This study examined the role of green energy development in mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development in Central Asia including Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,and Turkmenistan.The re...This study examined the role of green energy development in mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development in Central Asia including Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,and Turkmenistan.The region has substantial untapped potential in solar energy,wind energy,hydropower energy,as well as biomass and bioenergy,positioning it strategically for renewable energy deployment.The result demonstrated that integrating renewable energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,improve air quality,enhance energy security,and support rural development.Case studies from Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,and Tajikistan showed measurable environmental and economic benefits.However,the large-scale use of renewable energy still faces numerous barriers,including outdated infrastructure,fragmented regulatory frameworks,limited investment,and shortages of technical expertise.Overcoming these obstacles requires institutional reform,stronger regional cooperation,and increasing engagement from international financial institutions and private investors.Modernizing grids,deploying storage systems,and investing in education,research,and innovation are critical for building human capacity in renewable energy sector.Accelerating the renewable energy transition is essential for Central Asia to meet climate goals,enhance environmental resilience,and ensure long-term socioeconomic development through innovation,investment,and regional collaboration.展开更多
Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature conservation.Expansion and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural...Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature conservation.Expansion and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural inten-sification,which are two key parameters in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs).Datasets mapping future land dynamics under different SSPs and climate change mitigation targets stem from different scenario assump-tions,land data and modelling frameworks.This study aims to determine the role that these three factors play in the estimates of the evolution of cropland and pastureland in future SSPs under different climate scenarios from four main datasets largely used in the climate and land surface studies.The datasets largely agree with the rep-resentation of cropland at present-day conditions,but the identification of pastureland is ambiguous and shows large discrepancies due to the lack of a unique land-use category.Differences occur with future projections,even for the same SSP and climate target.Accounting for CO_(2)sequestration from revegetation of abandoned agri-cultural land and CO_(2)emissions from forest clearance due to agricultural expansion shows a net reduction in vegetation carbon stock for most SSPs considered,except SSP1.However,different datasets give differences in estimates,even when representative of the same scenario.With SSP1,the cumulative increase in carbon stock until 2050 is 3.3 GtC for one dataset,and more than double for another.Our study calls for a common classifica-tion system with improved detection of pastureland to harmonize projections and reduce variability of outcomes in environmental studies.展开更多
The intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate change represent a critical environmental dilemma of our time.These issues are inextricably linked through shared emission sources,coupled physical and chemical ...The intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate change represent a critical environmental dilemma of our time.These issues are inextricably linked through shared emission sources,coupled physical and chemical processes,and a common solution space in the transition to a sustainable future.Advanced atmospheric and Earth system modeling is therefore an indispensable tool for developing coordinated strategies that maximize co-benefits.This special issue,“Atmospheric and Earth System Modeling towards Coordinated Pollution Control and Climate Change Mitigation,”showcases cutting-edge research that enhances our modeling capabilities to address this complex nexus.The contributions collectively advance model fidelity and integration across scales,from fundamental particle properties to regional pollution transport and climate impacts.展开更多
Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth,energy transition,and dual climate change mitigation goals,the kind of carbon pricing policy that will compl...Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth,energy transition,and dual climate change mitigation goals,the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial.We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid(WITCH)model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies,and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.The study find that the combined policy-a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies--has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost,proving to be unsuitable in the long run.The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction,which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.展开更多
Infrastructure systems play a fundamental role in reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to avert global climate change(Kennedy et al.,2014).Transportations are recognized as one of the key factors for facilitating cli...Infrastructure systems play a fundamental role in reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to avert global climate change(Kennedy et al.,2014).Transportations are recognized as one of the key factors for facilitating climate change mitigation(Shaw et al.,2014).Approximately 19%of global energy consumption and 23%of energy-related carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions come from the transportation sector(IEA,2012).The demands are still increasing at an annual average rate of 1.4%(EIA,2016).Scholars展开更多
This research aims to estimate the long-term financial benefits of using smart grids to mitigate and adapt the power sector to climate change. In order to do that, twelve scenarios were analyzed applying an energy acc...This research aims to estimate the long-term financial benefits of using smart grids to mitigate and adapt the power sector to climate change. In order to do that, twelve scenarios were analyzed applying an energy accounting model （LEAP （Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System）） that was developed using Brazilian historical data from 1970 to 2015. To conduct the analysis, the Sathaye and Ravindranath＇s three steps methodology was used. The main final results include a long-term cost-benefit analysis that is developed for each considered scenario. The initial phase includes the analysis of the projections for the power sector up to 2030. The following phase consists on the estimation of costs for operation, maintenance, losses and new electrical projects investments. And finally, all scenarios＇ results were compared and the benefits of implementing smart grids in the sector were estimated. The attained results show that smart grid implementation would contribute to reduce electricity tariffs, the generation costs as well as the costs associated with theft and fraud.展开更多
