Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency a...Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency and service quality of railway passenger transport enterprises.This paper aims to comprehensively and deeply discuss the evolution and development process of China’s railway passenger transport clearing method,analyze its characteristics and influences in each stage,identify the main factors affecting its evolution and development and then put forward thoughts on improving the future development of the clearing method.Design/methodology/approach–Through a detailed review of the railway passenger transport clearing methods from the planned economy period to the reform and opening up period and into the new century,the basis,mode,subject and object of clearing in different development stages are systematically compared.Findings–It comprehensively reveals the evolution of the clearing method,sorted out the characteristics and changes of the clearing method at each stage and the adaptability to the development of railway passenger transport at that time.The characteristics of the development of clearing measures for railway passenger transport in different stages and their far-reaching influence on railway passenger transport business are deeply analyzed.Originality/value–This paper summarized the factors influencing the development of China’s railway passenger transportation clearing approach evolution,including the simplified rules of clearing,enhanced the market adaptability,establishing and perfecting the incentive mechanism,strengthening the construction of informatization,etc.This paper puts forward the ways to improve the railway passenger transportation clearing future development thinking.展开更多
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD...Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and to provide evidence for the treatment of the disease. Materials and Methods: Literature was searched from the United States National Library of Medicine(PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database(Wanfang), and the Full?Text Database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals(VIP).A comprehensive collection was made of randomized controlled trials(RCTs) before June 2018, in which the treatment groups used either the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm formulas only or combined it with routine Western medicine therapy, and the control group adopted routine Western medicine therapy only for the acute exacerbation of COPD. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. The data were analyzed and retrieved independently by two reviewers before meta?analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.3 software to evaluate the primary outcome measures, including the total clinical effective rate, and the secondary outcome measures such as the pulmonary function(forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in the 1 s [FEV1], percentage of FEV1 [FEV1%], and FEV1/FVC)and blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2). Results: A total of 13 RCTs involving 990 patients(496 in the treatment group and 494 in the control group)were included in this study. Meta?analysis revealed significant difference in the efficacy of the group that adopted solely the routine Western medicine method and the group that combined the Western medicine with the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method. Outcome measures including the pulmonary function(FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and FEV1/FVC) and the blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2) were significantly improved as compared to the control group(P < 0.00001). However, adverse effects in the treatment group using combined traditional Chinese medicine were not reported due to the short observation time of the study. Conclusion: The clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method can improve the efficacy in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD, the outcome measures of the pulmonary function and the blood gases,as well as the life quality of the patients. However, due to the fact that the existing studies are generally of poor quality in which randomization and its implementation were not properly carried out, more high?quality RCTs are necessary to confirm the findings of this study.展开更多
Spinal motoneurons control muscle fibers contraction and drive all motor behaviors in vertebrates.Although spinal motoneurons share the fundamental role of innervating muscle fibers,they exhibit remarkable diversity t...Spinal motoneurons control muscle fibers contraction and drive all motor behaviors in vertebrates.Although spinal motoneurons share the fundamental role of innervating muscle fibers,they exhibit remarkable diversity that reflects their specific identities.Defining the morphological changes during postnatal development is critical for elucidating this diversity.However,our understanding of the three-dimensional(3D)morphology of spinal motoneurons at these stages remains limited,largely due to the lack of high-throughput imaging tools.Using tiling light sheet microscopy combined with tissue clearing methods,we imaged motoneurons of the lateral and median motor column in the cervical and lumbar cord during postnatal development.By analyzing their soma size,we found that motoneurons innervating the upper limbs differentiate into two subpopulations with distinct soma size by postnatal day 14(P14),while differentiation of motoneurons innervating the lower limbs is delayed.Furthermore,coupling adenovirus labeling with 3D volumetric reconstruction,we traced and measured the number and lengths of dendrites of flexor and extensor motoneurons in the lumbar cord,finding that the number of dendrites initially increases and subsequently declines as dendritic order rises.Together,these findings provide a quantitative analysis of the 3D morphological changes underlying spinal motoneuron diversity.展开更多
基金supported by the Research and Development Plan Project of China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(Project No.P2023X029).
