Objective: This study aims to use reflective theory and critical emancipatory theory to explore nurses' communicative role with unsatisfied clients.Methods: This paper begins with the broad issue, and the analysis...Objective: This study aims to use reflective theory and critical emancipatory theory to explore nurses' communicative role with unsatisfied clients.Methods: This paper begins with the broad issue, and the analysis will engage Smyth's cycle, which includes describing, analyzing,exploring, and reconstructing.Results: Critical emancipatory reflection is essential to make changes in the professional practice of nursing, because it is of primary importance for the professional learning and development of a nurse.Conclusions: Critical emancipatory reflection helps a nurse to analyze the constraints, including historical, sociocultural, political, and personal aspects.展开更多
Objective To estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to Female Sex Workers （FSWs） in Kaiyuan County, Yunnan province, China, and analyze factors which impact t...Objective To estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to Female Sex Workers （FSWs） in Kaiyuan County, Yunnan province, China, and analyze factors which impact the transmission probability. Methods An open cohort research of FSWs in Kaiyuan was created from surveys conducted in April 2008, October 2008, and April 2009. Two cross-sectional surveys of local clients were also carried out in May 2008 and November 2008. A model was developed to estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to FSWs. Results The transmission probability from clients to FSWs was estimated as 0.0023 [95% CI 0.0014-0.0032] per unprotected heterosexual act. Conclusion The transmission probability among this group engaging in commercial sex in Yunnan province differs from that found in studies from other countries, and future studies should estimate the influence factors of HIV-1 transmission probability, such as stage of HIV infection, co-morbid sexually transmitted infections （STIs）.展开更多
<strong>Background</strong>: The aim at this study is to establish the effectiveness of case management (CM) compared to care as usual (CAU) in patients with schizophrenia. <strong>Methods</strong...<strong>Background</strong>: The aim at this study is to establish the effectiveness of case management (CM) compared to care as usual (CAU) in patients with schizophrenia. <strong>Methods</strong>: 128 patients with schizophrenia were recruited from the community of Haidian District (Beijing, China), 68 patients in the CM group and 60 patients in the CAU group. Efficacy and safety information were assessed at one year follow-up. The relapse rate was similar in both groups after 12 months followed up (7% and 5%). The withdraw rate was significant lower in CM group compared with CAU group (10% and 36%). <strong>Results</strong>: There is no significant difference in PANSS, PSP and SSMI score between 2 groups at each visit. Between endpoint and baseline, there is a significant improvement on PANSS negative score and PSP in patients treated with CM, while CAU group was not significantly changed. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: There is a possible effectiveness of CM group of improving negative symptoms and social function in schizophrenia clients.展开更多
Objective: To compare the HIV/AIDS related knowledge,attitudes and pratices (KAP) among the commercial sex workers (CSWs) with that of their clients in Shenzhen. Methods: A total of 124 female CSWs and 155 men,detaine...Objective: To compare the HIV/AIDS related knowledge,attitudes and pratices (KAP) among the commercial sex workers (CSWs) with that of their clients in Shenzhen. Methods: A total of 124 female CSWs and 155 men,detained for selling or purchasing sexual services, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: CSWs scored higher than their clients on AIDS/HIV knowledge scores, though the difference was not significant and both groups only scored near 50%. ""Almost always""condom use rates were significantly higher for CSWs. Most of the women but fewer men knew condom use could prevent HIV/AIDS infection. The main reason for not using condoms among the women was the unwillingness of their customers. A higher proportion of the CSWs (9.7%) than men (2.6%) had ever used illegal drugs. The mean age of first sexual intercourse (18.2±2.1) and first commercial sex (20.2±3.9)among the CSWs were lower than that of the men (22.2±0.3and 27.1 ± 0.6, respectively). Conclusion: New health education programs promoting condom use should be developed to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, particularly among men. CSWs and clients are high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS infection and transmission.展开更多
Background: Commercial sex workers and clientsare important core populations in the transmission ofsexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research on thefrequency and d...Background: Commercial sex workers and clientsare important core populations in the transmission ofsexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research on thefrequency and determinants of condom use in com-mercial sex workers and their clients is important inincreasing condom use and reduction of the STD/HIV.Burden. Objectives: To establish the frequency of and fac-tors related to intention to use condoms and actualcondom use in commercial sex contacts and to deter-mine the differences in condom use between sex work-ers and clients.Methods: Incarcerated commercial sex workers(ICSW) and male STD clinic attendees were recruitedinto a cross-sectional study to obtain data on the fre-quency and factors associated with intention to usecondoms and condom use in commercial sexual con-tacts with an interviewer-administered questionnaire.Consistent condom use in ICSWs and never usingcondoms in male STD clinic attendees were analyzedusing univariate and multivariate logistic regressionmodels. Results: The frequency of reported consistent in-tention to use condoms and reported actual condomuse was 62% and 50.6%, respectively among 158ICSWs. For male STD clinic attendees, the propor-tion of reported consistent intention to use condomsand reported actual condom use was 10% and 20.7%,respectively. The factors positively influencing theconsistent intention to use condoms were pregnancypreventing measures and the belief of condom efficacyin the prevention of STD/HIV, whereas the factor as-sociated with actually consistent condom use was preg-nancy-preventing measure in ICSWs. Factors associ-ated with no intention to use condoms were low income,low STD/HIV knowledge level and the frequency ofvisiting CSW. The latter factor was also associatedwith never using condoms in male STD clinicattendees. Conclusions: Consistent condom use during com-mercial sex contacts was low, especially in clients.Greater effort is needed in condom promotion programin order to raise the level of condom use in commer-cial sex contacts.展开更多