Global warming,as a key driver of climate change,is accelerating water temperature rise,with significant implications for aquatic ecosystems.Temperature,a critical abiotic factor,directly affects the physiology,growth...Global warming,as a key driver of climate change,is accelerating water temperature rise,with significant implications for aquatic ecosystems.Temperature,a critical abiotic factor,directly affects the physiology,growth,and survival of aquatic organisms.In the context of aquaculture-one of the fastest-growing food sectors-crustaceans hold high commercial value due to their production volume and global demand.However,their sensitivity to thermal fluctuations poses major challenge under climate change.This review examines the impact of elevated temperatures on growth performance,food intake,moulting,immune response,and survival of major farmed crustaceans,including shrimp,prawns,crabs,lobsters,and crayfish.Broader ecological consequences,such as disruptions in nutrient cycling and disease outbreaks,are also explored.Additionally,we evaluate mitigation strategies,including dietary modification,technological innovations,biotechnological approaches,and aquaculture insurance models.By integrating physiological,immunological,and ecological evidence,this review identifies key knowledge gaps and highlighting opportunities to improve climate resilience in crustacean aquaculture.Understanding these challenges is essential for sustaining productivity and promoting adaptive management in a warming world.展开更多
Land-use changes and land cover strongly influence carbon stock and distribution within ecosystems. Changing the land-use from natural forest to other land-uses has been more rapid in the past few decades than at any ...Land-use changes and land cover strongly influence carbon stock and distribution within ecosystems. Changing the land-use from natural forest to other land-uses has been more rapid in the past few decades than at any time in Iran＇s history. In this study, we investigated the effects of changing the land-use from natural forest to other land-uses on carbon stocks in northern Iran. We selected five sites for this study： （I） a natural forest, （II） an agricultural field and （III） plantations of three different species （Alnus subcordata .L, Acer velutinum .Boiss and Cu- pressus sempervirens）. We examined the effects of land-use changes on： （I） soil carbon stock （0-50 cm depth）, （II） biomass and carbon content of grassy vegetation and litter and （III） above- and below-ground biomass C in trees. Soil C stock was higher under A. velutinum and C. sempervirens whereas it was lower under A. subcordata and agricultural sites. Biomass and C content of grassy vegetation were significantly higher at A. veluti- num and C. sempervirens plantations. However, litter biomass and C content were significantly higher at the natural forest site. Natural forest had the highest amount of C content in above- and below-ground bio- mass. Total ecosystem C stocks declined following land-use changes.展开更多
1.Introduction Climate change mitigation pathways aimed at limiting global anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions while striving to constrain the global temperature increase to below 2℃—as outlined by the Int...1.Introduction Climate change mitigation pathways aimed at limiting global anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions while striving to constrain the global temperature increase to below 2℃—as outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)—consistently predict the widespread implementation of CO_(2)geological storage on a global scale.展开更多
This study explores off-grid power generation business models in the Lao People's Democratic Republic(Lao PDR),with the objective of identifying viable pathways to expand energy access in rural and underserved reg...This study explores off-grid power generation business models in the Lao People's Democratic Republic(Lao PDR),with the objective of identifying viable pathways to expand energy access in rural and underserved regions.The research aims to analyze and evaluate various business models in terms of their technical,economic,and social viability within the unique geographic and policy context of Lao PDR.There are two level of the research objectives:High Level Objectives(HLO)and Concreted Research Objectives(CRO).For HLO is that an appropriated off-grid power generation business model for Laos supports the Lao PDR Government’s commitment to promote an inclusive green growth development agenda that ensures lowered GHG emissions and increased energy efficiency.The Lao PDR National Determined Contribution(NDC)to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)notes the country’s ambitious plans to lower energy consumption and reduce GHG emissions.While the CRO are focused on learning strategies,regulation and practical lessons from other countries the ASEAN region on the off-grid development and business model.To analyze and investigate the environmental strategy of business model under external and internal context and related and considered factors.And finally,this is to conclude and recommend the off-grid power generation business model as the research conclusion,which will become a support mechanism for the companies to operate consistently over many years into the future according to ambitious goal for supplying modern and save energy for rural families by 2030.展开更多
Developing hydrogen energy is a key strategic pillar for global climate change mitigation and accelerating the energy transition.Currently,major economies globally are elevating hydrogen industry planning to national ...Developing hydrogen energy is a key strategic pillar for global climate change mitigation and accelerating the energy transition.Currently,major economies globally are elevating hydrogen industry planning to national energy strategy status,and international energy companies have begun to focus on developing hydrogen businesses.This study systematically reviews the development prospects,application fields,and strategic significance of hydrogen,summarizes the current status of the global hydrogen industry,analyzes the current development characteristics of the hydrogen industry,and reviews the hydrogen strategies of international energy companies.Finally,from a strategic,comprehensive,precise,and forward-looking perspective,it is suggested that China’s Energy enterprises promote the high-quality development of the hydrogen industry by overcoming bottlenecks across the entire hydrogen industry value chain,jointly driving industrial development from both the technology supply and demand sides,defining key development fields based on their respective strengths,and actively participating in international hydrogen energy trade.展开更多