文摘Purpose–As an important part of the management of railway passenger transport,the rationality and effectiveness of the clearing method of railway passenger transport are directly related to the operating efficiency and service quality of railway passenger transport enterprises.This paper aims to comprehensively and deeply discuss the evolution and development process of China’s railway passenger transport clearing method,analyze its characteristics and influences in each stage,identify the main factors affecting its evolution and development and then put forward thoughts on improving the future development of the clearing method.Design/methodology/approach–Through a detailed review of the railway passenger transport clearing methods from the planned economy period to the reform and opening up period and into the new century,the basis,mode,subject and object of clearing in different development stages are systematically compared.Findings–It comprehensively reveals the evolution of the clearing method,sorted out the characteristics and changes of the clearing method at each stage and the adaptability to the development of railway passenger transport at that time.The characteristics of the development of clearing measures for railway passenger transport in different stages and their far-reaching influence on railway passenger transport business are deeply analyzed.Originality/value–This paper summarized the factors influencing the development of China’s railway passenger transportation clearing approach evolution,including the simplified rules of clearing,enhanced the market adaptability,establishing and perfecting the incentive mechanism,strengthening the construction of informatization,etc.This paper puts forward the ways to improve the railway passenger transportation clearing future development thinking.
文摘Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and to provide evidence for the treatment of the disease. Materials and Methods: Literature was searched from the United States National Library of Medicine(PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database(Wanfang), and the Full?Text Database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals(VIP).A comprehensive collection was made of randomized controlled trials(RCTs) before June 2018, in which the treatment groups used either the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm formulas only or combined it with routine Western medicine therapy, and the control group adopted routine Western medicine therapy only for the acute exacerbation of COPD. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. The data were analyzed and retrieved independently by two reviewers before meta?analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.3 software to evaluate the primary outcome measures, including the total clinical effective rate, and the secondary outcome measures such as the pulmonary function(forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in the 1 s [FEV1], percentage of FEV1 [FEV1%], and FEV1/FVC)and blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2). Results: A total of 13 RCTs involving 990 patients(496 in the treatment group and 494 in the control group)were included in this study. Meta?analysis revealed significant difference in the efficacy of the group that adopted solely the routine Western medicine method and the group that combined the Western medicine with the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method. Outcome measures including the pulmonary function(FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and FEV1/FVC) and the blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2) were significantly improved as compared to the control group(P < 0.00001). However, adverse effects in the treatment group using combined traditional Chinese medicine were not reported due to the short observation time of the study. Conclusion: The clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method can improve the efficacy in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD, the outcome measures of the pulmonary function and the blood gases,as well as the life quality of the patients. However, due to the fact that the existing studies are generally of poor quality in which randomization and its implementation were not properly carried out, more high?quality RCTs are necessary to confirm the findings of this study.
基金supported by Westlake Education Foundation,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32150015)the Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation(LR20 C070002).
文摘Spinal motoneurons control muscle fibers contraction and drive all motor behaviors in vertebrates.Although spinal motoneurons share the fundamental role of innervating muscle fibers,they exhibit remarkable diversity that reflects their specific identities.Defining the morphological changes during postnatal development is critical for elucidating this diversity.However,our understanding of the three-dimensional(3D)morphology of spinal motoneurons at these stages remains limited,largely due to the lack of high-throughput imaging tools.Using tiling light sheet microscopy combined with tissue clearing methods,we imaged motoneurons of the lateral and median motor column in the cervical and lumbar cord during postnatal development.By analyzing their soma size,we found that motoneurons innervating the upper limbs differentiate into two subpopulations with distinct soma size by postnatal day 14(P14),while differentiation of motoneurons innervating the lower limbs is delayed.Furthermore,coupling adenovirus labeling with 3D volumetric reconstruction,we traced and measured the number and lengths of dendrites of flexor and extensor motoneurons in the lumbar cord,finding that the number of dendrites initially increases and subsequently declines as dendritic order rises.Together,these findings provide a quantitative analysis of the 3D morphological changes underlying spinal motoneuron diversity.