This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of t...This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of the country. A total 4822 clients of female sex workers were covered in the survey. Low-income skilled/semi-skilled men, including non-agricultural/casual labor, and petty businessmen/small shop owners, have the largest share in the clients’ population. There was no significant difference between truckers and other sub-group of clients’ population in terms of consistent condom use with female sex workers and prevalence of HIV or STI. These evidences suggest that the contribution of truckers in HIV epidemic in India might to similar to other sub-groups of clients’ population. Thus, truckers might have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. However, there is no doubt that truckers constitute an extremely important target group for the HIV prevention programs and these efforts must be continued to prevent new HIV infections in the country.展开更多
Background: The Anonymous Screening and Information Centre (CADI) is the oldest screening centre of HIV from Burkina Faso. Since its opening, no analysis on the evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalen...Background: The Anonymous Screening and Information Centre (CADI) is the oldest screening centre of HIV from Burkina Faso. Since its opening, no analysis on the evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence has been carried out. Objective: The study aimed to describe the dynamics of HIV infection when managing centres offering voluntary counselling and testing to client, such as the Screening and Counselling Centre (CADI), in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed including people screened at the CADI from May 1996 to June 2014. Pearson khi2 test and Cuzick trend test were used with a 5% significance level. Results: From 7.1% of the 11,451 cases analyzed, the average age of clients screened was 30 ± 10.83 year-old. There was a female predominance (sex ratio = 0.8). The 16.4% (15.7 - 17.1) of the cases from the 11,451 clients included in our study were tested HIV positive. The global prevalence rate of HIV in the centre has significantly decreased from 46.2% in 1996 to 1.5% in 2014 (p Conclusion: The behaviour change could be a justification for the decline in HIV prevalence at the centre, hence the importance of sensitization campaigns.展开更多
Aim: Client perception was important to indicate points requiring interventions or adjustments and to permit refinement of the services offered. This study aimed to determine the perception of internal clients regardi...Aim: Client perception was important to indicate points requiring interventions or adjustments and to permit refinement of the services offered. This study aimed to determine the perception of internal clients regarding the quality of the service after integrating these items into the system of electronic prescription. Methods: We applied a questionnaire elaborated based on the SERVQUAL about the five dimensions of service quality (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, safety, and empathy) with adaptation of the four-point Likert scale, ranging from “I fully disagree” to “I fully agree”. Results: The instrument was applied to 138 professionals, with a 56% return. Analysis revealed that the strong points were related to tangibility, safety and empathy, while the aspects related to reliability showed a lower score regarding time of delivery, occurrences and waste, and those related to responsiveness showed a lower score regarding service to be provided in a timely manner. The Cronbach Alpha Coefficient indicated that the investigation had a high degree of consistency and that the results could be considered reliable. Conclusion: Application of the adapted SERVQUAL questionnaire revealed that the perception of internal clients about the five quality dimensions after the changes made and provided valuable information for the scoring of aspects that still needed adjustment to improve interventions.展开更多
Nowadays,as lightweight mobile clients become more powerful and widely used,more and more information is stored on lightweight mobile clients,user sensitive data privacy protection has become an urgent concern and pro...Nowadays,as lightweight mobile clients become more powerful and widely used,more and more information is stored on lightweight mobile clients,user sensitive data privacy protection has become an urgent concern and problem to be solved.There has been a corresponding rise of security solutions proposed by researchers,however,the current security mechanisms on lightweight mobile clients are proven to be fragile.Due to the fact that this research field is immature and still unexplored in-depth,with this paper,we aim to provide a structured and comprehensive study on privacy protection using trusted execution environment(TEE)for lightweight mobile clients.This paper presents a highly effective and secure lightweight mobile client privacy protection system that utilizes TEE to provide a new method for privacy protection.In particular,the prototype of Lightweight Mobile Clients Privacy Protection Using Trusted Execution Environments(LMCPTEE)is built using Intel software guard extensions(SGX)because SGX can guarantee the integrity,confidentiality,and authenticity of private data.By putting lightweight mobile client critical data on SGX,the security and privacy of client data can be greatly improved.We design the authentication mechanism and privacy protection strategy based on SGX to achieve hardware-enhanced data protection and make a trusted connection with the lightweight mobile clients,thus build the distributed trusted system architecture.The experiment demonstrates that without relying on the performance of the blockchain,the LMCPTEE is practical,feasible,low-performance overhead.It can guarantee the privacy and security of lightweight mobile client private data.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Client satisfaction is considered as one of the desired outcomes of health care service delivery and it is directly related to the utilization of any health services. The famil...