Over the last century,the Mediterranean basin has been widely affected by the abandonment of farming activities,leading to a natural succession towards forested ecosystems.This process is resulting in a carbon(C)stock...Over the last century,the Mediterranean basin has been widely affected by the abandonment of farming activities,leading to a natural succession towards forested ecosystems.This process is resulting in a carbon(C)stock increase at an ecosystem level,often assessed through the measurement of aboveground biomass,while the contribution of soil organic carbon(SOC)remains unclear.We investigated C changes caused by secondary succession on previously grazed areas in central Italy,specifically focusing on the SOC pool.The natural succession is described through a chronosequence approach over four successional stages:pastures,shrublands,young and mature forests.Eight replicates per stage were studied,and C stock was estimated in the mineral soil down to a 30-cm depth,and in all other ecosystem C pools:aboveground and belowground biomass,deadwood and litter.In the mature forests,SOC stock was significantly higher(p<0.05)than in pastures by 40±8 Mg ha^(-1),corresponding to 28%of the total ecosystem C stock gain.The same trend was observed for aboveground biomass,the pool that increased the most(62±23 Mg ha^(-1)),with a 43%contribution to total ecosystem gain.Our results point to a substantial contribution of SOC to overall C stock during secondary succession in Mediterranean ecosystems.展开更多
Carbon capture and storage(CCS)is an advanced environmental technology for mitigating CO_(2) emissions and addressing climate change.Among the various approaches,adsorption has emerged as a promising method for CO_(2)...Carbon capture and storage(CCS)is an advanced environmental technology for mitigating CO_(2) emissions and addressing climate change.Among the various approaches,adsorption has emerged as a promising method for CO_(2) capture due to its effiectiveness and practicality.This review explores the potential of clay minerals as adsorbents for CO_(2) capture,providing an in-depth analysis of their inherent properties and the mechanisms involved in adsorption process.The review begins with an introduction to CCS and the concept of adsorption,followed by a detailed examination of various clay minerals,including sepiolite,montmorillonite,bentonite,kaolinite,saponite,halloysite,and illite.Each mineral’s suitability for CO_(2) adsorption is assessed,highlighting the specific properties that contribute to their performance.The mechanisms of CO_(2) adsorption including physisorption,chemisorption,ion exchange,pore diffusion,intraparticle diffusion,surface complexation,and competitive adsorption are thoroughly discussed.The review also covers the modification of clay minerals through physical and chemical treatments,amine functionalization,and composite formation to enhance their CO_(2) adsorption capacity.Additionally,regeneration methods such as temperature-swing adsorption(TSA),pressure-swing adsorption(PSA),and purging are discussed,along with CO_(2) recovery and storage techniques for improving energy efficiency.The review concludes with an overview of characterization methods for clay-based adsorbents and potential applications,while addressing the challenges and future trends in thefield.This work emphasizes the promising role of clay-based adsorbents in advancing CCS technology.展开更多
The paper aims to provide insight on the level of energy consumption and carbon emission per each sector.The municipality of Roskovec is located in the south part of Albania and has a total population of 32,990 inhabi...The paper aims to provide insight on the level of energy consumption and carbon emission per each sector.The municipality of Roskovec is located in the south part of Albania and has a total population of 32,990 inhabitants.The total area of the municipality is 118 km2.The research contributes in identifying the main source of emissions and categorizes them according their weight.The methodology used in the reseach is based on the IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)methodology by considering the activity and the emission factors.In line with the methodology,the study has considered the main sectors building,transport,waste and agriculture.The municipality of Roskovec has in total 42 municipal objects including kindergardens,municipality buildings,cultural buildings etc.The main results show that the transport sector accounts the highest part of the energy consumption and GHG(greenhouse gas)emissions with the a total 51 GW energy consumption or 13,212 ton-CO_(2).The second sector after the transport is the building sector with 45.5 GW followed by waste and waste water.Based on the existing data,the municipality shall work in the replacement of the existing caris with electrical ones and secondly invest in building renovation of the private and public sector.展开更多
The development of the climate-change-mitigation technology has received widespread attention from both academic and policy studies.Nevertheless,very few studies have explained how and why economies contribute differe...The development of the climate-change-mitigation technology has received widespread attention from both academic and policy studies.Nevertheless,very few studies have explained how and why economies contribute differently to global development.This paper decomposed the development of the global climate-change-mitigation technology,proxied by patent-based indicators,from 1996 to 2015 into several predefined factors.The results show that the worldwide surge of climate-change-mitigation-technology patents from 1996 to 2011 is driven by increased concentration on green invention,improved research intensity,and enlarged economic scale,while the falling of patent counts from 2011 to 2015 is predominantly due to less concentration on green invention.Among different climate-change-mitigation technologies,the type-specific development is attributed to different dominant factors,and the resulting priority change can reflect the shift of both global research and development(R&D)resource and market demand.Regarding regional contributions,the resulting economy-specific contributions to each driving factor can be used to design the policies to promote the development of the global climate-change-mitigation technology.展开更多
