for promoting financial inclusion and facilitating a smooth low-carbon transition in emerging economies.
文摘This study has been conducted in three districts of Punjab Province namely, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajan Pur and Bahawalpur of Pakistan. The study showed the results of a survey of 300 farmers which was organized to assess awareness level of farmers regarding crop insurance, factors affecting the awareness level among farmers and the perception of farmers about crop insurance. Based on exploratory research work upon the responses of farmers, the average and standard deviation were calculated. Probit model was applied to explore the factors affecting the awareness level of farmers. SPSS was used for the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that out of 300 farmers, 184 farmers were aware with crop insurance and rests of the 116 farmers were not aware. Banks and E-media were found to be the two most important sources of the awareness for the respondent farmers. In the study area, the climatic risks were reported as the most severe risks faced by the farmers. The results also revealed the existence of negative perceptions of the farmers about crop insurance i.e. farmers perceived crop insurance as a kind of tax and they believed premium was so high that it was out of range of poor farmers and only large scale farmers could afford it. Results obtained by applying Probit model revealed that ＂education＂ and ＂previously availed agricultural credit＂ were the two most important factors which affected the awareness of the farmers regarding crop insurance.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China,No.2018YFC1509002The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA19040304。
文摘Climate change will bring huge risks to human society and the economy.Regional climate change risk assessment is an important basic analysis for addressing climate change,which can be expressed as a regional system of comprehensive climate change risk.This study establishes regional systems of climate change risks under the proposed global warming targets.Results of this work are spatial patterns of climate change risks in China,indicated by the degree of climate change and the status of the risk receptors.Therefore,the risks show significant spatial differences.The high-risk regions are mainly distributed in East,South,and central China,while the medium-high risk regions are found in North and southwestern China.Under the 2℃warming target,more than 1/4 of China’s area would be at high and medium-high risk,which is more severe than under the 1.5℃warming target,and would extend to the western and northern regions.This work provides regional risk characteristics of climate change under different global warming targets as a foundation for dealing with climate change.
文摘The interactions on rainfed soybean yield among planting date, maturity, and year-to-yearclimate change were studied using CROPGRO-soybean model. Simulations were based on 19 plantingdates, maturity groupsⅢ, ⅣandⅤ, 30 years recorded weather data from Corbin, Suffolk,West Point in Virginia, USA. Yield was similar on early plantings and went down with lateplantings. Both grand and year-to-year variation of soybean yield declined linearly withplanting date. Year-to-year climate variation was dominant yield variation source inrainfed soybean production. Interaction occurred between planting date and maturity.Optimal planting dates for different sites lied within 130th-170th day of a year.Irrigation is recommended for profitable crops, especially in Corbin and West Point.
基金supported by the UK-China Research and Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership(CSSP) China as part of the Newton Fund
文摘This study investigates the potential influences of anthropogenic forcings and natural variability on the risk of summer extreme temperatures over China. We use three multi-thousand-member ensemble simulations with different forcings （with or without anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions） to evaluate the human impact, and with sea surface temperature patterns from three different years around the E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） 2015/16 event （years 2014, 2015 and 2016） to evaluate the impact of natural variability. A generalized extreme value （GEV） distribution is used to fit the ensemble results. Based on these model results, we find that, during the peak of ENSO （2015）, daytime extreme tem- peratures axe smaller over the central China region compared to a normal year （2014）. During 2016, the risk of nighttime extreme temperatures is largely increased over the eastern coastal region. Both anomalies are of the same magnitude as the anthropogenic influence. Thus, ENSO can amplify or counterbalance （at a regional and annual scale） anthropogenic effects on extreme summer temperatures over China. Changes are mainly due to changes in the GEV location parameter. Thus, anomalies are due to a shift in the distributions and not to a change in temperature variability.
文摘This article analyzed climate change risks from the perspective of con- temporary environmental risks and how they have been internalized by policy. In order to do so, the main characteristics of this type of risk were analyzed based on the contributions from social theory authors on contemporary environmental risks. Next, the implications of these characteristics for the production of policy responses to climate change risks were discussed. The two main types of policy responses to climate change in the literature were presented： mitigation and adaptation. Finally, their interaction, differences and possibilities for synergy were analyzed. Under- standing climate change as a contemporary environmental risk, the way it was presented in this article, implies a radical change in the development bases of society, since greenhouse gases emissions from human activities contribute to the aggravation of global warming. Climate change challenges the traditional ways of governing in many ways, since climate change policy should involve the ques- tioning of the current processes of development. Profound changes in ways of thinking and established political action are needed.
文摘Sowing time of wheat in south eastern Australia varies from autumn to early winter, depending on the seasonal ＇break＇. Wheat yields are often reduced by frost damage at flowering time and by heat-and/or water-stress during grain filling. Selecting suitable varieties for specific sowing times is a complex decision farmers make because these varietal phenology and climate risks have to be assessed together. In order to help farmers make decisions, they need tools that simulate and analyse agronomically-suitable sowing dates （ASSD） for a given variety of wheat. The hypothesis underlining this study is the integration of a wheat phenology model with historical climate data is an effective approach to modelling the ASSD of current varieties used in the wheat growing areas of Southern NSW. The parameters of the wheat phenology model were based on data from five years of field experimentation across 15 sites. Data from four sites were used to examine varietal suitability in relation to sowing time and its associated risks of frost and heat damage. The optimum ASSD for any variety at 72 locations across Southern NSW was investigated. The results showed that there were substantial spatial variations in the ASSD across the target region. ASSD for a late maturing wheat genotype （EGA Gregory） can range from early March to late April, while the earliest acceptable sowing date for an early maturing spring wheat genotype （H46） can range from early to late May. The wide range of spatial variation in the earliest and latest sowing dates, as well as the varied length of sowing opportunities, highlighted the importance of being able to apply a modelling approach which can integrate information on crop phenology with climate risk for a given location. This approach would allow better decision-making on suitable varieties and sowing dates in order to minimise the risk of frost and heat damage affecting crop yield.