<strong>Background:</strong> Client satisfaction is considered as one of the desired outcomes of health care service delivery and it is directly related to the utilization of any health services. The family planning clinic remains one of the important health care delivery outlets where client satisfaction guarantees continuation of usage, hence this study. <strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to assess the determinants of client satisfaction with the family planning (FP) services provided in Port Harcourt. <strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a descriptive prospective cross-sectional study conducted between 18th of June 2018 and 18th of July 2018. The target population is women of reproductive age group (15 - 49) who visited 11 randomly selected family planning health facilities in Port Harcourt during the study period. A set of exit interviewer-administered questionnaire (pretested for reliability and validity) was used for data collection from a sample size of 195 respondents;and analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Standard deviation was used for continuous variable while categorical variables were presented in simple percentages and frequencies. The P value was set at <0.05 and confidence interval was 95%. <strong>Results: </strong>Age range 30 - 39 years constituted the largest proportion of 51.3%. A large proportion of the women (87.2%) expressed satisfaction with FP services provided. All respondents said the facilities were easily accessible, clean and were treated respectfully. However, only about half of the clients (51.3%) received their chosen contraceptive product after 1 hour. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>A huge proportion of family planning clients expressed satisfaction with family planning service delivery in Port Harcourt;not minding the longer waiting time. Implication of this is continued use and by implication improved contraceptive prevalence.展开更多
Quantum federated learning(QFL)enables collaborative training of a quantum machine learning(QML)model among multiple clients possessing quantum computing capabilities,without the need to share their respective local d...Quantum federated learning(QFL)enables collaborative training of a quantum machine learning(QML)model among multiple clients possessing quantum computing capabilities,without the need to share their respective local data.However,the limited availability of quantum computing resources poses a challenge for each client to acquire quantum computing capabilities.This raises a natural question:Can quantum computing capabilities be deployed on the server instead?In this paper,we propose a QFL framework specifically designed for classical clients,referred to as CC-QFL,in response to this question.In each iteration,the collaborative training of the QML model is assisted by the shadow tomography technique,eliminating the need for quantum computing capabilities of clients.Specifically,the server constructs a classical representation of the QML model and transmits it to the clients.The clients encode their local data onto observables and use this classical representation to calculate local gradients.These local gradients are then utilized to update the parameters of the QML model.We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework through extensive numerical simulations using handwritten digit images from the MNIST dataset.Our framework provides valuable insights into QFL,particularly in scenarios where quantum computing resources are scarce.展开更多
Nowadays, the complexity of financial products makes it difficult for retail clients to identify investment risks, and there is an increasing tendency for firms, stipulated by the maximum profits, to recommend or ente...Nowadays, the complexity of financial products makes it difficult for retail clients to identify investment risks, and there is an increasing tendency for firms, stipulated by the maximum profits, to recommend or enter into unsuitable transactions to or for retail clients while providing services of investment advice and portfolio management, which causes great losses to a significant number of investors. So, in the contemporary society, the investor suitability rules through which retail clients can purchase suitable financial products are the indispensable legal basis of investor protection. Currently, the regulations concerning investor suitability management in China have several problems, including the chaotic legal system, low effectiveness level and defective contents, which may make it difficult for suitability to be applied in justice and managed effectively. Since the UK＇s investor suitability rules in the Conduct of Business Sourcebook that apply to retail clients whose contents include requirements of obtaining retail clients＇ information, requirements of information to be provided to retail clients and criteria of assessing suitability are clear and comprehensive, the authors believe that the UK＇s experiences can provide a great enlightenment for China to better investor suitability management rules, including integrating legal documents and optimizing effectiveness level, rationalizing application scope, adding criteria of assessing suitability and revising specific clauses.展开更多
With the increasing complexity of vehicular networks and the proliferation of connected vehicles,Federated Learning(FL)has emerged as a critical framework for decentralized model training while preserving data privacy...With the increasing complexity of vehicular networks and the proliferation of connected vehicles,Federated Learning(FL)has emerged as a critical framework for decentralized model training while preserving data privacy.However,efficient client selection and adaptive weight allocation in heterogeneous and non-IID environments remain challenging.To address these issues,we propose Federated Learning with Client Selection and Adaptive Weighting(FedCW),a novel algorithm that leverages adaptive client selection and dynamic weight allocation for optimizing model convergence in real-time vehicular networks.FedCW selects clients based on their Euclidean distance from the global model and dynamically adjusts aggregation weights to optimize both data diversity and model convergence.Experimental results show that FedCW significantly outperforms existing FL algorithms such as FedAvg,FedProx,and SCAFFOLD,particularly in non-IID settings,achieving faster convergence,higher accuracy,and reduced communication overhead.These findings demonstrate that FedCW provides an effective solution for enhancing the performance of FL in heterogeneous,edge-based computing environments.展开更多