China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environmen...China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environment,and the economy into consideration,four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050.The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030.In 2050,renewables will account for 60%of total energy consumption(calorific value calculation)and 90%of total electricity generation,and the electrification rate will be close to 60%.The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement,with an 85%reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels,and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits.Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025.However,it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner,reducing cumulative CO_(2) emissions,and buying more time for other sectors to transition.The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future,affecting renewable energy development,energy service demand,and welfare losses.展开更多
This article reviews climate change within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR), analyzing how climate change is mentioned in the framework’s text and the potential implications for deal...This article reviews climate change within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR), analyzing how climate change is mentioned in the framework’s text and the potential implications for dealing with climate change within the context of disaster risk reduction. Three main categories are examined. First,climate change affecting disaster risk and disasters,demonstrating too much emphasis on the single hazard driver and diminisher of climate change. Second, crosssectoral approaches, for which the SFDRR treads carefully,thereby unfortunately entrenching artificial differences and divisions, although appropriately offering plenty of support to other sectors from disaster risk reduction. Third,implementation, for which climate change plays a suitable role without being overbearing, but for which other hazard influencers should have been treated similarly. Overall, the mentions of climate change within the SFDRR put too much emphasis on the hazard part of disaster risk. Instead,within the context of the three global sustainable development processes that seek agreements in 2015, climate change could have been used to further support an allvulnerabilities and all-resiliences approach. That could be achieved by placing climate change adaptation as one subset within disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation as one subset within sustainable development.展开更多
Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality.The urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral future.Using a multi-city time-series analysis approach,this study aims to assess the pr...Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality.The urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral future.Using a multi-city time-series analysis approach,this study aims to assess the progress and lessons learned from the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions management of urban water systems in four global cities:Amsterdam,Melbourne,New York City,and Tokyo.These cities are advanced in setting GHG emissions reduction targets and reporting GHG emissions in their water industries.All four cities have reduced the GHG emissions in their water industries,compared with those from more than a decade ago(i.e.,the latest three-year moving averages are 13%–32%lower),although the emissions have“rebounded”multiple times over the years.The emissions reductions were mainly due to various engineering opportunities such as solar and mini-hydro power generation,biogas valorization,sludge digestion and incineration optimization,and aeration system optimization.These cities have recognized the many challenges in reaching carbon-neutrality goals,which include fluctuating water demand and rainfall,more carbon-intensive flood-prevention and water-supply strategies,meeting new air and water quality standards,and revising GHG emissions accounting methods.This study has also shown that it is difficult for the water industry to achieve carbon neutrality on its own.A collaborative approach with other sectors is needed when aiming toward the city’s carbon-neutrality goal.Such an approach involves expanding the usual system boundary of the water industry to externally tap into both engineering and non-engineering opportunities.展开更多
Often referred to as the“Third Pole,”China’s Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau developed large amounts of peatland owing to its unique alpine environment.As a renewable resource,peat helps to regulate the climate as well as ...Often referred to as the“Third Pole,”China’s Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau developed large amounts of peatland owing to its unique alpine environment.As a renewable resource,peat helps to regulate the climate as well as performing other important functions.However,in recent years,intensifying climate change and anthropogenic disturbances have resulted in peatland degradation and consequently made sustainable development of peatland more difficult.This review summarizes peatland ecological and economic functions,including carbon sequestration,biodiversity conservation,energy supplies,and ecotourism.It identifies climate change and anthropogenic disturbances as the two key factors attributing to peatland degradation and ecosystem carbon loss.Current problems in environmental degradation and future challenges in peatland management under the effects of global warming are also discussed and highlighted.展开更多
Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compa...Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compartments in three Mediterranean old-growth forests of Southern Italy populated by Pinus laricio,Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.Ecosystem carbon pools have been assessed per compartment,i.e.,living trees,dead wood,litterfall(foliar and woody),roots and 0-20 cm topsoil,combining the whole old-growth forest mass,(i.e.,using tree allometric relationships,deadwood factor conversions,root-to-shoot ratios,litterfall and soil samplings) by the respective organic carbon concentrations.The results show the considerable capacity of these forest ecosystems in storing CO_(2)in biomass and soil,with carbon pool values ranging from 532.2to 596.5 Mg C ha-1.Living trees and 0-20 cm topsoil had larger carbon pool,contributing 53.0 and 22.1%,respectively.In most cases,organic carbon concentration was higher(more than 60%) than the average carbon conversion rate of 50%,especially in living trees,deadwood,and woody litterfall.This study contributes further scientific evidence of the capacity of old-growth forests in storing CO_(2)in their different compartments,with special evidence on tree biomass,litterfall and mineral soil,thereby highlighting the key role of old-growth forests within the challenge of climate change mitigation.展开更多
文摘This study examined the role of green energy development in mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development in Central Asia including Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,and Turkmenistan.The region has substantial untapped potential in solar energy,wind energy,hydropower energy,as well as biomass and bioenergy,positioning it strategically for renewable energy deployment.The result demonstrated that integrating renewable energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions,improve air quality,enhance energy security,and support rural development.Case studies from Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,and Tajikistan showed measurable environmental and economic benefits.However,the large-scale use of renewable energy still faces numerous barriers,including outdated infrastructure,fragmented regulatory frameworks,limited investment,and shortages of technical expertise.Overcoming these obstacles requires institutional reform,stronger regional cooperation,and increasing engagement from international financial institutions and private investors.Modernizing grids,deploying storage systems,and investing in education,research,and innovation are critical for building human capacity in renewable energy sector.Accelerating the renewable energy transition is essential for Central Asia to meet climate goals,enhance environmental resilience,and ensure long-term socioeconomic development through innovation,investment,and regional collaboration.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council through the project MitiStress(Grant No.286773).
文摘Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature conservation.Expansion and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural inten-sification,which are two key parameters in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs).Datasets mapping future land dynamics under different SSPs and climate change mitigation targets stem from different scenario assump-tions,land data and modelling frameworks.This study aims to determine the role that these three factors play in the estimates of the evolution of cropland and pastureland in future SSPs under different climate scenarios from four main datasets largely used in the climate and land surface studies.The datasets largely agree with the rep-resentation of cropland at present-day conditions,but the identification of pastureland is ambiguous and shows large discrepancies due to the lack of a unique land-use category.Differences occur with future projections,even for the same SSP and climate target.Accounting for CO_(2)sequestration from revegetation of abandoned agri-cultural land and CO_(2)emissions from forest clearance due to agricultural expansion shows a net reduction in vegetation carbon stock for most SSPs considered,except SSP1.However,different datasets give differences in estimates,even when representative of the same scenario.With SSP1,the cumulative increase in carbon stock until 2050 is 3.3 GtC for one dataset,and more than double for another.Our study calls for a common classifica-tion system with improved detection of pastureland to harmonize projections and reduce variability of outcomes in environmental studies.
文摘The intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate change represent a critical environmental dilemma of our time.These issues are inextricably linked through shared emission sources,coupled physical and chemical processes,and a common solution space in the transition to a sustainable future.Advanced atmospheric and Earth system modeling is therefore an indispensable tool for developing coordinated strategies that maximize co-benefits.This special issue,“Atmospheric and Earth System Modeling towards Coordinated Pollution Control and Climate Change Mitigation,”showcases cutting-edge research that enhances our modeling capabilities to address this complex nexus.The contributions collectively advance model fidelity and integration across scales,from fundamental particle properties to regional pollution transport and climate impacts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71874133)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,and the Annual Basic Scientific Research Project of Xidian University(2019).
文摘Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth,energy transition,and dual climate change mitigation goals,the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial.We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid(WITCH)model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies,and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.The study find that the combined policy-a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies--has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost,proving to be unsuitable in the long run.The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction,which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.71390525)
文摘Infrastructure systems play a fundamental role in reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to avert global climate change(Kennedy et al.,2014).Transportations are recognized as one of the key factors for facilitating climate change mitigation(Shaw et al.,2014).Approximately 19%of global energy consumption and 23%of energy-related carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions come from the transportation sector(IEA,2012).The demands are still increasing at an annual average rate of 1.4%(EIA,2016).Scholars
文摘This research aims to estimate the long-term financial benefits of using smart grids to mitigate and adapt the power sector to climate change. In order to do that, twelve scenarios were analyzed applying an energy accounting model （LEAP （Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System）） that was developed using Brazilian historical data from 1970 to 2015. To conduct the analysis, the Sathaye and Ravindranath＇s three steps methodology was used. The main final results include a long-term cost-benefit analysis that is developed for each considered scenario. The initial phase includes the analysis of the projections for the power sector up to 2030. The following phase consists on the estimation of costs for operation, maintenance, losses and new electrical projects investments. And finally, all scenarios＇ results were compared and the benefits of implementing smart grids in the sector were estimated. The attained results show that smart grid implementation would contribute to reduce electricity tariffs, the generation costs as well as the costs associated with theft and fraud.