Federated learning has emerged as an essential technique of protecting privacy since it allows clients to train models locally without explicitly exchanging sensitive data.Extensive research has been conducted on the ...Federated learning has emerged as an essential technique of protecting privacy since it allows clients to train models locally without explicitly exchanging sensitive data.Extensive research has been conducted on the issue of data heterogeneity in federated learning,but effective model training with severely imbalanced label distributions remains an unexplored area.This paper presents a novel Cluster Federated Learning Algorithm with Intra-cluster Correction(CFIC).First,CFICselects samples fromeach cluster during each round of sampling,ensuring that no single category of data dominates the model training.Second,in addition to updating local models,CFIC adjusts its own parameters based on information shared by other clusters,allowing the final cluster models to better reflect the true nature of the entire dataset.Third,CFIC refines the cluster models into a global model,ensuring that even when label distributions are extremely imbalanced,the negative effects are significantly mitigated,thereby improving the global model’s performance.We conducted extensive experiments on seven datasets and six benchmark algorithms.Theresults show that the CFIC algorithm has a higher generalization ability than the benchmark algorithms.CFIC maintains high accuracy and rapid convergence rates even in a variety of non-independent identically distributed label skew distribution settings.The findings indicate that the proposed algorithm has the potential to become a trustworthy and practical solution for privacy preservation,whichmight be applied to fields such as medical image analysis,autonomous driving technologies,and intelligent educational platforms.展开更多
The proliferation of deep learning(DL)has amplified the demand for processing large and complex datasets for tasks such as modeling,classification,and identification.However,traditional DL methods compromise client pr...The proliferation of deep learning(DL)has amplified the demand for processing large and complex datasets for tasks such as modeling,classification,and identification.However,traditional DL methods compromise client privacy by collecting sensitive data,underscoring the necessity for privacy-preserving solutions like Federated Learning(FL).FL effectively addresses escalating privacy concerns by facilitating collaborative model training without necessitating the sharing of raw data.Given that FL clients autonomously manage training data,encouraging client engagement is pivotal for successful model training.To overcome challenges like unreliable communication and budget constraints,we present ENTIRE,a contract-based dynamic participation incentive mechanism for FL.ENTIRE ensures impartial model training by tailoring participation levels and payments to accommodate diverse client preferences.Our approach involves several key steps.Initially,we examine how random client participation impacts FL convergence in non-convex scenarios,establishing the correlation between client participation levels and model performance.Subsequently,we reframe model performance optimization as an optimal contract design challenge to guide the distribution of rewards among clients with varying participation costs.By balancing budget considerations with model effectiveness,we craft optimal contracts for different budgetary constraints,prompting clients to disclose their participation preferences and select suitable contracts for contributing to model training.Finally,we conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of ENTIRE using three real datasets.The results demonstrate a significant 12.9%enhancement in model performance,validating its adherence to anticipated economic properties.展开更多
Large-scale neural networks-based federated learning(FL)has gained public recognition for its effective capabilities in distributed training.Nonetheless,the open system architecture inherent to federated learning syst...Large-scale neural networks-based federated learning(FL)has gained public recognition for its effective capabilities in distributed training.Nonetheless,the open system architecture inherent to federated learning systems raises concerns regarding their vulnerability to potential attacks.Poisoning attacks turn into a major menace to federated learning on account of their concealed property and potent destructive force.By altering the local model during routine machine learning training,attackers can easily contaminate the global model.Traditional detection and aggregation solutions mitigate certain threats,but they are still insufficient to completely eliminate the influence generated by attackers.Therefore,federated unlearning that can remove unreliable models while maintaining the accuracy of the global model has become a solution.Unfortunately some existing federated unlearning approaches are rather difficult to be applied in large neural network models because of their high computational expenses.Hence,we propose SlideFU,an efficient anti-poisoning attack federated unlearning framework.The primary concept of SlideFU is to employ sliding window to construct the training process,where all operations are confined within the window.We design a malicious detection scheme based on principal component analysis(PCA),which calculates the trust factors between compressed models in a low-cost way to eliminate unreliable models.After confirming that the global model is under attack,the system activates the federated unlearning process,calibrates the gradients based on the updated direction of the calibration gradients.Experiments on two public datasets demonstrate that our scheme can recover a robust model with extremely high efficiency.展开更多
Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing...Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing, including the Beijing Urban Map, Beijing Subway System layout and Beijing Suburban Scenic Spots. The map also shows the exact locations of展开更多
Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing...Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing, including the Beijing Urban Map, Beijing Subway System layout and Beijing Suburban Scenic Spots. The map also shows the exact locations of展开更多
文摘Objective: This study aims to use reflective theory and critical emancipatory theory to explore nurses' communicative role with unsatisfied clients.Methods: This paper begins with the broad issue, and the analysis will engage Smyth's cycle, which includes describing, analyzing,exploring, and reconstructing.Results: Critical emancipatory reflection is essential to make changes in the professional practice of nursing, because it is of primary importance for the professional learning and development of a nurse.Conclusions: Critical emancipatory reflection helps a nurse to analyze the constraints, including historical, sociocultural, political, and personal aspects.
基金supported by the mega-projects of national science research for the 11th Five-Year Plan of China (2008ZX10001-003)
文摘Objective To estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to Female Sex Workers （FSWs） in Kaiyuan County, Yunnan province, China, and analyze factors which impact the transmission probability. Methods An open cohort research of FSWs in Kaiyuan was created from surveys conducted in April 2008, October 2008, and April 2009. Two cross-sectional surveys of local clients were also carried out in May 2008 and November 2008. A model was developed to estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to FSWs. Results The transmission probability from clients to FSWs was estimated as 0.0023 [95% CI 0.0014-0.0032] per unprotected heterosexual act. Conclusion The transmission probability among this group engaging in commercial sex in Yunnan province differs from that found in studies from other countries, and future studies should estimate the influence factors of HIV-1 transmission probability, such as stage of HIV infection, co-morbid sexually transmitted infections （STIs）.
文摘<strong>Background</strong>: The aim at this study is to establish the effectiveness of case management (CM) compared to care as usual (CAU) in patients with schizophrenia. <strong>Methods</strong>: 128 patients with schizophrenia were recruited from the community of Haidian District (Beijing, China), 68 patients in the CM group and 60 patients in the CAU group. Efficacy and safety information were assessed at one year follow-up. The relapse rate was similar in both groups after 12 months followed up (7% and 5%). The withdraw rate was significant lower in CM group compared with CAU group (10% and 36%). <strong>Results</strong>: There is no significant difference in PANSS, PSP and SSMI score between 2 groups at each visit. Between endpoint and baseline, there is a significant improvement on PANSS negative score and PSP in patients treated with CM, while CAU group was not significantly changed. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: There is a possible effectiveness of CM group of improving negative symptoms and social function in schizophrenia clients.
文摘Objective: To compare the HIV/AIDS related knowledge,attitudes and pratices (KAP) among the commercial sex workers (CSWs) with that of their clients in Shenzhen. Methods: A total of 124 female CSWs and 155 men,detained for selling or purchasing sexual services, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results: CSWs scored higher than their clients on AIDS/HIV knowledge scores, though the difference was not significant and both groups only scored near 50%. ""Almost always""condom use rates were significantly higher for CSWs. Most of the women but fewer men knew condom use could prevent HIV/AIDS infection. The main reason for not using condoms among the women was the unwillingness of their customers. A higher proportion of the CSWs (9.7%) than men (2.6%) had ever used illegal drugs. The mean age of first sexual intercourse (18.2±2.1) and first commercial sex (20.2±3.9)among the CSWs were lower than that of the men (22.2±0.3and 27.1 ± 0.6, respectively). Conclusion: New health education programs promoting condom use should be developed to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, particularly among men. CSWs and clients are high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS infection and transmission.