基金supported by the Chulalongkorn University Graduate Scholarship Program for ASEAN and Non-ASEAN Countriessupport from the Faculty of Veterinary Science,Chulalongkorn University,is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Global warming,as a key driver of climate change,is accelerating water temperature rise,with significant implications for aquatic ecosystems.Temperature,a critical abiotic factor,directly affects the physiology,growth,and survival of aquatic organisms.In the context of aquaculture-one of the fastest-growing food sectors-crustaceans hold high commercial value due to their production volume and global demand.However,their sensitivity to thermal fluctuations poses major challenge under climate change.This review examines the impact of elevated temperatures on growth performance,food intake,moulting,immune response,and survival of major farmed crustaceans,including shrimp,prawns,crabs,lobsters,and crayfish.Broader ecological consequences,such as disruptions in nutrient cycling and disease outbreaks,are also explored.Additionally,we evaluate mitigation strategies,including dietary modification,technological innovations,biotechnological approaches,and aquaculture insurance models.By integrating physiological,immunological,and ecological evidence,this review identifies key knowledge gaps and highlighting opportunities to improve climate resilience in crustacean aquaculture.Understanding these challenges is essential for sustaining productivity and promoting adaptive management in a warming world.
基金Tarbiat Modares University for financial, laboratory and scientific support
文摘Land-use changes and land cover strongly influence carbon stock and distribution within ecosystems. Changing the land-use from natural forest to other land-uses has been more rapid in the past few decades than at any time in Iran＇s history. In this study, we investigated the effects of changing the land-use from natural forest to other land-uses on carbon stocks in northern Iran. We selected five sites for this study： （I） a natural forest, （II） an agricultural field and （III） plantations of three different species （Alnus subcordata .L, Acer velutinum .Boiss and Cu- pressus sempervirens）. We examined the effects of land-use changes on： （I） soil carbon stock （0-50 cm depth）, （II） biomass and carbon content of grassy vegetation and litter and （III） above- and below-ground biomass C in trees. Soil C stock was higher under A. velutinum and C. sempervirens whereas it was lower under A. subcordata and agricultural sites. Biomass and C content of grassy vegetation were significantly higher at A. veluti- num and C. sempervirens plantations. However, litter biomass and C content were significantly higher at the natural forest site. Natural forest had the highest amount of C content in above- and below-ground bio- mass. Total ecosystem C stocks declined following land-use changes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0206700)。
文摘1.Introduction Climate change mitigation pathways aimed at limiting global anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions while striving to constrain the global temperature increase to below 2℃—as outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)—consistently predict the widespread implementation of CO_(2)geological storage on a global scale.
文摘This study explores off-grid power generation business models in the Lao People's Democratic Republic(Lao PDR),with the objective of identifying viable pathways to expand energy access in rural and underserved regions.The research aims to analyze and evaluate various business models in terms of their technical,economic,and social viability within the unique geographic and policy context of Lao PDR.There are two level of the research objectives:High Level Objectives(HLO)and Concreted Research Objectives(CRO).For HLO is that an appropriated off-grid power generation business model for Laos supports the Lao PDR Government’s commitment to promote an inclusive green growth development agenda that ensures lowered GHG emissions and increased energy efficiency.The Lao PDR National Determined Contribution(NDC)to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)notes the country’s ambitious plans to lower energy consumption and reduce GHG emissions.While the CRO are focused on learning strategies,regulation and practical lessons from other countries the ASEAN region on the off-grid development and business model.To analyze and investigate the environmental strategy of business model under external and internal context and related and considered factors.And finally,this is to conclude and recommend the off-grid power generation business model as the research conclusion,which will become a support mechanism for the companies to operate consistently over many years into the future according to ambitious goal for supplying modern and save energy for rural families by 2030.
文摘Developing hydrogen energy is a key strategic pillar for global climate change mitigation and accelerating the energy transition.Currently,major economies globally are elevating hydrogen industry planning to national energy strategy status,and international energy companies have begun to focus on developing hydrogen businesses.This study systematically reviews the development prospects,application fields,and strategic significance of hydrogen,summarizes the current status of the global hydrogen industry,analyzes the current development characteristics of the hydrogen industry,and reviews the hydrogen strategies of international energy companies.Finally,from a strategic,comprehensive,precise,and forward-looking perspective,it is suggested that China’s Energy enterprises promote the high-quality development of the hydrogen industry by overcoming bottlenecks across the entire hydrogen industry value chain,jointly driving industrial development from both the technology supply and demand sides,defining key development fields based on their respective strengths,and actively participating in international hydrogen energy trade.
基金supported by the European Union-Next Generation EU,Mission 4 Component 2 CUP J83 C22000860007.
文摘Over the last century,the Mediterranean basin has been widely affected by the abandonment of farming activities,leading to a natural succession towards forested ecosystems.This process is resulting in a carbon(C)stock increase at an ecosystem level,often assessed through the measurement of aboveground biomass,while the contribution of soil organic carbon(SOC)remains unclear.We investigated C changes caused by secondary succession on previously grazed areas in central Italy,specifically focusing on the SOC pool.The natural succession is described through a chronosequence approach over four successional stages:pastures,shrublands,young and mature forests.Eight replicates per stage were studied,and C stock was estimated in the mineral soil down to a 30-cm depth,and in all other ecosystem C pools:aboveground and belowground biomass,deadwood and litter.In the mature forests,SOC stock was significantly higher(p<0.05)than in pastures by 40±8 Mg ha^(-1),corresponding to 28%of the total ecosystem C stock gain.The same trend was observed for aboveground biomass,the pool that increased the most(62±23 Mg ha^(-1)),with a 43%contribution to total ecosystem gain.Our results point to a substantial contribution of SOC to overall C stock during secondary succession in Mediterranean ecosystems.
文摘Carbon capture and storage(CCS)is an advanced environmental technology for mitigating CO_(2) emissions and addressing climate change.Among the various approaches,adsorption has emerged as a promising method for CO_(2) capture due to its effiectiveness and practicality.This review explores the potential of clay minerals as adsorbents for CO_(2) capture,providing an in-depth analysis of their inherent properties and the mechanisms involved in adsorption process.The review begins with an introduction to CCS and the concept of adsorption,followed by a detailed examination of various clay minerals,including sepiolite,montmorillonite,bentonite,kaolinite,saponite,halloysite,and illite.Each mineral’s suitability for CO_(2) adsorption is assessed,highlighting the specific properties that contribute to their performance.The mechanisms of CO_(2) adsorption including physisorption,chemisorption,ion exchange,pore diffusion,intraparticle diffusion,surface complexation,and competitive adsorption are thoroughly discussed.The review also covers the modification of clay minerals through physical and chemical treatments,amine functionalization,and composite formation to enhance their CO_(2) adsorption capacity.Additionally,regeneration methods such as temperature-swing adsorption(TSA),pressure-swing adsorption(PSA),and purging are discussed,along with CO_(2) recovery and storage techniques for improving energy efficiency.The review concludes with an overview of characterization methods for clay-based adsorbents and potential applications,while addressing the challenges and future trends in thefield.This work emphasizes the promising role of clay-based adsorbents in advancing CCS technology.
文摘The paper aims to provide insight on the level of energy consumption and carbon emission per each sector.The municipality of Roskovec is located in the south part of Albania and has a total population of 32,990 inhabitants.The total area of the municipality is 118 km2.The research contributes in identifying the main source of emissions and categorizes them according their weight.The methodology used in the reseach is based on the IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)methodology by considering the activity and the emission factors.In line with the methodology,the study has considered the main sectors building,transport,waste and agriculture.The municipality of Roskovec has in total 42 municipal objects including kindergardens,municipality buildings,cultural buildings etc.The main results show that the transport sector accounts the highest part of the energy consumption and GHG(greenhouse gas)emissions with the a total 51 GW energy consumption or 13,212 ton-CO_(2).The second sector after the transport is the building sector with 45.5 GW followed by waste and waste water.Based on the existing data,the municipality shall work in the replacement of the existing caris with electrical ones and secondly invest in building renovation of the private and public sector.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72003145,72074184,and 71603148)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M683437)the Humanities and Social Science Research Project of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.18YJC790194).
文摘The development of the climate-change-mitigation technology has received widespread attention from both academic and policy studies.Nevertheless,very few studies have explained how and why economies contribute differently to global development.This paper decomposed the development of the global climate-change-mitigation technology,proxied by patent-based indicators,from 1996 to 2015 into several predefined factors.The results show that the worldwide surge of climate-change-mitigation-technology patents from 1996 to 2011 is driven by increased concentration on green invention,improved research intensity,and enlarged economic scale,while the falling of patent counts from 2011 to 2015 is predominantly due to less concentration on green invention.Among different climate-change-mitigation technologies,the type-specific development is attributed to different dominant factors,and the resulting priority change can reflect the shift of both global research and development(R&D)resource and market demand.Regarding regional contributions,the resulting economy-specific contributions to each driving factor can be used to design the policies to promote the development of the global climate-change-mitigation technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71690243 and 51861135102)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2018YFC1509006)the World Bank Group (7202065)
文摘China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environment,and the economy into consideration,four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050.The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030.In 2050,renewables will account for 60%of total energy consumption(calorific value calculation)and 90%of total electricity generation,and the electrification rate will be close to 60%.The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement,with an 85%reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels,and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits.Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025.However,it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner,reducing cumulative CO_(2) emissions,and buying more time for other sectors to transition.The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future,affecting renewable energy development,energy service demand,and welfare losses.