文摘Background: Commercial sex workers and clientsare important core populations in the transmission ofsexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research on thefrequency and determinants of condom use in com-mercial sex workers and their clients is important inincreasing condom use and reduction of the STD/HIV.Burden. Objectives: To establish the frequency of and fac-tors related to intention to use condoms and actualcondom use in commercial sex contacts and to deter-mine the differences in condom use between sex work-ers and clients.Methods: Incarcerated commercial sex workers(ICSW) and male STD clinic attendees were recruitedinto a cross-sectional study to obtain data on the fre-quency and factors associated with intention to usecondoms and condom use in commercial sexual con-tacts with an interviewer-administered questionnaire.Consistent condom use in ICSWs and never usingcondoms in male STD clinic attendees were analyzedusing univariate and multivariate logistic regressionmodels. Results: The frequency of reported consistent in-tention to use condoms and reported actual condomuse was 62% and 50.6%, respectively among 158ICSWs. For male STD clinic attendees, the propor-tion of reported consistent intention to use condomsand reported actual condom use was 10% and 20.7%,respectively. The factors positively influencing theconsistent intention to use condoms were pregnancypreventing measures and the belief of condom efficacyin the prevention of STD/HIV, whereas the factor as-sociated with actually consistent condom use was preg-nancy-preventing measure in ICSWs. Factors associ-ated with no intention to use condoms were low income,low STD/HIV knowledge level and the frequency ofvisiting CSW. The latter factor was also associatedwith never using condoms in male STD clinicattendees. Conclusions: Consistent condom use during com-mercial sex contacts was low, especially in clients.Greater effort is needed in condom promotion programin order to raise the level of condom use in commer-cial sex contacts.
文摘This paper examines whether truckers have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. Data were taken from cross-sectional surveys of clients of female sex workers conducted in 2006-2007 in 12 districts of the country. A total 4822 clients of female sex workers were covered in the survey. Low-income skilled/semi-skilled men, including non-agricultural/casual labor, and petty businessmen/small shop owners, have the largest share in the clients’ population. There was no significant difference between truckers and other sub-group of clients’ population in terms of consistent condom use with female sex workers and prevalence of HIV or STI. These evidences suggest that the contribution of truckers in HIV epidemic in India might to similar to other sub-groups of clients’ population. Thus, truckers might have been over-stigmatized as HIV carriers in the country. However, there is no doubt that truckers constitute an extremely important target group for the HIV prevention programs and these efforts must be continued to prevent new HIV infections in the country.
文摘Background: The Anonymous Screening and Information Centre (CADI) is the oldest screening centre of HIV from Burkina Faso. Since its opening, no analysis on the evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence has been carried out. Objective: The study aimed to describe the dynamics of HIV infection when managing centres offering voluntary counselling and testing to client, such as the Screening and Counselling Centre (CADI), in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed including people screened at the CADI from May 1996 to June 2014. Pearson khi2 test and Cuzick trend test were used with a 5% significance level. Results: From 7.1% of the 11,451 cases analyzed, the average age of clients screened was 30 ± 10.83 year-old. There was a female predominance (sex ratio = 0.8). The 16.4% (15.7 - 17.1) of the cases from the 11,451 clients included in our study were tested HIV positive. The global prevalence rate of HIV in the centre has significantly decreased from 46.2% in 1996 to 1.5% in 2014 (p Conclusion: The behaviour change could be a justification for the decline in HIV prevalence at the centre, hence the importance of sensitization campaigns.
文摘Aim: Client perception was important to indicate points requiring interventions or adjustments and to permit refinement of the services offered. This study aimed to determine the perception of internal clients regarding the quality of the service after integrating these items into the system of electronic prescription. Methods: We applied a questionnaire elaborated based on the SERVQUAL about the five dimensions of service quality (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, safety, and empathy) with adaptation of the four-point Likert scale, ranging from “I fully disagree” to “I fully agree”. Results: The instrument was applied to 138 professionals, with a 56% return. Analysis revealed that the strong points were related to tangibility, safety and empathy, while the aspects related to reliability showed a lower score regarding time of delivery, occurrences and waste, and those related to responsiveness showed a lower score regarding service to be provided in a timely manner. The Cronbach Alpha Coefficient indicated that the investigation had a high degree of consistency and that the results could be considered reliable. Conclusion: Application of the adapted SERVQUAL questionnaire revealed that the perception of internal clients about the five quality dimensions after the changes made and provided valuable information for the scoring of aspects that still needed adjustment to improve interventions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61762033)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2019RC041 and 2019RC098)+2 种基金Opening Project of Shanghai Trusted Industrial Control Platform(Grant No.TICPSH202003005-ZC)Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Program Fund Project(Grant No.19YJA710010)Zhejiang Public Welfare Technology Research(Grant No.LGF18F020019).
文摘Nowadays,as lightweight mobile clients become more powerful and widely used,more and more information is stored on lightweight mobile clients,user sensitive data privacy protection has become an urgent concern and problem to be solved.There has been a corresponding rise of security solutions proposed by researchers,however,the current security mechanisms on lightweight mobile clients are proven to be fragile.Due to the fact that this research field is immature and still unexplored in-depth,with this paper,we aim to provide a structured and comprehensive study on privacy protection using trusted execution environment(TEE)for lightweight mobile clients.This paper presents a highly effective and secure lightweight mobile client privacy protection system that utilizes TEE to provide a new method for privacy protection.In particular,the prototype of Lightweight Mobile Clients Privacy Protection Using Trusted Execution Environments(LMCPTEE)is built using Intel software guard extensions(SGX)because SGX can guarantee the integrity,confidentiality,and authenticity of private data.By putting lightweight mobile client critical data on SGX,the security and privacy of client data can be greatly improved.We design the authentication mechanism and privacy protection strategy based on SGX to achieve hardware-enhanced data protection and make a trusted connection with the lightweight mobile clients,thus build the distributed trusted system architecture.The experiment demonstrates that without relying on the performance of the blockchain,the LMCPTEE is practical,feasible,low-performance overhead.It can guarantee the privacy and security of lightweight mobile client private data.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Client satisfaction is considered as one of the desired outcomes of health care service delivery and it is directly related to the utilization of any health services. The family planning clinic remains one of the important health care delivery outlets where client satisfaction guarantees continuation of usage, hence this study. <strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to assess the determinants of client satisfaction with the family planning (FP) services provided in Port Harcourt. <strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a descriptive prospective cross-sectional study conducted between 18th of June 2018 and 18th of July 2018. The target population is women of reproductive age group (15 - 49) who visited 11 randomly selected family planning health facilities in Port Harcourt during the study period. A set of exit interviewer-administered questionnaire (pretested for reliability and validity) was used for data collection from a sample size of 195 respondents;and analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Standard deviation was used for continuous variable while categorical variables were presented in simple percentages and frequencies. The P value was set at <0.05 and confidence interval was 95%. <strong>Results: </strong>Age range 30 - 39 years constituted the largest proportion of 51.3%. A large proportion of the women (87.2%) expressed satisfaction with FP services provided. All respondents said the facilities were easily accessible, clean and were treated respectfully. However, only about half of the clients (51.3%) received their chosen contraceptive product after 1 hour. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>A huge proportion of family planning clients expressed satisfaction with family planning service delivery in Port Harcourt;not minding the longer waiting time. Implication of this is continued use and by implication improved contraceptive prevalence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62371069,62272056,and 62372048)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.4222031)China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202006470011)。
文摘Quantum federated learning(QFL)enables collaborative training of a quantum machine learning(QML)model among multiple clients possessing quantum computing capabilities,without the need to share their respective local data.However,the limited availability of quantum computing resources poses a challenge for each client to acquire quantum computing capabilities.This raises a natural question:Can quantum computing capabilities be deployed on the server instead?In this paper,we propose a QFL framework specifically designed for classical clients,referred to as CC-QFL,in response to this question.In each iteration,the collaborative training of the QML model is assisted by the shadow tomography technique,eliminating the need for quantum computing capabilities of clients.Specifically,the server constructs a classical representation of the QML model and transmits it to the clients.The clients encode their local data onto observables and use this classical representation to calculate local gradients.These local gradients are then utilized to update the parameters of the QML model.We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework through extensive numerical simulations using handwritten digit images from the MNIST dataset.Our framework provides valuable insights into QFL,particularly in scenarios where quantum computing resources are scarce.
文摘Nowadays, the complexity of financial products makes it difficult for retail clients to identify investment risks, and there is an increasing tendency for firms, stipulated by the maximum profits, to recommend or enter into unsuitable transactions to or for retail clients while providing services of investment advice and portfolio management, which causes great losses to a significant number of investors. So, in the contemporary society, the investor suitability rules through which retail clients can purchase suitable financial products are the indispensable legal basis of investor protection. Currently, the regulations concerning investor suitability management in China have several problems, including the chaotic legal system, low effectiveness level and defective contents, which may make it difficult for suitability to be applied in justice and managed effectively. Since the UK＇s investor suitability rules in the Conduct of Business Sourcebook that apply to retail clients whose contents include requirements of obtaining retail clients＇ information, requirements of information to be provided to retail clients and criteria of assessing suitability are clear and comprehensive, the authors believe that the UK＇s experiences can provide a great enlightenment for China to better investor suitability management rules, including integrating legal documents and optimizing effectiveness level, rationalizing application scope, adding criteria of assessing suitability and revising specific clauses.
文摘With the increasing complexity of vehicular networks and the proliferation of connected vehicles,Federated Learning(FL)has emerged as a critical framework for decentralized model training while preserving data privacy.However,efficient client selection and adaptive weight allocation in heterogeneous and non-IID environments remain challenging.To address these issues,we propose Federated Learning with Client Selection and Adaptive Weighting(FedCW),a novel algorithm that leverages adaptive client selection and dynamic weight allocation for optimizing model convergence in real-time vehicular networks.FedCW selects clients based on their Euclidean distance from the global model and dynamically adjusts aggregation weights to optimize both data diversity and model convergence.Experimental results show that FedCW significantly outperforms existing FL algorithms such as FedAvg,FedProx,and SCAFFOLD,particularly in non-IID settings,achieving faster convergence,higher accuracy,and reduced communication overhead.These findings demonstrate that FedCW provides an effective solution for enhancing the performance of FL in heterogeneous,edge-based computing environments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(No.62277043)Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission under Grant(No.KJZD-K202300515).