文摘This article reviews climate change within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR), analyzing how climate change is mentioned in the framework’s text and the potential implications for dealing with climate change within the context of disaster risk reduction. Three main categories are examined. First,climate change affecting disaster risk and disasters,demonstrating too much emphasis on the single hazard driver and diminisher of climate change. Second, crosssectoral approaches, for which the SFDRR treads carefully,thereby unfortunately entrenching artificial differences and divisions, although appropriately offering plenty of support to other sectors from disaster risk reduction. Third,implementation, for which climate change plays a suitable role without being overbearing, but for which other hazard influencers should have been treated similarly. Overall, the mentions of climate change within the SFDRR put too much emphasis on the hazard part of disaster risk. Instead,within the context of the three global sustainable development processes that seek agreements in 2015, climate change could have been used to further support an allvulnerabilities and all-resiliences approach. That could be achieved by placing climate change adaptation as one subset within disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation as one subset within sustainable development.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0204100).
文摘Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality.The urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral future.Using a multi-city time-series analysis approach,this study aims to assess the progress and lessons learned from the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions management of urban water systems in four global cities:Amsterdam,Melbourne,New York City,and Tokyo.These cities are advanced in setting GHG emissions reduction targets and reporting GHG emissions in their water industries.All four cities have reduced the GHG emissions in their water industries,compared with those from more than a decade ago(i.e.,the latest three-year moving averages are 13%–32%lower),although the emissions have“rebounded”multiple times over the years.The emissions reductions were mainly due to various engineering opportunities such as solar and mini-hydro power generation,biogas valorization,sludge digestion and incineration optimization,and aeration system optimization.These cities have recognized the many challenges in reaching carbon-neutrality goals,which include fluctuating water demand and rainfall,more carbon-intensive flood-prevention and water-supply strategies,meeting new air and water quality standards,and revising GHG emissions accounting methods.This study has also shown that it is difficult for the water industry to achieve carbon neutrality on its own.A collaborative approach with other sectors is needed when aiming toward the city’s carbon-neutrality goal.Such an approach involves expanding the usual system boundary of the water industry to externally tap into both engineering and non-engineering opportunities.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671244)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2016M600751)+2 种基金a fund from Chengdu Institute of Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KXYS20S1501)It is also supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2014CB846003)China’s QianRen Program and a merit scholarship program for foreign students from Quebec,Canada,to G.Yang.We also thank Dr.Yongheng Gao for providing us the photo of grassland in QTP,and Dr.Mei Wang for her constructive suggestion for im-proving this paper.
文摘Often referred to as the“Third Pole,”China’s Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau developed large amounts of peatland owing to its unique alpine environment.As a renewable resource,peat helps to regulate the climate as well as performing other important functions.However,in recent years,intensifying climate change and anthropogenic disturbances have resulted in peatland degradation and consequently made sustainable development of peatland more difficult.This review summarizes peatland ecological and economic functions,including carbon sequestration,biodiversity conservation,energy supplies,and ecotourism.It identifies climate change and anthropogenic disturbances as the two key factors attributing to peatland degradation and ecosystem carbon loss.Current problems in environmental degradation and future challenges in peatland management under the effects of global warming are also discussed and highlighted.
基金the project"Determination of carbon pools in old-growth forests located within the Sila National Park—CARBOSIL"funded by the Ministry of the Environment,Land and Sea Protection—Department for Nature Protection under the Directive on Biodiversity。
文摘Old-growth forests play a key-role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentrations by storing large CO_(2)amounts in biomass and soil over time.This quantifies the carbon pool into different forest compartments in three Mediterranean old-growth forests of Southern Italy populated by Pinus laricio,Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba.Ecosystem carbon pools have been assessed per compartment,i.e.,living trees,dead wood,litterfall(foliar and woody),roots and 0-20 cm topsoil,combining the whole old-growth forest mass,(i.e.,using tree allometric relationships,deadwood factor conversions,root-to-shoot ratios,litterfall and soil samplings) by the respective organic carbon concentrations.The results show the considerable capacity of these forest ecosystems in storing CO_(2)in biomass and soil,with carbon pool values ranging from 532.2to 596.5 Mg C ha-1.Living trees and 0-20 cm topsoil had larger carbon pool,contributing 53.0 and 22.1%,respectively.In most cases,organic carbon concentration was higher(more than 60%) than the average carbon conversion rate of 50%,especially in living trees,deadwood,and woody litterfall.This study contributes further scientific evidence of the capacity of old-growth forests in storing CO_(2)in their different compartments,with special evidence on tree biomass,litterfall and mineral soil,thereby highlighting the key role of old-growth forests within the challenge of climate change mitigation.