文摘Federated learning has emerged as an essential technique of protecting privacy since it allows clients to train models locally without explicitly exchanging sensitive data.Extensive research has been conducted on the issue of data heterogeneity in federated learning,but effective model training with severely imbalanced label distributions remains an unexplored area.This paper presents a novel Cluster Federated Learning Algorithm with Intra-cluster Correction(CFIC).First,CFICselects samples fromeach cluster during each round of sampling,ensuring that no single category of data dominates the model training.Second,in addition to updating local models,CFIC adjusts its own parameters based on information shared by other clusters,allowing the final cluster models to better reflect the true nature of the entire dataset.Third,CFIC refines the cluster models into a global model,ensuring that even when label distributions are extremely imbalanced,the negative effects are significantly mitigated,thereby improving the global model’s performance.We conducted extensive experiments on seven datasets and six benchmark algorithms.Theresults show that the CFIC algorithm has a higher generalization ability than the benchmark algorithms.CFIC maintains high accuracy and rapid convergence rates even in a variety of non-independent identically distributed label skew distribution settings.The findings indicate that the proposed algorithm has the potential to become a trustworthy and practical solution for privacy preservation,whichmight be applied to fields such as medical image analysis,autonomous driving technologies,and intelligent educational platforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62072411,62372343,62402352,62403500)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2023BEB024)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Social Computing and Cognitive Intelligence(Dalian University of Technology),Ministry of Education(No.SCCI2024TB02).
文摘The proliferation of deep learning(DL)has amplified the demand for processing large and complex datasets for tasks such as modeling,classification,and identification.However,traditional DL methods compromise client privacy by collecting sensitive data,underscoring the necessity for privacy-preserving solutions like Federated Learning(FL).FL effectively addresses escalating privacy concerns by facilitating collaborative model training without necessitating the sharing of raw data.Given that FL clients autonomously manage training data,encouraging client engagement is pivotal for successful model training.To overcome challenges like unreliable communication and budget constraints,we present ENTIRE,a contract-based dynamic participation incentive mechanism for FL.ENTIRE ensures impartial model training by tailoring participation levels and payments to accommodate diverse client preferences.Our approach involves several key steps.Initially,we examine how random client participation impacts FL convergence in non-convex scenarios,establishing the correlation between client participation levels and model performance.Subsequently,we reframe model performance optimization as an optimal contract design challenge to guide the distribution of rewards among clients with varying participation costs.By balancing budget considerations with model effectiveness,we craft optimal contracts for different budgetary constraints,prompting clients to disclose their participation preferences and select suitable contracts for contributing to model training.Finally,we conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of ENTIRE using three real datasets.The results demonstrate a significant 12.9%enhancement in model performance,validating its adherence to anticipated economic properties.
基金supported in part by the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant 20BTQ058in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2023JJ50033.
文摘Large-scale neural networks-based federated learning(FL)has gained public recognition for its effective capabilities in distributed training.Nonetheless,the open system architecture inherent to federated learning systems raises concerns regarding their vulnerability to potential attacks.Poisoning attacks turn into a major menace to federated learning on account of their concealed property and potent destructive force.By altering the local model during routine machine learning training,attackers can easily contaminate the global model.Traditional detection and aggregation solutions mitigate certain threats,but they are still insufficient to completely eliminate the influence generated by attackers.Therefore,federated unlearning that can remove unreliable models while maintaining the accuracy of the global model has become a solution.Unfortunately some existing federated unlearning approaches are rather difficult to be applied in large neural network models because of their high computational expenses.Hence,we propose SlideFU,an efficient anti-poisoning attack federated unlearning framework.The primary concept of SlideFU is to employ sliding window to construct the training process,where all operations are confined within the window.We design a malicious detection scheme based on principal component analysis(PCA),which calculates the trust factors between compressed models in a low-cost way to eliminate unreliable models.After confirming that the global model is under attack,the system activates the federated unlearning process,calibrates the gradients based on the updated direction of the calibration gradients.Experiments on two public datasets demonstrate that our scheme can recover a robust model with extremely high efficiency.
文摘Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing, including the Beijing Urban Map, Beijing Subway System layout and Beijing Suburban Scenic Spots. The map also shows the exact locations of
文摘Beijing Tourist Map (Chinese and English) A handy guide to getting around the city, the content of Beijing Tourist Map is regularly updated. Information will be in line with changes to public transportation in Beijing, including the Beijing Urban Map, Beijing Subway System layout and Beijing Suburban Scenic Spots. The map also shows the exact locations of
